India's Muslim Empires
What made Akbar (and other rulers so successful)
tolerance
Fall of Mughal empire
-emperor Aurangzeb rejected Akbar's tolerant policies and resumed persecution of Hindus -Economic hardships increased under heavy taxes, and discontent sparked revolts against Mughal rule -European traders gain a foothold in the once powerful Mughal empire
Nur Jahan
-Akar's son's wife -because Jahangir was not a good ruler, Nur Jahan took over for him
Shah Jahan
-Akbar's grandson -when wife Mumtaz Mahal, he built the Taj Mahal for her as her tomb
Jahangir
-Akbar's son -wife Nur Jahan, who took over rule
Capital of Delhi Sultanate and where on globe
-Delhi in India
What happened after Gupta empire fell
-India again fragmented into many local kingdoms -Rival princes battled for control of the northern plain -Despite power struggles, Indian culture flourished: Hindu and Buddhist rulers spent huge sums to build and decorate magnificent temples; Trade networks linked India to the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and China
How is the Delhi Sultanate established
-Muslim Turks and Afghans pushed into India -the sultan, or Muslim ruler, of Ghur defeated Hindu armies across the northern plain and made Delhi his capital -his successors organized a sultanate, or land ruled by a sultan -The Delhi sultanate, which lasted from 1206 to 1526, marked the start of Muslim rule in northern India
sultan
-Muslim ruler -sultan of Ghur defeated Hindu armies and established the Delhi sultanate
The creation of Sikhism
-Nanak, sought to blend Islamic and Hindu beliefs -Belief in the "Unity of God"; Belief in reincarnation; Rejection of caste -The Sikhs later organized into military forces that clashed with the powerful Mughal rulers of India
Taj Mahal
-Shah Jahan built for his wife Mumtaz Mahal as a tomb
Why/how did Delhi Sultanates become more tolerant (blending)
-Some Muslim scholars argued that behind the many Hindu gods and goddesses was a single god -Hindus were allowed to practice their religion as long as they paid a poll tax -Some sultans even left rajahs, or local Hindu rulers, in place
Why did Hindus convert to Islam
-Some lower-caste Hindus preferred Islam because it rejected the caste system -They chose to adopt Islam either because they accepted its beliefs or because they served in the Muslim government -Indian merchants were attracted to Islam in part because of the strong trade network across Muslim lands
how does the Muslim Rule Change Indian Government and Society
-Sultans introduced Muslim traditions of government (Sharia) -Many Turks, Persians, and Arabs migrated to India to serve as soldiers or officials -Trade between India and Muslim lands increased -scholars and adventurers fled from Baghdad (located in Persian territory) to India, bringing Persian and Greek learning -the newcomers helped create a brilliant civilization at Delhi, where Persian art and architecture flourished (brought Persian influence from Baghdad)
How does the Delhi Sultanate lose power
-Tamerlane invaded India -He plundered the northern plain and smashed into Delhi -Thousands of artisans were enslaved to build Tamerlane's capital at Samarkand -the sultans no longer controlled a large empire, however, and northern India again fragmented, this time into rival Hindu and Muslim states
What did Muslims first do to non-Muslims
-The widespread destruction of Buddhist monas- teries contributed to the drastic decline of Buddhism as a major religion in India -During the most violent onslaughts, many Hindus were killed
Why did the Muslim invaders triumph?
-They won on the battlefield in part because Muslim mounted archers had far greater mobility than Hindu forces, who rode slow-moving war elephants -Hindu princes wasted resources battling one another instead of uniting against a common enemy -large numbers of Hindus, especially from low castes, converted to Islam: In the Hindu social system, people were born into castes, or social groups, from which they could not change
How was the Mughal Empire established
-Turkish and Mongol armies again poured through mountain passes into India -Babur met a huge army led by the sultan Ibrahim -His force was small but had cannons, which he put to good use -Babur swept away the remnants of the Delhi sultanate and set up the Mughal dynasty -in India
Delhi
-capital of the Delhi sultanate in India
Akbar achievements
-he created a strong central government, earning the title Akbar the Great -he won the support of Hindu subjects through his policy of toleration -He opened government jobs to Hindus of all castes and treated Hindu princes as his partners in ruling the vast empire -Akbar ended the tax on non-Muslims, and he married a Hindu princess -he consulted leaders of many faiths, including Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, and Christians -he used paid officials in place of hereditary officeholders -He modernized the army, encouraged international trade, standardized weights and measures, and introduced land reforms
Babur
-leaded Mongol/Turkish armies to establish Mughal empire in India, destorying Delihi sultanate
Muslims absorbing Hindu culture
-marriage customs and caste ideas -Urdu, a new language, combined Persian, Arabic, and the Indian language spoken in Delhi -local artisans applied Persian art styles to Indian subjects -Indian music and dance reappeared at the courts of the sultan -Sikhism
Akbar
-one of Mughals rulers -Babur's grandson -achievements through tolerance
Sikhism
-religion that emerged from blending of Islam and Hindu beliefs
rajah
-some sultans of the Delhi sultanate left rajahs, or local Hindu rulers, in place
Mughal
-took over from Delhi Sultanate
Golden Age of Mughal Empire under
Akbar, Babur's grandson
Who was the leader of the Mughal empire coming to power
Babur
Differences between Hindus and Muslims
Hindus: Belief in many gods, all part of Brahman; Emphasis on religious and moral duties, or dharma; Belief in a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (reincarnation) Muslims: Belief in one God; Religious and moral duties defined in Five Pillars; Belief in Heaven and Hell, and a Day of Judgment; No priests; all believers are religious equals