In-Text Citations

In-Text Citations: Translated, Reprinted, Republished, and Reissued Dates

References to these works contain two dates in the citation: the year of publication of the original work and the year of publication of the translation of the updated work. -separate the years with a slash, with the earlier year first. Ex: Freud (1900/1953) or (Piaget, 1966/2000)

Plagarism

- is the act of presenting the words, ideas, or images of another as your own; it denies authors or creators of content the credit they are due. Whether deliberate or unintentional, plagiarism violates ethical standards in scholarship To avoid plagiarism, provide appropriate credit to the source whenever you do the following: -paraphrase -directly quote the words of others -refer to data or data sets -reprint or adapt a table or figure, even images from the net that are free or licensed in the Creative Commons -reprint a long text passage or commercially copyrighted test item For most works, appropriate credit takes the form of an author-date citation. However, when reprinting or adapting tables/figures/images or when reprinting long quotations or commercially copyrighted test items, you must provide a more comprehensive credit in the form of a copyright holder to use the materials. (see sections 12.15, 12.18. and 12.17)

Works Requiring Special Approaches to Citation

INTERVIEWS - these sources can be classified into three categories Published Interviews: to cite these interviews, follow the format for the reference type (Chapter 10, examples 15 and 95). The person being interviewed will not necessarily appear in the author element of the reference; when this is the case, integrate the persons name into the narrative of the sentence if desired. Personal Interviews: those I will conduct myself to obtain info to support a key point in my paper (this can be an email to an author regarding their published work). Because this kind of interview cannot be recovered, cite it as a personal communication. Research Participant Interviews: those conducted as a part of my methodology. These do not require a citation in APA Style because you do not cite your own work in the paper in which it is being first reported. The info gathered from these interviews can be presented and discussed in a paper (8.36) CLASSROOM OR INTRANET SOURCES - these works are recoverable only by certain audiences, which determines how they are cited. -When the audience you are writing for can retrieve the works you used, cite the works using the formats shown in Chapter 10. -When the work is for professional publication or intended for a wider audience who will not have access to these sources, cite the sources as personal communications. PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS - works that cannot be recovered by readers are cited in the text as p.c. -these include emails, text messages, online chats or direct messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches, unrecorded classroom lectures, memos, letters, messages from non-archived group discussions or online bulletin boards, and so on. -when communications are recoverable only in an archive, cite them as archived materials. Citing p.c. in the text: Because readers cannot retrieve the information in personal communications, they are not included in the reference list; they are cited in text only. Give the initials and surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible, using the following formats... Narrative citation: E.-M. Paradis (personal communication, August 9, 2019) Parenthetical citation: (T. Nguyen, personal communication, February 24, 2020) Citing Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of Indigenous Peoples: this varies depending on whether and/or how the information has been recorded-only certain cases use a variation of the p.c. citation. If the info has been recorded and is recoverable by readers, cite it in the text and include a reference list entry in the correct format for that type of source (sections 10.12 + 10.13). If the information is not recorded and unrecoverable, provide as much detail in the in-text citation as is necessary to describe the content and to contextualize the origin of the information. A reference entry is not used. *For more info see page 261

In-Text Citations: Omitting the Year in Repeated Narrative Citations

In general, include the author and date in every in-text citation. -when you need to repeat a citation, repeat the entire citation -the year can be omitted from a citation only when multiple narrative citations to a work appear within a single paragraph. -once you have provided a citation in a paragraph, do not repeat the year in subsequent narrative citations in that same paragraph -however, if you cite multiple works by the same author(s) include the date in every in-text citation regardless of the publication years. *An awesome example is on page 265*

Paraphrases

A paraphrase restates another's idea in your own words. It allows authors to summarize and synthesize information from one or more sources, focus on significant information, and compare/contrast relevant details. Paraphrasing should occur more than directly quoting someone. -cite the work you paraphrase -you can provide a page or paragraph number in the citation if you wish, though it isn't required. Long paraphrases: -a paraphrase may continue for many sentences. In this case, you should cite the work being paraphrased on first mention. After that it is not necessary to repeat the citation. -if the paraphrase continues into a new paragraph, reintroduce the citation. -if the paraphrase has multiple sources or switches among sources, repeat the citation so the source is clear. See example on page 271.

Self-plagiarism

Copying material you have previously produced and passing it off as a new production. However, incorporating previous classwork into one's thesis or dissertation and building on one's own existing writing may be permissible; students who wish to do this should discuss their ideas with their professor or advisor. For additional exceptions see pages 256 + 257

In-Text Citations: Citing Specific Parts of a Source

To cite a specific part of a source, provide an author-date citation for the work plus information about the specific part. For example: -pages, paragraphs, sections, tables, figures, foot notes from an article, book, report, webpage, etc. -chapters, forewords, or other sections of authored books -timestamps of videos or audiobooks -slide numbers in PowerPint presentations For religious and classical texts with canonically numbered parts common across additions, cite the part instead of a page number. For example: (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019, p.10) (Shimamura, 2017, Chapter 3) (Armstrong, 2015, pp. 3-17) (Shadid, 2020, paras. 2-3) (Ellen, 2019, Table 1) (Thompson, 2020, Slide 7) (Beck Institue for CBT, 2012, 1:30:40) (King James Bible, 1769/2017, 1 Cor. 13:1) In the reference list, provide an entry for the entire work You can cite a specific part of a source for both paraphrasing and directly quoting

In-Text Citations: Citing Multiple Works

When citing multiple works parenthetically, place the citations in alphabetical order, separating them with semicolons. Ex: (Adams et al., 2019; Shumway &Shulman, 2015; Westinghouse, 2017) -arrange two or more works by the same authors by year of publication. Place citations with no date first, followed by works with dates in chronological order; in-press citations appear last. Give authors' surnames once; for each subsequent work, give only the date. Ex: (Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d., 2017a, 2017b, 2019) or Zhou (n.d., 2000, 2016, in press) -in the case of multiple works in which some author names have been abbreviated to "et al.", place the citations in chronological order regardless of the order in which they appear on the reference list. Ex: (Carraway et al., 2013, 2014, 2019) -to highlight the works most directly relevant to your point in a given sentence, place those citations first within parentheses in alphabetical order and then insert a semicolon and a phrase, such as "see also," before the first of the remaining citations, which should also be in alphabetical order. Ex: (Sampson & Hughes, 2020; see also Augustine, 2017; Melara et al., 2018; Perez, 2014) -include only those citations needed to support your immediate point -if multiple sources are cited within the narrative of a sentence, they can appear in any order. Ex: Suliman (2018), Gutierrez (2012, 2017), and Medina and Reyes (2019) examined...

Primary vs Secondary Sources

A primary source reports original content A secondary source refers to content first reported in another source Cite secondary sources sparingly-ex. is when the original work is out of print, unavailable, or available only in an unknown language you do not speak. When possible, find the primary source, read it, and cite it directly. For example, instead of citing an instructor's lecture or a textbook or encyclopedia that in turn cites original research, find, read, and cite the original research directly (unless your instructor says otherwise. When citing a secondary source, provide a reference list entry and in the text, identify the primary source and then write "as cited in" the secondary source that you used. If the year of publication of the primary source is known, also include it in the text. If the primary source is unknown, omit it from the in-text citation. *Example on page 258

Appropriate Level of Citation

- cite the work of those whose ideas, theories, or research have directly influenced you work. - only cite things that you have incorporated into your writing - cite primary sources when possible and secondary sources sparingly - in addition to crediting other, provide documentation for all facts and figures that are not common knowledge - both paraphrases and direct quotes require citations - if you reprint or adapt a table/figure, or reprint a long quotation or commercially copyrighted test item, you may also need to seek permission from the copyright holder and provide a copyright attribution. - for most papers, cite one or two of the most representative sources for each key point. - sources that cannot be retrieved still need to be credited - overcitation can be distracting and unnecessary. It is considered overcitation to repeat the same citation in every sentence when the source and topic have not changed. So when paraphrasing a key point in more than one sentence within a paragraph, cite the source in the first sentence in which it is relevant and do not repeat the citation in subsequent sentences as long as the source remains clear and unchanged.

Quotations

Direct quotation-reproduces words verbatim from another work or from your own previously published work. Use direct quotes when: -reproducing an exact definition -when an author has said something memorably or succinctly -when you want to respond to someone's exact wording When quoting directly, always provide the author, date, and page number of the quote in the in-text citation in either format. Regardless of quotation length, do not insert an ellipsis at the beginning and/or end of a quotation unless it's included in the original source When the citation appears at the end of a sentence, put the end punctuation after the closing parentheses for the citation. When the quoted material contains citations, include the citations within the quote, unless the citation appears at the end of the quote. When this happens, people typically end the quote before the citations and cite only the work that was read If your source includes a direct quote from another work and you want to use the same direct quote in your paper, it is best to read and cite the original source directly. If that is unavailable, site using the secondary source. For short quotes, change the double quotation marks to single marks within the quote. For block quotes, use double quotations marks If your directly quoted material does not contain pages (like an ebook, website, audiovisual work, or works with canonically numbered sections) refer to page 273 + 274 for instructions. Short quotations: -fewer than 40 words -incorporate it into the text and enclose it within double quotation marks -for direct quotations, include the full citation in the same sentence. -for parenthetical citations, place the citation either immediately after the quote or at the end of the sentence. -for a narrative citation, include the author and year in the sentence and then place the page number or other location info in parentheses after the quote; if the quotation precedes the narr. citation, put the page number or location info after the year and a comma. -see great examples of short quotes on page 272, table 8.2 Block quotations: -40 words or more -do not use quotation marks -start a block quotation on a new line and indent the whole block from the left margin -if there are additional paragraphs within the quotation, indent the first line of each subsequent paragraph an additional 0.5 inches -double-space the entire block and do not add extra space before or after it -either (a) cite the source in parentheses after the quote's final punctuation or (b) cite the author and year in the narrative before the quote and place only the page number in parentheses after the quotation's final punctuation. -do not add a period after the closing parentheses in either case The following changes can be made to direct quotes without alerting readers: -the first letter can be changed upper-case or lowercase to fit the context of the sentence in which the quote appears -some punctuation marks at the end of the sentence can be changed to fit the syntax of the sentence as long as the meaning doesn't change -single quote marks can be changed to double and vice versa -footnote or endnote number callouts can be omitted *To see examples of when explanation is required when making changes to a quotation, see page 275 for great examples* What is an epigraph? It is a quotation used to introduce an article, book, chapter, dissertation, or other work. It should appear before the first line of the text and should be indented 0.5 in. from the left margin without quotation marks. It's not normally cited. If the source is not included in the reference list or on the line below the quote, provide the credit line--consisting of an em dash and the author's full name, a comma, and the title of the work in which the quote appeared--and align it to the right. You will need to provide a reference if it comes from an academic source (scholarly book or journal)

Correspondence Between Reference List and Text

-APA Style uses the author-date citation system. The brief in-text citation directs readers to a full reference list entry. Each work cited in the text must appear in the reference list, and each work in the reference list must be cited in the text. There are a few exceptions to these guidelines: -personal communications, which are unrecoverable sources, are cited in the text only (section 8.9) -general mentions of whole websites or periodicals and common software or apps in the text do not require a citation or reference list entry. -the source of an epigraph does not usually appear in the reference list -quotations from your own research participants can be presented and discussed in the text but do not need citations or reference list entries -references included in a meta-analysis, which are marked with an *asterisk in the reference list, may be cited in the text (or not) at the author's discretion

In-Text Citations: Parenthetical and Narrative Citations

In-text citations have two formats: parenthetical and narrative. In parenthetical citations, the author name and publication date appear in parentheses. In narrative citations, this information is incorporated into the text as part of the sentence Parenthetical: the author and date, separated by a comma, appear in parentheses. It can appear within or at the end of a sentence. When at the end of a sentence, put the period or other end punctuation after the closing parenthesis. Ex: (Koehler, 2016). -if other text appears in the parenthetical citation, use commas around the year. Ex: (see Koehler, 2016, for more detail) -when text and a citation appear together in parentheses, use a semicolon to separate the citation from the text; do not use parentheses within parentheses. Ex: (e.g., falsely balanced news coverage; Koehler, 2016) Narrative: the author appears in running text and the date appears in parentheses immediately after the author name for a citation. Ex: Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage. -In rare cases, the author and date might appear in the text. For this case, do not use parentheses. Ex: In 2016, Koehler noted the dangers of...

In-text Citations: Author-Date Citation System

Use this system to cite references in the text in APA Style: each work used in a paper has two parts: an in-text citation and a corresponding reference list entry. -for the in-text citation, provide the surname(s) of the author(s) or the name(s) of the group author(s) -the date in the in-text citation should match the date in the reference list entry In-Depth Explanations: For the date, use only the year For works with no date, use "n.d." in the in-text citation For works that have been submitted for publication but haven't yet been published, use "in press." Each citation must correspond to only one reference list entry Do not include suffixes such as "jr." For a work with one or two authors, include the author name(s) in every citation. In parenthetical citations, use the (&) between names for a work with two authors or before the last author when all names must be included to avoid ambiguity. In narrative citations, spell out the word "and." In tables/figures, use (&) between names for both forms of citations. Ex: page 266 For a work with three or more authors or groups, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, unless it creates ambiguity. Ex: page 266. See page 267 for Avoiding Ambiguity For multiple references that have an identical author and publication year, include a lowercase letter after the year. This combo is used for both the in-text citations and reference list entry. Ex on page 267. If the first authors of multiple references share the same surname but different initials, include the first authors' initials in all citations, even if the year of publication differs. Ex: (J. M. Taylor & Neimeyer, 2015; T. Taylor, 2014) If the first authors of multiple references share the same surname and initials, cite the works in the standard author-date format. For authors with only one name or username see section 9.8 If your reference has a group author, the name of said group can be abbreviated if the group is well known, if it will help avoid cumbersome repetition, or will appear at least three times in a paper. For different examples of the various ways you can write this, see page 268. When generally mentioning a website, provide the name of the website in the text and include the URL in parentheses. Ex: Facebook (https://www.facebook.com). When generally mentioning periodicals, if you want to include the name of a journal you searched during a meta-analysis, provide the journal title (in italic) using title case. Ex: I searched the Journal of Abnormal Psy for the studies of... For individual authors see section 8.17 -to create an in-text citation for a work with an unknown author: include the title and year of publication in the citation (note that the title moves to the author position in the reference list entry as well). If the title of the work is Italicized in the reference, also italicize the title in the in-text citation. If it's not, use double quotation marks around the title in the in-text citation. Capitalize these title using title case (6.17) If the title is long, shorten it for the in-text cit. *When the author of a work is overtly designated as "Anonymous", it takes the place of the author name. Ex: (Anonymous, 2017)