Imperialism

Sino-Japanese War

(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.

How did nations rule their empires?

Direct vs. Indirect -Colonies, protectorates, spheres of influence -Oppressive and often totalitarian rule: restricting cultural freedom and advancing the nations' economic interests above all -Restricting personal freedoms/liberties -Instillation of western ways/cultural standards

Open Door Policy

-A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. -China was open for everybody to trade with -Europeans develop spheres of influence-all conflictless, not involved in Chinese gov't -The door was open for China to trade with

Scramble for Africa

-1500s-1700s-Europeans were limited to African coasts (geography, diseases) -early 1800s Missionaries/explorers penetrated Africa due to medical advancements-discover resources/hopes for Europeans to use -Mid-Late 1800s-early 1900s: the scramble for African colonies: leaders (w/political and economic interests) hear about the promises that Africa holds and wants to colonize it as fast as possible, people want to get to Africa first before other countries-beat out other countries/competition, scamble to get African colonies because all other leaders were interested in similar colonies. Political influence/prestige at stake for whoever can get to Africa first. 20-year period. Cause for WWI

Treaty of Nanjing

-1842 -ended the Opium war -Britain receives control of Hong Kong for trading usage -Britain gets payment for their victory -China must open 5 ports for British trade -Granted extraterritoriality to British -"unequal treaty"-upset Chinese people for how much they are being manipulated by Britain-they always felt superior and are being forced open by British -Beginning of Chinese exploitation by British

Treaty of Kanagawa

-1854: After Perry's conquests -Opens 2 ports in Japan for trade with the Americans -Seen as unfair for the Japanese-they were being manipulated by foreigners for their economic benefit-publicly humiliated -US granted trading rights, extraterritoriality -More countries attain these trading privileges -Resentment grows in Japan as foreigners increasingly want to rectify their humilitation-leads to Meiji Restoration

Berlin Conference

-1884: Leopold feels the need to ensure that the conquest of Africa is controlled and peaceful after he starts his conquest of the Congo-wanting to conqer Africa in a civilized way -14 European powers met and decided on rules for imperializing Africa (i.e. government must establish an office and sent delegates for a colony to be official) -No African leaders invited-sign of how little Europeans cared for African rights/freedoms -Commerce, Christianity, Civilization

Colony

-A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent. -Governed by a foreign power-often direct -Foreign powers had exclusive political and economic rights -Foreign powers had the ability to impart their customs onto the natives

Opium War

-Before 1800: China was in a favorable position: enjoying a trade benefit and was on the top of the global economy (limited imports, trading under strict circumstances) -During Chinese isolation, Britian develops under Industralization and benefits from its own production of comparable economic output -Britian looks to trade with China for its goods-Opium is the ideal product for this -Britian is able to grow so much Opium through India-shipped it to China for tea, silver, Chinese goods -Opium is a drug: Chinese gov't outlaws it out of a fear of citizens' safety -Britain refuses to stop trade -Conflict develops into (2) wars -Chinese are defeated easily (British military might) -Beginning of open door policy/European usage for economic gain

Indirect Rule

-Colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status -Local government officals were still in power -Limited self-rule (still tied to the host country) -Goal is to develop future leaders under the style and manner of Eurpeans -based on Eurpoean government with local styles -protectorates, spheres of infulence

Meji Restoration

-Comes after resentment for western control over Asia increases-demands to do something about it-unlike China who was reluctant to modernize (traditions vs. westernization) -Revolt against Shogun leaders -Restoration of emperior -Knows as time period of Enlightened Rule -Officials travel to the west and learn enlightened government, technology, government -Impliment various reforms -Modernization of the country in 50 years (timeline of European industrialization) Overall reforms-on the matters of politics, culture, economy, and government to adapt Japan to a western-government Government reforms Strong central government (similar to Europe) Established Meiji Constitution: all citizens were equal before law, autocratic emperor, one-house legislature, suppression of suffrage Western-inspired bureaucracy: various departments for finances, military, and education Military strength stemmed from banning the power of the samurai and instead demanding that all man ought to serve for the military (similar to the west) Economic reforms Western methods Banks, railroad, ports, telegraphs, postal system To jump start the industrial economy, Japan sold pre-built factories to wealthy business families (zaibatsu) who worked to further grow and utilize them for production Modern machines and commodities (silk, metal, coal, steel) Population growth and Social reforms Banished legal-based class separation: worked to improve involvement in the country Schools and universities taught by western teachers Lingering class divisions Mild reforms for women-sparked later debate Very successful Unified culture devoid of internal cultural/language divisions Strong sense of identity Predisposed economic growth Able to grow its own imperialist empire and rewrite unfair treaties -After the restoration, Japan was able to grow to compete with the European industrial nations -Rewrote once-oppressive treaties as they possessed the necessary military threats to do so-forced the hand of western powers-1890s -Military growth fueled by economic ambitions -Builds its own empire in East Asia (Chinese ports, Taiwan, Manchuria, Korea) -New power in the region -Europeans also grew power in SE Asia -Siam (Thailand) resists: King Mongkut modernizes&offers Siam as a buffer zone between Britain and France

Protectorate

-Country with its own government but under the control of an outside power -Local rulers are left in place yet expected to abide by foreign infulence and advisers (on matters such as trade, religion) -Cost less money/resources -Ex. Egpyt (Britain held some political and economic infulence, but there was still a local government/rulers) -Not as controlling as a colony -Outside country "pulling the strings" -Associated with indirect rule

Raj

-Driect rule over India by the British -1858-1947 -Followed the Sepoy Rebellion -Britian wanted to ensure they maintained power over India to quell further rebellions and make sure they maintained control -Made India a colony -DIRECT COLONAL RULE -Viceroy, direct British representatives/officers

Menelik II

-Emperor of Ethopia -Realized that the fall of Eurpoeans was pitting them against each other -Bought Western Weapons/imperaralized Ethopia to improve it to Eurpoean standards

Leopold II

-Establishes a private colony in the Congo before the Berlin Conference-uses the rubber found there to create tires for industrial machines -Exploited Africans for his own economic benefit (rubber, copper, ivory) -Africans were forced to work for little to no wadge, often had their hands cut off, starved, beaten, tortured -International outrage grew and Leopold was forced to hand over control to the Belgian state -Great oppression will be endured for prosperity -

Samori Toure

-Fought French forces in West Africa for 16 years, eventually unsuccessful

Indian Nationalism (National Congress+Muslim League)

-Founded/led by Western-educated Indians (realized the oppression and abuses they are enduring-violating Enlightenment ideas and realized how they're being violated -National Congress (1885): Hindu group that fights for self-rule-called for democracy, believed in peaceful protests -Muslim League (1906): similar motives, yet Muslim (resented National Congress for its Hindu domination-worried about Muslim oppression by Hindus-talks of a separate Muslim state) -Religious tension: eventual split into Pakistan+India -Lingering nationalism/established resentment of British rule: eventually achieved in 1947 -

Matthew Perry

-Pre-1800s: Japan in isolation after era of colonization-laced with political and economic troubles-development of their own culture -Europeans were advancing -Commodore of the US Navy who forced Japan to open its borders for American trade -Led Japan into an era of western trade and eventual reform -1853

Qing Decline/Fall

-Qing dynasty rules during age of Imperalism-maintains power -Reluctant to reform/Westernize although people are pushing them to (attitude of change after defeat-problematic because the dynasty is reluctant to -Sino-Japanese War (1894): Reveals weaknesses within Qing/gets embarasses -Continued spheres of infulence/Open Door Policy -Continues to grow into a divided mess -Continued push to modernize -100 Days of Reform (1898): Attempts to reform launched to westernize China (government, infrastructure industry, education, military) too little too late-prone to continuous lapses -Some blame conservatives for not modernizing China sooner -Boxer Rebellion: Wishes to expel foreigners for their westernization of China-defeated by western powers and Japan in 1900-more concessions have to be paid -Continued call for wide-spread, long term westernization, nationalism, modernization -When the last emperor dies in 1911, Sun Yixian is named president of a new Chinese REPUBLIC (still continued power struggles)

Extraterritoriality

-Right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation -Granted to the British after the Opium Wars for their economic work in China -Not involved in Chinese bureaucracy -Living by their own laws and being tried in their own courts

Why were imperialist nations successful?

-Superior technology: quinine (malaria treatment), Maxim guns, repeating rifles, steam-driven warships (all VERY influential in overcoming rebellion since natives lacked such power/technology, travel (steamboats), communication (telegraph). Easy for Europe to overpower resistance-methods of control -Powerful military -Strong governments/economies (nation-states, Industrial Revolution) -Civilizations in decline: Ottoman (sick man of Europe), Mughal India (religious tensions), Qing China in decline (isolation/failing to modernize), West Africa (slave trade drained their economies, new kingdoms were too weak). EUROPEAN EXPLOITABLE WEAKNESSES

Sepoy Rebellion

-The revolt of Indian soldiers against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. -BEI gave Sepoys gun cartridges with pig/cow fat-biting them violated their religion-upset -Sepoys initially appealed, then sent home by British -Sepoys revolted for their religion being violated-massacred the British-rebelling against Britsh oppression -Britian crushed this revolt easily (technology, internal Indian divisions) -Britisn tightened its control over India after the rebellion (realized that its too profitable to lose) -Legacy of native mistrust, hatred

Sphere of Influence

-an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges (for economic growth) -economies are controlled by private businesses -worked to prevent conflicts between imperializing countries -the government is not replaced, just foreign powers exclusively controlling the economy or trade -Europeans carved out SOI in Chine, the US in Latin America -indirect

Imperialism

-domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region -1870-1914 -Europe takes control of land in Africa+Asia -Second wave after Age of Exploration in the 1700s -Often brought with it sweeping cultural, social, economic change (often for the worse of the dominated civilization) -Long-lasting consequences -different types of imperial control based on control (direct vs. indirect)

White Man's Burden

-idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized -in line with the ideological belief that white societies were superior-and it was their duty to imperialize Africa and spread their ideas onto the people (social Darwinism) -racial superiority -originally a poem by Rudyard Kipling

Battle of Adowa

-led by Menelik II, successful resistance in Ethiopia. -The result was the Ethiopian forces successfully defeated the Italians and maintained their nation's independence. -1896

Direct Rule

-system of colonial government in which the imperialist power controlled all levels of government and appointed its own officials to govern the colony. -sending officials from the host country to govern the others -often colonies -the most controlling/oppressive -foreign officals -no self-rule -goal is assimilation -gov't completely European-based and focused

Jewel in the Crown

-the British colony of India--- so called because of its importance in the British empire, both as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for British trade goods -Raw materials -300 million people -Limited competition-exclusive economic privilege-Britain destroyed competition -Considered very valuable to Britain-tight control over it because they highly value its goods -British East India Company: had trading control over India in the 1600s: held economic imperialist motives came with political+military backing -1800s: BEI had 3/5 of India (religious divisions, fall of Mughals, British dominance -After Sepoy Rebellion-BEI was no longer in control and Britain ruled India DIRECTLY -Sweeping cultural reforms "A golden knife" Ultimately oppressive and cruel (in regards to the freedoms and cultural liberties of Indians), yet it also included minute technological improvements that aided the quality of life. Britain manipulated India for its own economic benefit and gave little regard to its previous cultural or livelihood standards Built roads, railways for efficient transportation of goods. Britain was able to both export goods to England and sell them directly in India with the railway's redeeming qualities. Telegraphs for easier communication and subjugation. Crushed native hand-weaving industry and nomadic tendencies of herders by establishing large textile mills and forcing herders to take up cultivating cash crops that could be harvested by Britain to swell globally. Only focused on economic output and efficiency, did not consider the toll it takes on the livelihoods of workers of long-standing ideals and institutions of Indian culture. British-induced medical improvements led to sweeping population growth, although the agricultural market was focused on growing cash-crops instead of nourishing food Depreciation of sustainable food production led to widespread famine and suffering in the late 1800s Westernization of India, unprecedented social changes, and other cultural impediments worked to stricken Indian national pride as they began to toil solely for British benefit. The British understood India's culture, yet chose to dismiss it as unworthy of respect or recognition. Silver lining: a few beneficial factors were associated with British rule. Removal of caste system, promotion of the idea that justice should be served in a manner that disregards social class. Railroads, postal system, telegraph: communication and transportation improvements. Indians were not connected to each other and developed a newfound sense of national unity. Higher classes were able to send their children to sophisticated British schools in which they were prepared for military or civil jobs. Indian farm-owners and princes prospered from the growth of cash crops. General affect: manipulation of India, destruction of its culture, integration of oppressive western ideals and inventions, although limited lifestyle improvements.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea. Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.

What were the causes for this wave of Imperialism?

EMPIRE: -Economic: the desire to make money, to expand and control foreign trade, to create new markets for products, to acquire raw materials and cheap labor, to compete for investments and resources, and to export industrial technology and transportation methods. Industrial revolution created an interest for Africa's natural resources for production and profit, a place where factory owners can sell there goods, and a place where Europe's growing population could be housed. -Military: Bases, national security, key factor in WWI -Political: a nation's desire to gain power, to compete with other European countries, to expand territory, to exercise military force, to gain prestige by winning colonies, and to boost national pride and security. National prestige and nationalism amidst competition: winning power and influence in light of competition -Ideological: based on cultural values such as the belief that the white race was superior, other cultures were "primitive," Europeans should "civilize" peoples in other parts of the world, great nations should have empires, and only the strongest nations will survive. Positive or negative. Positive: humanitarian mission to spread law, medicene, and religion to genuinely improve the lives of Africans. Missionaries, doctors, and colonical officals held a genuine concern for their "little brothers" and believed they had a duty to spread the blessings of the western world for African benefit. Can take a negative/racist turn with "Social Darwinism": people adapted the concept of natural selcetion to countries and argued that since European powers were supposedly superior, their conquest and subjudgation of others was simply a means of improving the human species (Enlightenment-nature's laws). White supremacist, racist -Religious: the desire to spread Christianity, to protect European missionaries in other lands, to spread European values and moral beliefs, to educate peoples of other cultures, and to end the slave trade in Africa -Exploratory: motives were based on the desire to explore "unknown" or uncharted territory, to conduct medical searches for the causes and treatment of diseases, to go on an adventure and to investigate "unknown" lands and cultures. Not necessarily power/infulence-based

How did European rule impact African and Asian cultures, economies, and governments short term and long term?

Economic: Emergence of a global economy Dominated by industrial nations (Germany, Britain, France, America) Passage of capital, mass-produced goods, and technology onto the rest of the world African, Asian, and Latin American peoples compensated Europeans with natural resources, labor, and farm goods Profits favored imperialism nations In the process, local economies were devastated Asia and Africa used to produce goods for personal use by hand Under imperialism, dominant nations dictated the goods ought to be sold and grown by natives (rubber, copper, coffee) Western capitalists founded farms and plantations to foster local labor and profits Money economy Replaced bartering system Heavy taxes on local citizens (to recoup the cost of running a colony) Taxes could only be paid off by hard-work and contributions on plantations for the betterment of the industrial nation Urbanization-development of separate spheres for men and women Men were sent to cities to toil at factories Migrant workers Crushed normal family life Villages had to adapt to using solely women for stability/providing to their families Economic dependency Mass-produced goods penetrated original, artisan-based, economies With the introduction of western industries and industrial practices, traditional means of production were ruined Ex: Britain developed India as a center for industrial textile production and undermined its artisan-run textile industry Description of local economies-natives were now reliant on host countries for resources and commodities (once self-sufficient) Laws of supply and demand: low demand for crops incited suffering Famines induced by workers growing food products solely for exportation instead of consumption Modernization Modern banking systems Technology, transportation, communications (railroads, telegraphs) Development of industry and reinvestment of capital-provoked prosperity and positive development Culturally: Social Darwinism-the belief that Europeans were superior and ought to control/dominate all other nations Simply the nature of society for Britain to dominate/"civilize" the world Westernization Forcing locals to accept western culture, government, and technology Similar to modernization-deficiencies in the complexity of native countries led to the ideals of the west being both accept, instilled, and carried out through technological advancements Locals eventually accepted western dominance/superiority No longer trusted local leaders Locals learned western language, customs for trading purposes However, other locals held true to the ideals and traditions of the past, and therefor resenting westernization efforts and forced approval of their culture Remote areas of Asia, Middle East, and Africa were untouched by imperialism and continued to lead traditionalist lives (to this day) Schools Taught literacy Enforced imperial rhetoric and prepared men for service in colonial governments Hospitals/medicine Vaccines Hygiene While useful, westerners ignored local herbalists who had knowledge of medicinal plants Religion Spread of Christianity: successful in southern Africa Africans adapted Christianity's principles for their own cultural use/traditions Less success in strongly-religious areas in Asia/Middle East (Hindus, Buddhism, Confucianism) Combination of old and new cultures/traditions Asians kept their pride in their past while outlawing traditions accepted as bad Best elements of previous cultures Western cultures additionally was impacted Improvements in the Colombian Exchange New understanding/knowledge of western cultures Foreign-influenced paintings/sculptures Products from the east were adapted and utilized by western producers Politically: Disruption of local governments, tribes, small kingdoms Unification of rival cultures under an imperialism roof-forced the end to years of intercultural tensions Nationalism emerged as a way to combat European rule Western-educated elites Conflicts between western nations themselves "Men of the Jungle"-nations clashed over controlling areas of land Conflicts over Central Asia-led to WWI/WWII -Short Term: Westernization, destruction of natural cultures, forced acceptance of western policies, integration as solely a means of economic production, direct colonial rule+overthrow of local systems of government -Long Term: Nationalism, seeds of economic strength+improvement, still faltering to catch up with European powers, industrial technology, global commerce, cultural unity, medicine, religion Both positive and negative aspects, a blow to the traditional runnings of a territory yet eventual improvements

How did Japan become an imperial power

Japan underwent a period of industrialization and militarization, the Meiji Restoration being the fastest modernisation of any country to date, all of these aspects contributed to Japan's emergence as a great power and the establishment of a colonial empire

How did local people resist imperialism?

Organizing popular rebellion and engaging in guerrilla warfare. Organizing centralized resistance under the leadership of a ruler. Organizing non-violent protests. Standing true to the society's cultural and moral values. Seeking help in resistance from other powerful countries. Seeking to reform the government or social practices to prevent being invaded. Allying with or surrendering to the intruder. Accepting and assimilating to the intruder's cultural ways. -All conflicts were inspired and motivated by the native inclination for representation and vengeance against the oppression and unfair treatment incited by colonizers. -Longstanding conflict between native Algerians (western Africa) and French colonizers-50 years of conflict -War between Great Britain and Zulus (southern Africa) and Asante (western Africa) Asantes instated their queen (Yaa Asantewaa) to rule the country when their king was exiled. Asantewaa fought diligently against Britain in the last Asante war -Britian clashes with Boers -The Shona tribe's Nehanda (native to Zimbabwe) was another female woman military leader Eventually captured and executed by Eurpoeans Left a inspiring legacy of rebellion and vengeance for future generations (in light of her advancements) -Germans fought against the Yao and Herero tribes Maji-Maji Rebellion (1905): period of intense fighting Germans were only able to win after forcing their enemies to starve after implementing a scorched earth policy (burning farmland and crops). 20 cultural peoples unite -French West Africa: Mandingo (led by Samouri Tourre) resisted French Control for 16 years -Often suppressed by Europeans (superior military power)-although they sparked minor reforms-nationalism called upon during decolonization -Spread across Africa+Asia -Ethiopia: led successful defense movements King Menelik in the late 1800s brought in European technology and ideologies (modern roads, bridges, schools, military training) to modernize Ethiopia and be well-prepared for eventual invasion. Italy attacked Ethiopia in 1896, yet Memelik harness his technological advancements and preparedness to defeat Italian invaders at the battle of Adowa Thanks to Menelik's foresight, Ethiopia and Liberia are the only two countries to not be colonies during the height of imperialism. -Seopy rebellion against British religious insensitivity

Sati

The Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband.

What role did the industrial revolution play in European Imperialism

They had better ships, guns, military, and government all which led to a easy conquest.

What advantages did Europe have when compared to the rest of the worldHow did Japan become an imperial power?

superior technology and institutions. And Europe's trade happened because their food was quite terrible and they were hungry for spices to make their food tastier. Imperalism.

deficit

the amount by which something, especially a sum of money, is too small.