India 20th Century Quest
civil war between West and East Pakistan and why there was a civil war.
The states never got along. Pakistan after independence began as two separate states - East and West P. The two states were separated by 1000 miles. And, in culture, language, history, geography, economics and ethnic background, the two regions were VERY different. Only the Islamic religion united them. West P was home to the central government, although East P had the larger population. In 1970, a giant cyclone and tidal wave hit East P. Lots of international money and aid came to P, but the government in West P did NOT transfer the money to East P! Demonstrations broke out in East P and the people called for an end to all ties to West P. On March 26, 1971, East P declared itself an independent nation called BANGLADESH. A civil war followed between Bangladesh and Pakistan. Indian forces came to help and sided with Bangladesh. Two weeks later, Pakistan forces surrendered. More than 1 million people died during the civil war. Pakistan lost 1/7th of their land and ½ of their population to Bangladesh.
What is a partition?
The term given to division of India into separate Hindu and muslim nations
Why did India struggle Internally
There were two religions, the Hindus and Muslims, in India. In 1940's there were 350 million Hindues and 100 million Muslims. The two groups did not get along.
What were Indians hoping to get from their involvement in WWI?
They wanted Independence/nationalism
Define Civil Disobedience
the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines
What are two reasons that led Britain to set India free after ww11?
Britain could not afford the expense if maintaining/governing distant colonies. The War left Britain in Debt and ruins and they needed to spend their money on rebuilding China
What did Britian do during World War 11 that angered and humiliated the India people?
Britian committed Inia's armed forces to World War 11 without first consulting the colony's elected representatives
Sri Lanka was formerly known as ________..?
Ceylon
Who was India's first prime minister, how long did he rule and what did he emphasize?
Jawaharlal Nehru; he ruled for 17 years. He emphasized democracy, unity and economic modernization. He devoted his life to improving conditions in his country
Who ruled after Jawaharlal Nehru?
Nehru's daughter, Indira Ghandi in 1966, was chosen Prime Minister.
What are some of the problems in Bangladesh?
• The war with Pakistan ruined their economy and fractured their communications system. • Sheik Mujibur Rahman became the first prime minister. He was interested in strengthening his own power rather than rebuilding and strengthening his country. He took over the authority and declared Bangladesh a one-party state. In 1975, military leaders assassinated him. • Trying to create a more democratic form of government. A little more stable now. • Elections in 2001, Begum Khaleda Zia elected as prime minister. • Many natural disasters such as floods, tsunamis, and cyclones cause lots of problems. Cyclone killed 139,000 people in 1991. • Catastrophes and growing population have stressed the country's economy. • Very poor nation; average income is $360 a year.
What are the two main groups that make up the main ethnic groups of Sri Lanka ..?
3/4's of population are Sinnalese(Buddhists) 1/5 are Tamils(Hindu people)
What is satyagraha?
A principa; developed by Ghandi: "Truth forces", passive resistance and civil disobedience. The deliberate and public refusal to obey unjust laws or rule
Why did Britian decide to give India Independence?
After WW 11 Britain could not afford the expense of maintainting the governing distant colonies. The war left Britain in deep debt and in ruins. They needed to spend their moneyy on rebuilding Britain
When was India granted Independence?
August 15, 1947.
In 1920, The Congress party and Mohandas K. Ghandi endorsed _____ _______ as a way to fight back against the British government
Civil Disobedience
Discuss Sri Lanka and some of the problems. (Formerly named Ceylon)
Discuss Sri Lanka and some of the problems. (Formerly named Ceylon) • Gained its independence from Britain in 1948. • Two main ethnic groups dominate the nation: ¾'s of the population are Sinhalese (they are Buddhists), 1/5 are Tamils (Hindu people) • A militant group of Tamils fought an armed struggle for a separate Tamil nation. Lots of lives lost and lots of violence. • In an effort to end the violence, Rajiv Ghandi and Sri Lankan president tried to reach an accord in 1987; Indian groups were to enter Sri Lanka and help disarm Tamil rebels. The effort was not successful and the Indian troops left in 1990. Civil war continues today between Tamils and Sri Lankas.
What were the salt acts?
Ghandi organized a demonstration to deft hated salt acts in which Indians could buy salt from no other source from the government and also plus tax on salt.
Name one of Nehru's accomplishments?
He called for reorganization of the states by language, pushed for industrialization and sponsored social reforms
Who was Mohandas Gandhi?
He was and Indian leader who launched a nonviolent campaign of non-cooperation with the British. Also, during partition, Gandhi went to the Indian capital of Delhi to plead for fair treatment of Muslim refugees. He became a victim of the nation's violence. On January 30, 1948He was shot to death by a Hindu extremist who thought Gandhi was too protective of Muslims.
Who was Muhammad Ali Jinnah
He was the leader of the Muslim League. He insisted that all Muslimss resign from the congress party. The Muslim League stated that it would never accept Indian independence it it meant rule by the Hindue-dominated Congress Party
How did Indira Ghandi die?
Her Sikh bodyguards gunned her down in retaliation for the Indian army's killing of Sikhs and destroying their Golden Temple. Background: The Sikhs wanted an independent state. The Sikh nationalists attacked symbols of Indian authority. So, the Indian Army, In June 1944, overran the Golden Temple, the religious center for the Sikhs. The Sikhs retaliated by killing Ghandi
Name the groups that joined together to protest the Rowlatt Acts and what that tragic event was called?
Hindus and Muslims: Amsitsar massacre
Name one of the religions that influenced Ghandi's teachings?
His teachings blended ideas from all of the major world religions like Hinduism, Islam and Christianity
What happened in 1949 that temporary ended the fighting for Kashmir?
India and Pakistan began battling over control of the reign until the United Nations arranged a cease fire in 1949.
What countries make up the Indian Sub Continent?
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
What were the two groups that formed to rid India of foreign rule?
Indians National Congress Party and the Muslim League
Give one similarity and one difference between East and West pakistan..?
Islamic religion united them West Pakistan-home to central government East Pakistan-had a bigger population and was hit by a cyclone
What was the government of India Act
It provided local self-government and limited democratic elections-not total independence. It fueled mounting tensions between muslims and Hindues
what were the Rowlatt Acts, Why were they passed and what happened as a result of these Acts
It was a protest where 10,000 Hindues and Muslims flocked Amstar
Who was the first Prime Minister of India
Nehru
Discuss Pakistan after the civil war
Pakistan's prime minister died after independence. Pakistan did not have any strong leaders. So, Pakistan went through a series of military coups, the first in 1958. • Ali Bhutto took control of the country following the civil war. • A military coup in 1977 led by General Zia removed Bhutto, who was later executed for crimes committed while he was in office. • After Zia's death, Bhutto's daughter, Benazir Bhutto, was twice elected prime minister. She was removed from office in 1996. • Nawaz Sharif became prime minister in 1997. • In 1999, army leaders ousted Sharif in another coup and imposed military rule over Pakistan.
How did Britain solve the problem of the tension between the Hindus and Muslims in granting independence?
Partition was the solution: the term given to the division of India into separate Hindu and Muslim nations. The NW and eastern regions of India, where most Muslims lived, would become the new nation of Pakistan. Pakistan in 1947 consisted of two separate states - West Pakistan and East Pakistan. On July 16, 1947, Britain passed an act that granted two nations, Pakistan and India, independence. Millions of Indian citizens had to decide where to go - Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs were all on the move!! During the summer of 1947, 10 million people were on the move in the Indian subcontinent. Violence erupted as people scrambled to relocate. Muslims killed Sikhs who were moving into India; Hindus and Sikhs killed Muslims who were headed into Pakistan. Estimated one million people died during the partition.
What was the first British good or item that Ghandi Boycotted?
Succesful Boycott of British cloth which was a great source of wealth for British.
How did Ghandi's Tactics of Civil Disobedience affect the British?
The British granted limited self-rule as a result of the
What happened to Kashmir right after independence?
The Hindus and Muslims fought for control of Kashmir. It had a Hindu ruler but most of the people who lived there were Muslim. The two sides fought for Kashmir until the United Nations arranged a cease-fire in 1949. The cease-fire left 1/3 of Kashmir under Pakistan control and the rest under Indian control. The two countries continue to fight over Kashmir today!
What is so important about the Congress Party and the Muslim League?
The Indian National Congress, or the Congress Party, was India's national political party. Most of the members of the Congress Party were Hindus. The Muslim League competed with the Congress Party. The Muslim League was founded in 1906 in India to protect Muslim interests. They felt that the mainly Hindu Congress Party looked out primarily for Hindu interests
