India/Pakistan
Pakistani People's Party
founded in 1967 by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto one of the two main parties, the other is ML 2013 parliamentary elections meant weakened PPP, rise of Nawaz ML
Jama'iyyat Ulema-i Pakistan (JUP)
"Organization of Pakistani scholars" represents Barelwi tradition, a traditionalist, pro-Sufi movement sympathetic to practices of venerating local saints says you're commanded to visit Sufi shrines veneration of the person of Muhammad, emulate him in all details strongly favor enforcement of law that you can never ever blaspheme against Muhammad usually the arch-enemies of the Deobandies and the JUAH (Ahl-i Hadith)
Jama'iyyat Ulema-i Islam (JUI)
"organization of Islamic scholars" official successor to JUH, the traditionalist Muslim organization in India founded 1919 by Deobandis and ulama of Faranji Mahall JUI founded 1946 by Deobandi wing of JUH represents Deobandi movement, rebirth of Islam through strong scholarship Deobandi is spiritualist, traditionalist fundamentalist, supports Taliban, and adheres to strict Hanafi law
Jama'iyyat Ulema-i Ahl-i Hadith (JUAH)
"organization of the scholars of the people of hadith" established in the 19th century by Salafi Ahl-i Hadith movement Wahhabi group, follows Hanbali school of law, supported by and largely dependent on Saudi Arabia scriptualist-traditionalist, fundamentalists, anti-Sufi
Third movement: ahl-i hadith
"people of the hadith studies" early Salafiyya movement influenced by Yemeni Muhammad al-Shawkani 1759-1834 and his rejection of the four schools of law (la madhhabiyya)
All-India Muslim League
Group that expresses political will of khilafa movement 1920s beginning of Indian independence movement under leadership of Hindu Mahatma Ghandi, Muslims and Hindus protest against Britain this is the main Muslim party, which largely represents the modernists of the Aligarh movement (Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan's movement) the second most important party is the JUH, which doesn't have a clear position on independence eventually becomes leading party of Pakistan after partition
Islamic modernism: Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817-98)
He remains on the side of the British, has a stellar career in British administration Grew up in Delhi as a Mogul administrator and turned attention to "English sciences" After uprising, began to write in defense of Muslim community / apologetically for Muslim community Said jihad can never be violent, doesn't mean war, just effort to make the world a better place, and uprising resulted from wrong understanding of jihad Said Islam needs to renew itself in cooperation with Western sciences, and Muslims should accept English sciences wherever they agree with Islamic convictions, while still maintaining distinct Muslim identity Says Muslims have been confronted before, with Greek sciences, and they integrated those into Islam, now they should do the same, convinced that English sciences are somewhat rooted in Islamic sciences
British Protectorate
In the 1800s, after defeating the French, Britain becomes most important European power and establishes protectorate over Mogul Empire and remaining local principalities (some Hindu) Muslims are the political and cultural elite in India (using Persian and increasingly Urdu as their languages) and Brits do not change this, although there was resentment about high positions held by Muslims
Independence and partition 1947
Independence from Britain Although both Muslims and Hindus wanted independence, since 1937 disagreed on political representation in provinces, which leads to separation of India into two nations: India (Hindu, under leadership of Congress Party led by Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru) and Pakistan (Muslim under leadership of Muslim League and Muhammad Ali Jinnah)
Uprising ("Mutiny") of 1858
Indians call it the "War of Independence" against British rule Caused in 1857 when Brits try to introduce a new rifle with cartridges at end of barrel you have to bite, and the cartridges are greased, possibly with cow/pig fat (really it's industrial fat, which given circs back then might have had both those fats in it) Both Hindu and Muslim auxiliary forces rebelled against British officers Mogul Emperor jumps on the bandwagon and declares jihad, basically every Brit in the Ganges region is killed Brits suppress the rebellion and abolish remnants of the Mogul Empire (with help of people from Punjab region), India comes under direct British rule Brits blame Muslims, all Muslim institutions lose endowments, it's a catastrophe for Islam in India Brits now try to shift power from Muslims to Hindus India ends up ruled by British governer "the Raj" In aftermath, questions about Muslim identity in India and revival of Muslim scholarship Four different movements happen in aftermath, traditional Islam in India is basically destroyed
Deobandi movement: Dar al-Ulum founded in 1867 in Deoband
Islamic educational reform movement based on Hanafi law with elements of moderate Sufism Founded in 1867 at the Dar al-Ulum in Deoband Since India clearly isn't Dar al-Islam anymore, they're asking: where is it? Decide that Dar al-Islam is inside of you, so you can live in Dar al-Islam under British rule Take influence from British education, establish colleges Many Deobandis together with some traditionalists will form political party JUH after 1919
Khilafa-Movement 1919-24
Khilafa = caliphate Movement reacting to Ottoman defeat in 1918 Muslims in India try to influence Britain to maintain the titular caliphate and appoint a representative for India Basically they want a caretaker for the Muslim community in India It's the first nationalist movement of Muslims in India, rallies around the All-India Muslim League
Aligarh Scientific Society, founded in 1865
Later becomes the Mahommadan Anglo-Oriental College, where Muslims are educated as Muslims but in English Sayyid Ahmad Khan helped found this, it follows his principles Modernist
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)
Leader of Pakistan and Muslim League after partition Indian statesman and founder of Pakistan 1947 became first governor general and President of Pakistan
foundation of Jama'at-i Islami (JI) 1941
Mawdudi founds JI ("Islamic Society") in Lahore in 1941 in opposition to the Muslim League and the Jama'iyyat-i Ulema-i Hind (JUH) JI wants not Muslim government, but rule of Islam, and opposes Muslim League and partition plan opposed to Ahmadiyya movement (splinter group from ~1890, man who claimed to receive prophecy after Muhammad) JI engages in takfir of the Ahmadiyya, first example of takfir in modern Islamic history, before that for a long stretch of Islamic history takfir had no role JI's argument: you can't be Muslim and think another prophet came after Muhammad Mawdudi is President until 1972 when he resigns due to ill health eventually under Muhammad Zia ul-Haqq JI gains political power, Sharia implemented pan-Islamic, modernist fundamentalist, anti-Sufi
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Means land of the pure in Urdu Pakistan is clearly founded by ML, idea of nationalism is now applied to Muslims in India but there's no Sharia, which angers people like Mawdudi, although he and others still move there to try to make it "truly" Islamic state
Mogul Empire (1526-1858)
Muslim armies from 1000 on, mostly turks, began raids from Afghanistan into India and establish Muslim rule in northern India Mogul Muslim empire in northern India from 1500 on, also had first contact with European powers like Portugal, France, England Abolished for good after Indian Mutiny of 1858, when India comes under direct British rule
Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938)
Poet, scholar, and leader of the Muslim League, calls for a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state in 1930
Nawaz Sharif (1949- )
Prime Minister, elected in 2013 and leader of the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz Sharif (splinter group off ML)
Ahmadiyya movement
a splinter group not fully accepted as Muslim, small percentage of Pakistani population
Muttahida Majlis-i Amal (United Assembly for Action-MMA)
block of distinctly religious Islamic parties in Pakistan, the "United Assembly for Action" that unites four parties, most parties boycotted the 2008 and 2013 elections 11% in the parliamentary elections in october 2002 basically now a defunct coalition, made of four religious parties: JI, JUI, JUP, JUAH
Abu al- A'la (Mawlana) Mawdudi (1903-79)
born 1903 in southern India to a family of Muslim scholars grew up in traditionalist Muslim environment, educated in Persian and Urdu 1920s worked for newpaper of Jama'iyyat Ulama-i Hind (JUH), learned English and got Western attitude, involved with Khilafa movement acquires similar views as Qutb, jihad is to establish justice in world, and justice = Islam 1928 publishes "Jihad in Islam" in Urdu, directed against apologetic notions of jihad proposed by modernist thinkers like Sayyid Ahmad Khan; says Islam is not a "religion" and Muslims are not a "nation," Islam is revolutionary ideology that will alter social order of whole world, ie "din" 1941 founds Jama'at-i Islami (JI, "Islamic Society") in Lahore in opposition to Muslim League and JUH also wrote Qur'an commentary, often criticized for linguistic leaps between Classical + modern Arabic but he argues all linguistic changes come from God moved to Pakistan after partition, political work got him several prison sentences first Pakistani constitution in 1956 reflects some of Mawdudi's ideas, big pro-Islamization of Pakistan Muhammad Zia ul-Haqq admired Mawdudi's ideas, later granted political power to JI and introduces Sharia to Pakistan 1979 Mawdudi dies in US
neo-Deobandi madrasas
breeding grounds for Taliban
Zia ul-Haqq (reg. 1977-88)
cooperation with Jama'at-i Islami (JI) rise of madrassas under his rule
Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007)
daughter of former President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who founded the PPP in 1967
Pakistan Muslim League (PML)
the Nawaz Sharif splinter version is currently the leading party in Pakistan, 20% in 2013 Parliamentary elections led by Nawaz Sharif, current PM
Islamic traditionalism: dars-i nizami of Faranji Mahall in Lucknow
this is basically a continuation of what was important before they follow the Hanafi school of law try to rebuild traditionalist scholarship, which had existed for a long time in India
"Jihad in Islam", 1928
written by Mawdudi in 1928 directed against apologetic notions of jihad proposed by modernist thinkers like Sayyid Ahmad Khan; says Islam is not a "religion" and Muslims are not a "nation," Islam is revolutionary ideology that will alter social order of whole world, ie "din" word "nation" is too weak to describe Islam sovereign of an Islamic state is God, people who really lead state are those committed to God's law God's law is more just, better than human law
