INDUSTRIAL MINERALS AND MANUFACTURING MATERIALS
Potential Clay Deposits
1. Clay deposits of San Ildefonso 2. Clay deposits of Angat 3. Clay deposits of San Rafael-Bustos area
various clays
1.) Ball Clay 2.) White Clay 3.) Black Clay 4.) Red Clay 5.) Rock Clay 6.) Shale Clay 7.) Alumina Clay 8.) Siliceous clay
Bentonite reserves in the Philippines
1/Pangasinan II/Cagayan III/Nueva Ecija IV/Batangas Quezon V/Albay VII/Cebu VIII/Leyte XI/Davao del Norte
sand deposit
A large ____, a weathering product of quartzite intercalated with sericite and chlorite schists occurs in Del Pilar-New Barbacan coastal plain in Roxas, Palawan. The quartz sand reaching the bay was moved along the coast and piled up by the wave action on both sides of Barbacan Point.
Colambusing and Puktol creeks
A recently discovered diatomite deposit situated in-between the ____ at sitio Colambusing, barangay San Felipe has been investigated by the Mines and Geosciences Bureau.
montmorillonite
Abarquez (1971) noted that the bentonite is composed of 85% to 90% ____ with some feldspars, gypsum, calcite, quartz, and traces of other nonclay minerals. It swells 6 to 10 times only after activation and behaves thixotropically. Bleaching tests show that when activated, the bentonite is capable of clarifying bunker oil with an ASTM reading of 8 to at least lighter than 3.
small-scale operators
About 85% of silica sand are utilized in glass manufacture. Mining and processing of silica sand used to be controlled by a number of ____ and four big companies, namely: Nin-Bay Mining Company, Republic Glass Corporation, Tagbita Silica Industries Corporation, and Vulcan Industrial Exploration Corporation.
70%
About ___ of the sands pass through the 20 to 100-mesh. The silica sand derived from quartz component of the schist, metasandstone and phyllite underlying the area around the deposit, has a reserve of 2.5 million tons. Similar deposits occur on the narrow coastal plain of Alemaguan, San Vicente, northwestern Palawan. The sand is generallly white, subangular to rounded, with very little shell and coral fragments, clay and other impurities.
red to mottled clays
Alluvial and floodplain clays, such as the ____ in barangay Maguinao, San Rafael, Bulacan, are the common buff or red burning clays used for low-duty refractories, structural tiles, face bricks, and ceramic bodies. It also offers a good potential for making earthenware, pots, toys, and interlocking bricks for sidewalks. They occur along the banks of mature rivers at their lowest reaches, under rice paddies and other flat areas in flood and coastal plains.
magnesite
Although complex in its behavior as a refractory material, magnesite is fundamentally the simplest of all materials used in furnace construction. Inspite of the remarkable developments in the extraction of magnesia from seawater, from dolomite and from brines, the natural mineral is still the principal source of refractory raw materials. The mineral occurs as ____ (MgCO3) both as coarsely crystalline and as cryptocrystalline or "compact" magnesite.
Aguilar, Pangasinan
Asbestos Deposit in ____
Pangasinan, Zambales, Zamboanga del Norte
Asbestos reserves in the Philippines -Region 1,3,9
important mineral commodity
Bentonite is an ____ used in foundry molding sands, drilling mud, bentonite slurries for sealing porous strata and stoppage of water movement in foundations for buildings, tunnels and dams, iron ore pelletizing, bleaching oils and fats, carriers for insecticides and pesticides, and as component of paints, pharmaceuticals, medicines and cosmetics. Most of the bentonite produced and processed locally is used as additives, grouting, binders in foundry sand and as filler in animal feeds.
froth floated
By crushing and sizing, the granodiorite could be used as riprap, concrete aggregate and rock fill. The fines from this operation could be further grounded and the ____ for the recovery of quartz, feldspar and mica. Laboratory tests show that about 30% by weight of the rock could be recovered as quartz. The iron oxide content of the quartz product (0.47%) is above most of the general specifications for glass.
Kaolinitic clay reserves
CAR/ Abra I/ Pangasinan III/ Bulacan IV/ Laguna V/ Albay Camarines Norte VI/ Aklan Iloilo Negros Occidental VII/ Bohol Cebu X/ Bukidnon Misamis Oriental XII/ North Cotabato
Silica, Alumina, Iron Oxide, Alkalis and Loss on Ignition
Chemical analysis and physical test of feldspathic clay, placer claims of Conrado S. Torres, Pulong Sampaloc, Angat
Silica, Alumina, Iron Oxide and LOI
Chemical analysis of kaolinitic clay from Farmont Mines, Angat
Chrome and Chrome Magnesite
Chrome particularly in the form of chrome-magnesite bricks continues to be one of the most useful of all steel plant refractories. Pure chromite is a mineral composed of 32% FeO and 68% Cr2O3. However, in chrome ore, the commercial refractory material of these oxides are replaced in part by magnesia and alumina and the composition ranges from 30% to 48% Cr2O3, 12% to 30% Al2O3, 12% to 15% FeO and about 17% MgO along with some impurities.
siliceous white clay
Deposits of ____ in chlorite schists probably derived from igneous rocks occur in Siruma Peninsula, Camarines Sur. They were formed by hydrothermal alteration of favorable zones in the schists. The original schistocity structures are still preserved in the partly kaolinized portions of the deposits.
acid plutonics
Deposits of feldspar are few and small, except those occurring in _____, as in the Lubang granodiorite; and in arkosic sandstones, as in Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro. Feldspar in dikes and magmatic segregation zones are in several places in Ilocos Norte, in the Pasaleng-Pansian, Pagudpud; Burgos; and Pasuquin. Similar deposit occurs in Sinapawan, Caliling, Santa Fe in Nueva Vizcaya; Gabaldon in Nueva Ecija; Angat-San Ildefonso-San Miguel in Bulacan; Puerto Galera in Oriental Mindoro; Alawihao, Masonson, Sara, Panalicdican and Ajuy in Iloilo; and Gusa and Malikangkong, Ragongon in Iligan City.
coast
Deposits of vein quartz gravel and boulders occur along the ____ bordering the schist and gneiss formation at the north and south sides of the intrusive granodiorite in Looc, Lubang Island.
Bicol region
Diatomite is used mainly as filtration agent, soft abrasives, industrial fillers, and as lightweight aggregates. A renewed program by the Mines and Geosciences Bureau in 1993, lasting until 1995, helped assess the diatomite resources elsewhere specially in ____. Detailed mineralogical analysis and determination of applied properties were carried out in collaboration with the DOST-Industrial Development Institute based on the methodology recommended by the British Geological Survey.
soil overburden
During mining, the ____ and other covering rock materials are to be scraped off and separated, prior to extraction of the red to mottled plastic clays. As of this reporting time, the Bulacan feldspathic clay is estimated to be more than 932,000 metric tons (MT); kaolinitic clay, 10,204,200 MT and red clay, 50,185,000 cubic meters.
Portland cement
Essentially, ____ is a mixture of about four parts of limestone and one part of clay or shale, calcined to near fusion and ground to powder. Mainly limestone but marl supplies calcium oxide. Furnace slag and oyster shells also give calcium oxide.
SiO2
Feldspar deposits are fairly well distributed over the country. Total reserve of feldspar so far explored in the country reaches to 34.413 million metric tons, averaging 63.57 ____.
fusion
Feldspar promotes ____ during firing and imparts strength, toughness and durability in the finished products. It's use as a flux in ceramic mixture, in the making of vitreous china and in porcelain enamels has long been popular. On account of its angular fracture and moderate hardness, it is also used as mild abrasives and scouring soaps.
igneous rocks
Feldspars are major components in most ____. Deposits of feldspar of the soda potash and sodic varieties occur mostly as dikes or feldspathic zones in diorite, quartz diorite, trondhjemite, and serpentine. Feldspars also occur in granular form mixed with feldspathic clay in partly kaolinized dikes or feldspathic segregation zones.
Sulpo, Solo, Cadangan and La Purisima
Four deposits are in the La Purisima-San Vicente area, which are the ____. The clays of Sulpo and solo are creamy, plastic and gritty. Those of Cadangan and La Purisma are light grayish white and also plastic and gritty due to fine quartz. The clay usually grades upward into brownish clay and downward into semi-kaolinized schist. The overburden is from 1 to 2 m thick.
residual and transported
From the geological viewpoint, clays are generally classified as ____.
attapulgite
Fuller's earths are composed mostly of the distinct needle- or lath-shaped clay mineral, the ____. This material crumbles when laid in water and shows high cation-exchange capacity. Fuller's earth is also defined as naturally active clay of the nonswwelling type of bentonite.
ore reserves
Gypsum ____ were estimated at 3.939 million metric tons with grades averaging 84.79 percent CaSO4.
Feldspar reserves in the Philippines
I/Ilocos Norte III/ Nueva Ecija IV/ Occidental Mindoro ARM/Lanao del Norte
Philippine reserves of diatomaceous earth
III/ Bataan V/ Camarines Norte X/ Bukidnon ARM/ Lanao del Norte
Bgy. San Vicente, Tagkawayan, Quezon
IMPORTANTSILICA ROCK DEPOSIT
Gypsum reserves in the Philippines
IV/ Batangas V/ Albay Camarines Sur VII/ Negros Oriental
Reserves of massive quartz
IV/Quezon V/Catanduanes VI/Aklan IX/Zamboanga del Sur X/Bukidnon
Magnesite reserves in the Philippines
IV/Romblon XI/Davao Oriental XI/Davao Oriental
ceramic industry
In 1952, the ____ in the Philippines was limited to small cottage industries. Production consisted mainly of red burning potteries, bricks and tiles. At the time, ceramic plants manufactured glazed wall tiles on a semi-commercial scale but the manufacture of refractories was not known yet.
in-fillings of selenite
In Mabini, ____, alabaster and satin spar is found in the pyritized fault, breccia zones as veins or lenses or as disseminated replacement. In the Talahib-Payapa area, the deposits range from less than 1 cm to 30 cm thick along closely spaced lenses of alabaster from 0.50 to 2.00 m wide, crosscutting stringers. A combined reserve of Batangas gypsum deposits reaches to 361,300 metric tons.
non-ferrous metal making
In ____ , refractories are equally of vital importance. They are also indispensable in boiler furnaces both for power generation and ceramic industry. Refractory linings are used in the rotary kilns of the country's Portland cement plants.
Batangas
In ____ it is associated with gold and silver mineralization. In Mindoro, it occurs as a vein along the strikes of the sedimentary host rocks.
Bulacan
In ____, outcrops of limestone form part of the low bench along the eastern side of Central Luzon lowland abutting on the Sierra Madre Range to the east. The limestone deposits are of Middle Miocene age, belonging to the limestone member of the Angat Formation and to the Buenacop Limestone Member of the Madlum Formation. The beds dip moderately westward due to the gentle folding in the region. Outcrops of limestone are cut by east-west tension joints and show bedding.
Maslog
In ____, the exposed sub-perlite-bearing volcanic glass is about 5 to 40 m thick, light gray to creamy white, fine to medium-grained, and crumbles easily. The upper portions are stained by limonite. The perlite-bearing rhyodacite flows in Taysan show well-defined fluidal banding, especially in the upper part. The central portion of the deposit has a thickness of about 10-m but may be thicker since faulting obscures the whole flow sequence.
Negros Occidental
In ____, the silica is deposited by thermal springs and vapors related to volcanism. Quartz sand, mostly derived from the weathering of sandstone, quartzose, schists, and quartz diorite are deposited as sand beds, as in the islands of Lubang and Palawan. Bull quartz occurring as pegmatite dikes and/or small lenses in Mesozoic rocks are being mined in Quezon province.
kaolinitic clay
In adjacent area in the west central vicinity of the above-cited area, another clay outcrop investigated was of similar characteristics. Two samples of yellowish to light brown plastic clay gave PCE test results: cone 17 with white speckled fired color and cone 32.5 with very light gray fired color. The first sample must be feldspathic clay; the second, ____.
ferruginous conglomerate
In barangay Maguinao, San Rafael, weathered ____ forms a thin cover of the clay deposit. From auger drilling, thickness of 1 to 4 m is disclosed. The deposit is about 100 m wide and 500 m long.
Silica in rock form
In rock form, silica is present as quartz in quartz diorite, granodiorite, and granulite or in trondjemite; as silicified sandstone; and as lenses and veins of quartz. If it were to be used in its purest form, it would first require grinding and beneficiation.
Transported clays
In the Philippines, these deposits consist of sedimentary beds associated with peat or lignite, alluvial and floodplain clays.
sedimentary fireclay
In the manufacture of local fireclay refractory bricks, two types of clay are utilized: (1) __ , and (2) kaolin of hydrothermal origin. Suitable for intermediate and high duty refractory bricks are the ___ deposits in Lemery, Iloilo and Carranglan, Nueva Ecija. Similar deposits are also in Bondolan, San Dionisio, Iloilo; Del Gallego, Camarines Sur; and Aritao, Nueva Vizcaya.
Calcination
Increasing demand in cement, construction, agriculture, and metallurgical and chemical industries has spurred the recent interest in limestone. ____ of limestone produces quicklime, and slaked or hydrated lime on hydration. Mineralogy, chemistry and texture directly affect the lime-burning performance of limestone and may restrict the potential applications of the manufactured lime.
silicic lavas
Industrial applications for expanded perlite include insulation, lightweight aggregate, filler in gypsum plaster, and filter aids. Perlite is formed from _____ (rhyolitic to dacitic) which have erupted slowly to form steep-sided block-type lava domes or shallow intrusions such as sills, dikes, or lenses.
Tagkawayan
It is lenticular, similar to that of the main quartz deposit at ____. Chemical analyses of quartz from ____ show the following: SiO2, 96.04%; Al2O3, 2.32%; Fe2O3, 0.49%; Cao, 76%; MgO, 0.93%; and LOl, 0.19%. Reserves of 430,000 tons were estimated for Santa Cecilia -Aliji and Mahinta areas.
soapstone
It occurs in low to medium metamorphosed basic or ultrabasic rocks and in place, constitutes the greater part of the rock, producing the material known as steatite or ___.
Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Camarines Sur, Iloilo
Known ball clay reserves in the Philippines
fireproof gypsum board
Likewise, the manufacturing industry has greater need for gypsum in the fabrication of ___ now proliferating among high-rise malls and condominiums.
ferromagnesian rocks
Magnesite, the natural form of magnesium carbonate, occurs in bedded deposits, in veins, pockets and shear zones in ____, and as replacement bodies in limestone and dolomite. The significant deposits are those in Lupon, Mati, Puntalinao, and Banay-banay, Davao Oriental; small deposits are in Sibuyan Island, Romblon.
Kiwalan, Iligan City
Massive coralline limestone, calcareous sediments, sandstone and conglomerate underlie the area. The massive limestone is whitish, creamy, light pink, buff or slightly grayish. It is slightly folded with numerous fractures and joints. Reserve estimate of limestone in Kiwalan is placed at 202 million metric tons.
imported or blended
Most of the feldspar utilized by the local ceramic and glass plants is either ____ with those locally quarried from small pegmatite and aplite dikes. Local production from pre-1980 to 2002 reaches to 1,079,595 MT, valued at P216,227,177..
Philphos fertilizer plant
Most of this production went to the ____ at Isabel, Leyte, as an extender, with a small proportion to the Philippine Refining Company as a filter aid. Diatomite deposits are in Pantabangan and Caranglan, Nueva Ecija; Basud, Camarines Norte; Kapatagan, Lanao del Norte; and in Quezon, Bukidnon.
bentonite clay
Nevertheless, the ___ readily disintegrates and goes in suspension when immersed in water, showing somewhat a swelling property. Chemical analysis of representative samples show the following averages: SiO2, 49.87%; Fe2O3, 1.37%; Al2O3, 27.40%; CaO, 4.71%; MgO, 1.73%; L.O.I., 12.06% and H2O, 2.74%.
diatomaceous earth materials
On the basis of investigations to date, total estimated reserve reaches to 4.936 million metric tons of ____. Other prospective and yet unconfirmed areas in various parts of the archipelago are being reported.
provinces
Over the country, the known gypsum deposits are disposed in four (4) ____: Batangas, Albay, Camarines Sur and Negros Oriental. Their location and relative distribution are shown in Plate 8.8.1.
Perlite Deposit in Legaspi
Perlite deposits in Legaspi City are clustered in the barangays of Lamba, Maslog and Taysan. Miocene tuffaceous sediments and agglomerates with andesite porphyry inclusions minor basaltic flows, and lenses of conglomerate underlie the area. These are overlain by the perlite-bearing glassy, banded rhyodacitic flows that closely follow Quaternary volcanic flows in the area, or are intimately associated with them. On top of these sequences are younger argillized tuffaceous sediments, minor intercalated and partly silicified volcanic flows.
Cagayan, Albay, Camarines Sur
Perlite reserves in the Philippines
Frontino, Incorporated
Philippine production of barite started in January 1973. The sole producer then, the Falcon Rare Metals and Industrial Minerals, Incorporated with 59,000 MT reserve of barite in barangay Kupang, Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro, has a recorded production of 5,472 MT valued at P820, 800 at an average cost of P150.00 per metric ton. It is a sister company of ___ which has another barite reserve of 24,500 MT in Lobo, Batangas.
Metro Manila
Portions of which are grayish due to fine crystals of pyrite. The clay was mined by removing the overburden with a bulldozer and extracting the usable portions selectively with picks and shovels. Ceramic factories in ____ for ceramic tiles and sanitary wares are using this clay deposit.
natural gypsum
Production of ____ started way back 1960 but practically ceased in 1992. Total production of ____ covering the period pre-1980, i.e. 1960 to 1979 inclusive, up to 2002 reaches only to 268,816 MT and valued at P135,868,498.
volcanic rocks
Recent acidic volcanics generally have not had sufficient time to get hydrated. Perlite is commonly associated with other ___ such as pumice, obsidian, felsite and welded tuff.
steel plants
Refractories used in ___ have been categorized into three groups: 1. Alumino-silicates (a) Clays (b) Silimanite, kyanite, andalusite (c) Corundum 2. Silica and semi-silica 3. Basic refractories (a) Magnesite (b) Dolomite (c) Chrome and chrome-magnesite
siliceous rockmass
Reserves of ____, in the form of silica-rich igneous rock, silicified volcanics, silica sinter and quartzose sandstone stands to 1.482 billion metric tons.
silica sand
Reserves of explored ____: CAR/Kalinga Apayao I/Pangasinan III/Bulacan IV/Batangas IV/Oriental Mindoro
Bulacan
Reserves of feldspathic clay in ____
Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, Bulacan, Occidental Mindoro
Reserves of siliceous rockmass (including silicified diorite, granodiotite, volcanics, quartzose sandstone) in the Philippines
Gypsum deposit in Batangas
Several deposits are found in the province of Batangas; at Dulagan, Talahib- Pandayan, Lobo; Mainit and Nagiba, Mabini; and Kawalang and Lipunpun-Pajo, Talahib- Payapa, Batangas City. These are confined in fractured, brecciated and strongly altered andesite and porphyritic basalt.
silica and fireclay
Silica bricks containing approximately 88 to 93% SiO2 and made from natural clays and mixture are known as semi-silica bricks used in open-hearth furnace checker settings. Their properties are intermediate between those of ____.
silica sand
Silica in its various forms is a very important industrial mineral and manufacturing material. As ___, it is used in the manufacture of glass containers and lamp chimneys; in the making of sheet glass, glass envelope for electric bulbs, ferrosilicon, sodium silicate, cleanser and abrasive, and as additive in the manufacture of Portland cement. As crushed and pulverized bull quartz, it is used in sanitary wares and flint glass containers.
Sulpo and Solo
Similar deposits are located in barangay La Purisima and San Vicente, Tinambac, Camarines Sur. The deposits in ____ are creamy, plastic and gritty due to the presence of fine quartz. The deposits usually grade upward to brownish clay and downward into semi-kaolinized schist. The overburden is one to two meters thick. The chemical analyses of white clay in large deposits gave the following constituents in percent: SiO2, 88.41%; Al2O3, 7.70%; Fe2O3, 0.73%; CaO, 0.37%; MgO, 0.45% and LOI, 2.38%.
Cabangan, Zambales
Talc deposits have been mined in ____. Talc is generally found in low to medium-grade metamorphosed basic or ultrabasic rocks. They occur as pods or lenses that pinch and swell in the ultrabasic host rock making them difficult to process and mine. The talc deposits like asbestos are formed from hydrothermal processes in the ultramafic area.
Perlite Deposit in Baao, Camarines Sur
The Baao Camarines Sur deposit is in barangay Bagumbayan at the western foot of Mount Iriga. The deposit is contained in a 1.6-km diameter dome of acidic to intermediate glassy volcanic rocks generally dacitic in composition. The perlite beds are in glassy volcanic rocks 35-40 m thick that exhibit well-defined fluidal banding especially at the top, accentuated by light red and brown oxidixed streaks.
diatomite bed
The ___ is dark gray to black, distinctly laminated, and about 2.75 m thick. Overburden consists of 3.50 m thick of semi-plastic clay. In place, the quarried diatomite is calcined by local workers and then transported via the port of Pasacao to the Philphos plant at Isabel, Leyte for use as an extender in fertilizer.
Mangitot deposit
The ____ about 5 km north, lies below the water table, but appears to contain good-quality diatomite. The total estimate tonnage of diatomite in the Minerals Processing and Supply claims is 550,000 metric tons. The claims of Rosman Minerals occur to the south of the Pamoliotan deposit.
principal minerals
The ____ composing the fresh rock are quartz, plagioclase, and orthoclase; with muscovite and biotite mica as minor constituents. The granodiorite, which contains more soda, lime than potash feldspar extends from Looc foothills to Tubahin Bay, covering an area of 4.8 square kilometers. The soil and residual sand cover is shallow. More than 10 million in tonnage is amenable to open pit mining; depth is over 50 meters.
Buenacop Limestone
The ____ forms a lenticular, north-south elongated mass. It is generally massive, but locally medium to thick-bedded, creamy white, buff to gray, with reef-forming fossils assemblage. The lower portion shows 30-cm thick beds, sandy, slightly tuffaceous, with subangular fragments of volcanic rocks, chert nodules and detrital grains, giving it a fine to coarse conglomeratic appearance.
feldspathic bodies
The ____ in Ilocos Norte are genetically relatedd to a trondhjemite pluton intruding metamorphic rocks during Miocene time. In Oriental Mindoro, sodic feldspar bodies are genetically related to the intrusion of quartz diorite into the schists and marble during Mesozoic. Limited occurrences of potash feldspar are those in Santa Fe, Nueva Ecija and in Atimonan, Quezon.
cement industry
The ____ is the largest consumer of limestone. Their total production for cement use alone from pre-1980 to 2002 reaches to 281,497,502 MT and valued at P12,239,253,808.
perlite beds
The ____ particularly in the lower portions have well-developed concentric (perlitic) structure and contain unevenly distributed prominent accessory biotite flakes.
diatomite outcrop
The ____ partly concealed by plastic, brown, clayey soil, is about 75 m long and up to 2.5 m thick. Creamy white diatomite beds are intercalated with diatomaceous shale containing plant imprints. Positive reserves of diatomite are estimated at 360,000 metric tons.
second
The ____ type of clay is also plastic, brown to dark gray. Much more abundant, this underlies lowlands or rice paddies in San Rafael and Bustos, Bulacan.
diatomite deposits
The ____ within the Minerals Processing and Supply claims are intermittently dispersed over 5 km along a north-south trend at elevation of 80 to 120 m. Of these, the Pamoliotan deposit has been extensively explored and being commercially exploited. As exposed along creek bed and banks, the diatomite beds are mainly creamy white to gray, and often laminated.
Buenacop limestone
The ____, which forms a nearly north-south elongated mass, underlies the area. The limestone is light brown and mostly massive with some caves. Portions are badly fractured with residual soil partly filling the fractured zones. The meta- shale is gray to brownish gray and breaks easily. Republic Cement Corporation is presently utilizing this portion of the Buenacop limestone. Limestone reserve is 95.6 million metric tons.
Kinabuan Formation
The _____ (Melendres and Versoza, 1960), the oldest formation, consists of interbedded silty shale and medium to coarse-grained slightly calcareous sandstone. Thin to medium beds are at the base of the section, becoming thicker and more massive towards the top. The sandstone is dominantly of quartz grains with minor ferro-magnesian minerals cemented by either silica or carbonate. Overlying is the Masungi Limestone Member of the Maybangain Formation. The limestone is roughly north-south trending over a 5 km mountain range, and 2 km wide gradually narrowing off southward (Melendres and Versoza, 1960).
Angat Formation
The _____ consisting of a minor lower clastic facies and a major upper limestone facies showing biohermal characteristics and a reef flank extension underlies the area. The Angat limestone is medium to thick bedded to massive and cavernous. Its exposures are pinnacled, fractured and jointed, vertically fluted, ranging from creamy to light buff, dark brown and in places, gray or pink. Beds rarely reach one-meter thickness. This formation is unconformably underlain by the Basement Complex and in some places, the stratigraphically higher Buenacop Limestone.
Angat Formation
The _____ consists of a minor lower clastic facies and a major limestone facies, which shows biohermal characteristics flanked by reefal limestone. The limestone is generally massive to thick-bedded and cavernous. The color is creamy white to light buff, with others being dark brown, gray and pink. Most exposures are pinnacled, vertically fluted, fractured and jointed.
perlite layers
The _____, 30 to 40 m thick in the middle of the near-botton horizon of the glassy rhyodacitic flows, contain some randomly scattered euhedral biotite. West of Lamba, the layers lack the concentric perlitic structure of true perlite. In the southern portion are compounds of fine to medium-grained glass that easily crumbles into incoherent grains.
non-plastic ingredient
The above data are indicative of the use potential of the light colored feldspathic clay as a ____ in terra cotta, porcelain, and sanitarywares; the dark-colored kaolinitic clay, in stoneware, terra cotta, face bricks, and also in the intended interlocking bricks for sidewalks.
tuffaceous shale and sandstone
The area and its environs are composed of alternating beds of ___, with coralline limestone as the bottom member of the sequence. The clastics are made up of glassy materials, mud pellets and sands derived from volcanic rocks. The thickness of the flat-lying beds ranges from a few centimeters to about half a meter. The limestone is massive and constitutes the hill of the area with a relief of about 125 meters. The younger coarse sandstone beds, which are loosely compacted, friable, poorly stratified and composed of feldspar and quartz, form a terrace in the area. This sequence rests on andesitic volcanics.
riverbanks
The area is characterized by low to moderate relief, except for isolated steep slopes along ____ in the southern section. Ridges and peaks rarely exceed 100 m above sea level, the exception being Mount Cone, which rises abruptly to 300 m. The greater part of the area is underlain by a thick sequence of andesitic to basaltic extrusives, consisting mainly of agglomerates, pyroclastics and volcanic breccia.
Olosan, Naawan, Misamis Oriental
The area is of low to moderate relief, with 80 meters as the highest elevation. The oldest rock, serpentinized peridotite, is roughly disposed along a north-south direction. Veinlets of hard, amorphous magnesite and talc minerals are along the fractures in the ultramafic. A portion of this formation is in contact with the sandstone-shale- conglomerate sequence.
Salimbal, Lugait, Misamis Oriental
The area is underlain by coralline limestone, which is light brown, or buff to cream, generally porous and well compacted, probably part of the Indahag Limestone. Portions of the coralline limestone are overlain by marly limestone beds that trend N60°W and dip 25° northwest. The marly limestone is light brown. In the northwestern part of the deposits is a sequence of limy sediments consisting of sandstone with interbeds of shale or siltstone. The siltstone and shale beds are light gray to white, and are slightly tuffaceous. The sandstone beds are darker and porous, grading upward to conglomerate. An estimated reserve of 10 million MT of limestone is available for cement raw materials in the area, which the Floro Cement Corporation uses in their plant.
gritty
The clays in the Napu-San Vicente area is mostly white and semiplastic; occasionally plastic, mottled white and yellow. In places, the clay is ___ due to fine quartz mechanically mixed with the clay. The overburden of brownish sandy soil is from one to four meters thick.
Clay deposits of Siruma Peninsula, Camarines Sur
The deposits are in Napu-San Vicente area, La Purisima, Siruma and San Vicente, Tinambac. Twenty deposits are in the Napu-San Vicente stretching for 4.8 km from sitio Napu, Bahao, Siruma to San Vicente, Tinambac with an east-southeasterly trend.
Madlum Formation
The limestone in the area is a part of a north-south trending mass of the Buenacop Limestone Member of the ____. It is strongly jointed at places, with very thick bedding planes dipping gently to the northeast. This is quarried and utilized as raw materials in cement manufacture by Hi-Cement Corporation. The plant is in Bo. Matictic, Norzagaray, Bulacan. It employs the Bopol process developd and patented by Plysius Gmb H of Germany.
CEMENT RAW MATERIALS
The manufacture of Portland cement in the Philippines has grown considerably in the last decade. Portland cement is durable and easy to use such that it has become the foundation material of the construction industry.
Mangatarem, Pangasinan
The only known deposit of zeolite, which has been put into production over the Philippines archipelago, is the one situated in ____.
Mount Cone
The other diatomite deposit is situated at sitio Pagsangahan, barangay Caayunan, about 2.6-km northwest of ____. Similarly, it occurs as laminated beds up to 6 m thick, overlain by 2 m of semi-plastic clay. Underlying the diatomite is a creamy white non-swelling bentonite. The diatomite is dark gray to black in color but on calcination, it changes to white, lightweight, porous material.
seashells
The presence of ____ in the sand deposit indicates that the coastal plain was formerly mostly under a shallow sea. The silica sand deposit with an average thickness of 0.50 m contains about 2.7 million tons, with soil overburden up to 0.6 meter (Cruz and Llave, 1956).
CERAMIC RAW MATERIALS
The raw materials needed in the ceramic industry are clay, feldspar, magnesite, quartz or silica and talc. The quantity of these materials as ceramic raw materials is dependent on the intensity of their alteration and care in selective mining and handling. They undergo only comminution, size separation and processing in three firms in Metro Manila. Beneficiation is required of the impure materials to meet specifications required by ceramic factories.
coarse grained
The sands are ____ and having iron oxide stains, hence, these would require beneficiation and washing to meet the specifications for flint glass making.
the swelling and the non-swelling
The term "bentonite" was first applied to particularly colloidal or dispersible plastic clay found near Fort Benton in Wyoming, United States of America. Generally, bentonite has been classified into two major types: ____.
4.8 km
These deposits are in the Napu San Vicente and La Purisima-San Vicente areas. Those in Napu-San Vicente, a string of twenty deposits, stretch over a length of ___ from Sitio Napu, Bahao, Siruma to San Vicente, Tinambac. The largest, which is Sugsugon, extends 1.7 km and is over 400 m wide.
low-dipping beds
These deposits occur as ____, a few centimeters to several meters thick, intercalated with sedimentary and pyroclastic host rocks. A veneer of soil generally overlies these.
DOLOMITE
This commodity is expoundly treated in Information Series No. 7- Fertilizer Minerals.
Dolomite
This natural carbonate is calcined similar to the calcining of magnesite. Other materials may be added during the process to increase the content of iron and other elements. Dolomite bricks are extensively used in the front, back and end banks of fixed furnaces and in reheating furnace hearths.
Mansalay Formation
Three (3) deposits in Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro occur as veins within the lower section of the ___, which consists of alternating sandstone and shale. These are the Taoga, Mansiol and Kupang deposits.
industrial uses
Total production of limestone for ____ from pre 1980, i.e. from 1960 to 1979 inclusive period, up to 2002 reaches to 24,711,233 MT, having gross value of P4,235,027,434.
calcium carbonate
Total reserve of limestone reaches to 26.790 billion MT, with total ____ content averaging 92.87%.
Clay deposits of San Rafael-Bustos area
Two kinds of plastic clay, already being mined were sampled. The first is mostly bright red clay admixed with one-third yellowish brown. The deposits occur as lenses within beds of conglomerate, tuff and sandstone.
Diatomite deposits at Basud, Camarines Norte
Two main diatomite occurrences were recognized as early as 1972, the claims of Minerals Processing and Supply (Phil) Incorporated at barangay Oliva, and the claim of Rosman Minerals Incorporated, situated in barangay San Pascual.
first type
Unlike the ____, which is sedimentary, this clay is most likely alluvial or very recently transported clay. The thickness is usually 1 m but reaches a maximum of 6 meters. About 50,000,000 cubic meters were estimated to be available in the area. This red clay is commonly used in making pottery, face bricks, red bricks, roofing tiles, and potential for the intended interlocking bricks for sidewalks.
Calatagan, Batangas
White or creamy, porous coralline limestone, partly recrystallized and moderately hard, occurs in the area. In places, whitish, chalky portions are friable and soft; in other areas, it is rubbly, with brown clay or chalky inclusions. The calcitic portions of the limestone and the tuffaceous shale and sandstone are available as basic cement raw materials. An adequate source of siliceous material in the form of silicified andesite is at Mount Banog in Tamalin, Nasugbu. Estimated reserves of cement raw materials are as follows: limestone, 500 million MT; shale-sandstone, 32.6 million MT; and siliceous materials from Mount Banog, 15 million metric tons.
Mabuhay, Surigao City
Widely exposed in the area are moderately dipping Lower Miocene sandstone and interbedded shales containing thin lenses of fine conglomerate probably belonging to the Mabuhay Formation (Santos-Ynigo, 1944). Conformably overlying this sequence is the Timamana Limestone, which is massive, coralline, dense, hard, fine-grained, creamy white, gray or light buff and light pink. It occurs as narrow north- south belt and in places, highly fractured.
colored ceramic tiles
With an average thickness of 2.5 m, this yields a volume of 125,000 cubic meters. In barangay Marunquillo, San Rafael that is situated 9 km southeast of barangay Maguinao, a similar clay deposit has an average thickness of 3m, width of 100m and length of 200 meters. The volume of red clay available from this area is estimated at 60,000 cubic meters. Mariwasa and Pioneer Ceramics buy the clay for the manufacture of ____.
silica material
With the increase in the pace of industrialization, the use of silica as an industrial raw material has proportionally increased. Present volume and quality of ____ is fast becoming insufficient to meet the raw material requirements of expanding cement and other industrial plants. Glass plants, foundries, and cement plants dominate present market.In the Philippines, demand for container glass and blown sheet glass from silica is expected to increase inspite of the competition posed by aluminum and plastics.
Ugalde
___ (1999) gave a detailed review of known bentonite deposits, test results and their use potential for urban waste disposal.
Talc
___ is a layer-lattice mineral with the following composition, Mg3Si4O10- (OH)2. It is the softest common mineral with hardness of one (1) on Moh's scale of hardness. Its cleavage flakes are flexible but not elastic.
Volcanic glass
____ (obsidian) forms instead, where the lava cools quickly. Meteoric ground water hydrates this rock to form perlite containing 3% to 5% absorbed water. Most commercial perlite deposits are rarely older than Oligocene in age, since rhyolitic glass is unstable and devitrifies with time to form felsite.
Quartz gravel
____ accumulated in great quantities in all the inlets; the supply is fairly large in the northern shore of Looc Bay toward Tumbaga Point, and at Antipolo Point to Pula Point, near Agcauayan. The gravel also occurs on the west shore of Lubang Island from Caybanac point to Quebrada Point, and around the southern shores from Natula to Balabac points. Patches of accumulated ____ also occur on the northern shores of Golo Island from Bulacan towards Caypandan Bay.
Perlite deposits
____ are found in Calayan Island, Cagayan; Baao, Camarines Sur; and in Maslog, Taysan, and Puro, Legazpi City
Gypsum deposits
____ are found in volcanic and/or sedimentary sequences that have been affected by hydrothermal activity. They occur either as fissures and breccia fillings, veinlets, stockworks, irregular lenses, coatings or incrustations. Gypsum minerals frequently include fibrous satin spar, alabaster, selenite and rarely gypsite. These are commonly associated with anhydrite and in the more intensely altered volcanic rocks, with pyrite and some copper sulfides.
Residual clays
____ are in situ clays formed by weathering due to chemical and hydrothermal process.
Leaf imprints
____ are preserved in the beds and these are often capped by lignitic coal seams up to 15 cm thick. The Mampili deposit at the headwaters of Mampili Creek has not been extensively explored but initial studies indicate extensive thickness of diatomite. In the Mocong and Botbot deposits, test-pit data indicate diatomite deposit of between 6 cm and 4 m, with overburden rarely exceeding 1 m of clayey soil.
Silica refractories
____ are widely used and are in larger quantities than basic refractories in steel plants. Materials for the manufacture of high quality silica bricks are limited in the Philippines. These consist essentially of quartz, alkali-bearing silicates, such as feldspar, muscovite and sericite, present only in small amounts. Quartzite and quarzitic and quartzose sandstone can be developed as sources of raw materials.
Reserves of limestone
____ as lime and cement raw materials: CAR/Benguet Kalinga-Apayao I/Abra Ilocos Norte La Union Pangasinan II/Cagayan II/Isabela Quirino III/Bulacan
Silica in fragmental form
____ as quartz boulders and sand occurs in Tagkawayan, Quezon; Lubang Island, Occidental Mindoro and Northern Palawan.
Dilution
____ by host rock materials of low silica and high iron content usually necessitates some beneficiation before they could be used commercially. The deposit in Basud, Camarines Norte is the only deposit put into commercial production.
Acidic plutonic intrusive
____ feldspar deposits are in Angat and San Ildefonso, Bulacan; Looc, Lubang Island in Oriental Mindoro; and in Paracale and Jose Panganiban in Camarines Norte.
Recent fieldwork
____ has identified two additional diatomite areas; one in sitio Colambusing, barangay San Felipe, and the other in sitio Pagsangahan, barangay Caayunan.
Zeolite
____ has long been recognized in the Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary rocks containing much volcanic glass. This material will change to clay minerals such as allophane and montmorillonite and various zeolites during diagenesis. Many geologists have reported the zeolitization of pyroclastic rocks in Japan and elsewhere.
Silica resources
____ in the Philippines may be classified into three types, depending on their occurrence: as silica in rock form, silica in fragmental form and as siliceous clays.
Hydrothermal alterations
____ include kaolinization, sericitization and chloritization. Estimated reserves are 28.279 million metric tons. In Nagbanderahan Hill, Pasuquin, the chemical composition of feldspar in percent are as follows: SiO2 - 72.32; Al2O3 - 1.00; Fe2O3 - 0.80; CaO - 2.52; MgO - 0.50; K2O - 0.23; Na2O - 3.67; and LOI - 0.38. PCE tests yield an average of cone 7.
Granodirite
____ including schist and gneisses occur in Looc, Lubang Island, Occidental Mindoro. The ____ is coarse-grained, leucocratic and partly gneissoid.
Caustic-calcined magnesia
____ is a reactive magnesium oxide produced by calcination of magnesium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide at 1,000oC or lower temperature.
Limestone
____ is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate occurring as the mineral calcite or occasionally as aragonite in recent deposits. Carbonate rocks are extremely common and make up approximately 15% of the sedimentary column. They occur extensively in the Philippine archipelago and vary in age from Cretaceous to Recent.
Ball clay
____ is sedimentary kaolin of great plasticity. When raw, it is white to creamy, light blue or grayish to almost black. When fired, it is white or light buff. ____ is mined in three areas: Carranglan, Nueve Ecija; Del Gallego, Camarines Sur; and Lemery- Bondolan, Iloilo.
Feldspar
____ is the general term for the group of rock-forming minerals that are essentially anhydrous aluminum silicates. It is an important material in the production of glass, fired clay products, and enamel paints.
Magnesium sulfate
____ is used in pharmaceuticals, dyes, paper manufacture, explosives and matches.
White-firing talc
____ is used in the manufacture of whiteware, electrical insulators, porcelain, wall tile and other ceramic products.
Lime
____ made from impure limestone may be acceptable or even desirable in certain applications such as construction, though not in higher-level applications such as metals refining or chemical manufacture. Limestone with a coarsely crystalline texture generally shows an increased tendency to decrepitate on calcination compared to finer-grained material.
Silica sand
____ occurs along the lower valley of Ilian River and beach along Ilian Bay in Bo. Ilian, Dumaran in northeastern Palawan. The sand is generally whitish, subangular to round and has very little clay, coral and shell fragments and other impurities. The thickness of overburden of clay, silt and admixed decomposed organic matter is up to 32 centimeters.
Erosion products
____ of these rocks are scattered along ridges and spars. Mount Cone is a volcanic plug of dacitic to andesitic composition. Dikes of similar composition cut the older volcanic sequence.
Diatomite
____ or "diatomaceous earth" consists mainly of siliceous shells or skeletons of single-celled organisms called diatoms. It is composed essentially of hydrated amorphous or opalline silica with varying amounts of contaminant materials such as silica sand, clays, salts and organic matter.
Silica
____ or silicon dioxide (SiO2) commonly occurs as mineral quartz in varied forms; as veins and lenses of bull quartz, as sand, pebbles, cobbles and boulders, and as siliceous clays.
Local diatomite
____ production from pre-1980 to 2002 period posted 37,056 MT, valued at P27,559,113.
Bentonitic mudstone beds
____ provide the key bed for tracing bentonite deposit in the area. This mudstone is generally grayish, tuffaceous, well compacted in places and friable when weathered. The tuffaceous clastic member composed of interbeds of tuffaceous sandstone, silt, shale and bentonitic shale of the Bata Formation is invaded by porphyritic, basaltic extrusive constituting the early Pliocene Northwest Volcanics.
Magnesite
____, a natural form of magnesium carbonate with ideal magnesia content of 47.60 percent, is an important source of magnesium for industrial purposes. Magnesium is an essential element in plant and animal metabolism, and is added to animal feeds in the form of caustic-calcined magnesia.
Bentonic clays
_____ are derived from the hydrothermal alteration of volcanic ash and are of naturally swelling and non-swelling types. Some of the latter are made by activation with soda or acids; otherwise they have to be processed.
Siliceous clays
_____ include flint clay and silica flour. There is only one known deposit of flint clay in the Philippines. It is located at barangay Bulala, Sta. Elena, Camarines Norte. The deposit occurs as fracture fillings in the hydrothermal alterations of tuff. Only the less siliceous portions are used in refractories.
Perlite
_____ is a hydrated silicic volcanic glass, which generally has a characteristic "onion-skin" or perlitic texture and a pearly luster. When expanded or bloated by shock calcination, perlite forms an inert mass with an open texture having low bulk density, low thermal conductivity, high sound absorption and fire-resistance.
Gypsum
_____ is a hydrous calcium sulphate (CaSO4.2H2O) containing 20 percent water. It is obtained either from naturally occurring gypsum-bearing ores or from fertilizer manufacturing, as by-products. At present, the expanded production capacity of most cement plants in the country requires large volume of gypsum as cement retarder.
Feldspathic clay
_____ is formed from the partial kaolinization of feldspar occurring as dikes in diorites. The soda and soda lime feldspars are more readily kaolinized. Their pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE) is from 14 to 16. They are mined in three areas in Luzon; Pagudpud and Pasuquin; and Dona Mercedes Trinidad, Bulacan.
Hydrothermal kaolin
_____ is widely distributed but is localized in volcanic areas. Important deposits are in Mt. Makiling in Laguna, Iloilo Province and in the offshore areas of Sicogon, Calagnaan, Bayas and Gigantes Islands. Other deposits are in Daklan, Bokod, Benguet; Mambucal, Murcia in Negros Occidental; Mabini, Batangas; Jala-Jala, Rizal; Angat, Bulacan; Pangasinan; Zambales and Talakag, Bukidnon.
Sodic feldspar deposits
_____ of economic significance occur as pegmatite and aplite dikes in the Burgos-Pasuquin area in Ilocos Norte where dikes up to several meters thick are hosted in serpentinized peridotite talc, serpentinite schists, and trondhjemite. Associated minerals are quartz, muscovite, biotite, hornblende and limonite.
Chemical composition
_____ of well-calcined (DIA-1) and partly calcined (DIA-2) diatomite from San Felipe: Constituents (%) Silica Alumina Iron oxide Magnesia Lime Soda Potash Loss on Ignition
Refractories
_____ play an indispensable role in many industries in the Philippines. The iron and steel industries do not depend solely on the materials that go into the making of steel but rely on refractories as well.
Residual quartz boulders
_____ reaching a maximum size of 17 x 4 x 7 meters rest on weathered quartz diorite on hilltops and along slopes in Santa Cecilia-Aliji area, 1 to 1.5 km north-northwest of Tagkawayan town in Quezon. The bull quartz on the main deposit was not observed in contact with the hard rock and only by excavating could one prove its vertical continuity. Bull quartz is enclosed in quartz diorite at Bayabas River.
Fragmental quartz
_____ similar in occurrence and origin to those in Lubang Island is along the beaches in Sitio Mainit, Wawa, Abra de Ilog in Occidental Mindoro. The quartz ranges from subrounded to rounded or egg-shape pebbles and cobbles and few angular to sub-angular boulders. The total length of sections of the beach where recoverable concentrations of placer quartz occur is 1.5 km with an estimated 3,600 tons of quartz pebbles and cobbles recoverable by hand picking.
high iron oxide
These clays are usually brown or gray due to the ____ content and the presence of some organic matter. These clay deposits are transported and derived from weathering and alteration of various types of rocks present in the upstream side.
Residual Clays
These deposits are widely distributed in the country. They occur in the provinces of Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Abra, Benguet, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Zambalez, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, Quezon, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, Albay, Marinduque, Romblon, Negros Occidental, Iloilo, Panay, Antique, Surigao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, Bukidnon and Zamboanga del Sur and in Zamboanga City.
swelling type
This includes all gel-forming type, "Wyoming" or western type, and true bentonite or sodium bentonite. They expand considerably, from 15 to 20 times of the original volume of dry material in water and contain sodium as predominant exchangeable ion.
Nonswelling type
This includes the "Mississippi" or southern type, potassium bentonite, magnesium bentonite, calcium bentonite, metabentonite, some absorbent clay or bleaching clay, some naturally active clay or fuller's earth, some activable clay (raw), and activated clay (treated). This type has negligible swelling and carries calcium as its principal exchangeable ion.
barite materials
Total known ____ were placed at 163,320 metric tons (MT) with average grade of 86.40 percent BaSO4.
quartz grains
With favorable conditions, some of the ____ are released from the weathered host rock matrix and transported by stream action. Thus medium-grained siliceous sands (samples marked Panan- 0.0 to 7.2) accumulate as point bar deposit in the vicinity of Km post 194 in barangay Mabanglit.
Transported clays
____ are formed by accumulation in sites such as swamps and basins of clayey materials transported by water. Clays, which are produced by chemical change and devitrification of volcanic tuff or ash, are treated separately as a major subdivision as alteration clays or bentonites and are discussed separately in the preceding section.
Commercial bentonite deposits
____ are formed by alteration of fine-grained volcanic debris deposited over relatively large areas. Other bentonite deposits are formed by in-situ hydrothermal alteration of coarse-grained intrusive rocks. Total production of bentonite from pre-1980, i.e. 1970 to 1979 inclusive, up to 2002 reaches to 199,208 MT valued at P92,375,276.
Alluvial and floodplain clays
____ are the common buff or red burning clays used in making earthenware, pots, toys, bricks and tiles. They occur along the banks of mature rivers at their lowest reaches, under rice paddies and other flat areas in flood and coastal plains. These clays are usually brown or gray due to the high iron oxide content and the presence of some organic matter.
Clay
____ is an earthy substance consisting chiefly of hydrous aluminum silicates with colloidal material and specks of rock fragments, which generally become plastic when wet and stone-like when fired. Records of ancient brick buildings, monuments and pottery making showed that it is one of the most widespread and earliest mineral substances utilized by person.
Barite
____ is an inert, heavy and stable mineral; hence, it is also called heavy spar. Oftentimes, it is white, opaque and twinned, though impurities render the mineral different colors like buff, gray and reddish. Barite is produced and sold in several forms: jig concentrate, crude lumps, ground barite, or flotation concentrate.
Bentonite
____ is clay consisting predominantly of minerals of the smectite group. Because of its structure, chemical composition, exchangeable ion and small crystal size, bentonite has several unique properties, including a large chemically active surface area, interlamellar surfaces having unusual hydration characteristics, and the ability to modify considerably the flow behavior of liquids. These properties form the basis for the wide range of bentonite applications.
Lump ore
____ is derived from vein or seam deposits and principally, a product of hand sorting. The bulk of barite produced and sold is in the form of either jig or flotation concentrates.
Chrysotile asbestos
____ occurs in barangays Capandanan, Parlan and Maralitan of Aguilar, Pangasinan. The area is underlain by serpentinized pyroxene peridotite, gabbro and hornblende andesite.
Barite deposits
____ of geological interest were found in Mabilog na Bundok, Lobo, Batangas and in Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro. The mineral occurs as gangue in metallic sulfide veins and as metasomatic deposit in andesite. Andesite and diorite intrusions during the Mio-Pliocene are genetically related to the deposit.
Chemical analyses
____ of nine samples of white clay from the large deposits average as follows: 88.41% SiO2; 7.70 % Al2O3; 0.73% Fe2O3; 0.37% CaO; 0.45% MgO and 2.38% LOI.
Local asbestos
____ was classified into shingles, paper, plaster and refuse grades. Market requirements used to depend mainly on fiber length, although strength, flexibility, colors, chemical composition and cleanliness were also considered. In electrical insulation, the iron content should not exceed 3.5 percent. Local asbestos production ceased in 1980.
Filmag (Phils.), Incorporated
____, the claim owner and operator of the mine, has estimated a positive reserve close to 1,000,000 MT, with the life of the mine estimated at over 25 years at the present mill capacity of 40,000 MT/year of finished products for dust coating of granulated fertilizers, pelletizing of various mineral ores, and for drilling mud additive, to mention a few.
Asbestos deposits
_____ associated with ophiolite of geological significance occur in Bangui and Burgos, Ilocos Norte; Aguilar and Mangatarem, Pangasinan; Botolan, Cabangan, San Felipe and San Marcelino, Zambales; Abra de Ilog, Mindoro Occidental; Antique; Misamis Oriental and Bukidnon. ____ were mined intermittently from 1960 to 1980. Total reserve of asbestos materials reaches to 5.816 million metric tons (MT) with 11.38% yield.
Industrial minerals and manufacturing materials
_____ including cement raw materials, ceramics and refractory raw materials are dealt with in this chapter. These minerals and materials are as follows: Asbestos Barite Bentonite Clay Diatomite Dolomite Feldspar Gypsum Limestone Magnesite Perlite Silica Talc Cement raw materials Ceramic raw material Refractory raw materials Zeolite
Asbestos
_____ though considered a significant industrial mineral utilized in fireproofing, insulation, brake linings and asbestos cement early in 1980's is now considered non-commercial due to its carcinogenic property.
Naturally swelling bentonite
_____, a replacement deposit, is rarely occurring and associated with kaolin of hydrothermal origin, probably formed by the action of thermal springs and vapors from volcanic exhalations.
Diabasic to aphanitic
_____, gabbroic and andesitic dikes fill the fractures where most of the chrysotile asbestos fibers are localized.
Portland cement
Except for shale clay, which goes into the manufacture of ____, various clays in the Philippines are generally quarried intermittently and on small scale. Nevertheless, clay quarrying has significantly contributed to employment generation in the countryside for more than 20 years.
Clay deposits of San Ildefonso
Five outcrops of dirty white to light gray feldspathic clay were investigated in a mountainous area of barangay Camachin, San Ildefonso, Bulacan. The clay clay was a product of hydrothermal alteration of feldspathic or aplitic dikes in the interlayered metasediments and metavolcanics, which were intruded by quartz diorite. The clay is gritty and nonplastic to semi plastic.
Malaysia
Since it began operation, the mine produced 3,652 wet metric tons (WMT) and sold 941 MT of bentonite in 1984. In 1986, the company produced 8,191 WMT bentonite ores, selling 7,032 MT, both in crude and processed forms of which 6,000 MT were exported to ____. This deposit in Palayan, Nueva Ecija is a swelling bentonite and the only one in the country that has been accredited by the prestigious American Petroleum Institute (API) and the Oil Companies Materials Association (OCMA).
picrolite veinlets
Some _____ parallel to the chrysotile veinlets are slightly greenish, hard and wavy, grading to a duller shade along their trends. They are compact and brittle and at some portions along veinlets show transverse columnar structure. Like the chrysotile, picrolite is not easily separated from the wallrock. Some of the picrolite veins contain crossfiber chrysotile.
asbestos fibers
The ____ are about a centimeter in length. Veinlets of a few millimeters in length are very common.
Mansiol Point deposit
The ____ is 1.20 to 1.60 m wide and more than 90 m long with barite veins striking N20oE, dipping 70o to the northwest.
Taoga deposit
The ____ is in the upper reaches of Baroc River. It was first developed and mined by Frontino Inc. but was closed in 1974. Filhispano Incorporated, mining two barite veins that strike N40oE and dip 30oSE reopened it in 1982. These veins were 0.50 to 1.20 m wide with 84 percent BaSO4 and with small amount of gold (1.5 g/t) in the alteration zone near the boundary.
industrial use
The ____ of barite normally dictates the preparation that is needed. For oil well drilling, barite is ground to -325 mesh; for the production of barium compounds such as chlorides, nitrates, carbonates and sulfides, it is usually sold as jig concentrate. For the glass industry, barite is prepared -20 mesh and freed from iron by using magnetic separators.
Falcon Minerals, Incorporated
The other bentonite deposit is within barangay Singalat, about 110 aerial km north of Manila or about 4 km northeast of Palayan City proper. ____ operated it in producing mud additive for oil drilling companies. Other uses are as pelletizing agent, bonding agent, bleaching earth, and grouting for reducing seepage in porous soils.
Kupang
The outcrop in barangay ___ measures about 10 m x 15 m, with barite boulders scattered around the ridges. The deposit is white to light gray, fine-grained, and friable with a specific gravity of 4.6.
Singalat deposit
The test sample materially increases in volume when immersed in water and gives a flowable suspension, which gels when left to stand. Exploration conducted by the company gave the ____ a positive reserve of 471,560 MT as of July 1985. The bentonite beds are associated with upper Miocene marine shale-siltstone interbeds, which are overlain by pyroclastics and tuffaceous sedimentary rocks.
Lemery
A portion of the clay, which is about 10,000 tons, is black due to the presence of more organic matter than the gray portion. This black clay fires to reddish brown with a PCE of cone 23. About 640,000 tons from Bondolan and 27,200 tons from the four areas in ____ were estimated.
filler and adulterant
Barite has been valuable as ____ in glass and in oil-well drilling industries. In the Philippines, however, the operating barite mines ceased production as early as 1991. On record, total production of barite from 1973 to 2002 aggregates to 57,648 metric tons (MT) equivalent to a total cost of P27,978,560.
Batangas and Mindoro Orriental
Barite reserves in the Philippines
inert filler
Barite, as ____ in the manufacture of oilcloth, linoleum, paper and plastic, was ground to -325 mesh. As pigment or extender in paints, barite is bleached with acid treatment to remove the iron stain. Ground barite is bagged in 40-kg paper bags, bleached barite in 20-kg units.
fuller's earth
Bentonites in the Philippines are generally of the nonswelling type, the bulk of which is classified as ____. Fullers derive the term "_____" from the first major use of the material, which was for cleaning textiles. This is either a nonplastic or a claylike material, usually high in magnesia that has adequate decolorizing and purifying properties.
industrial uses
Clays are further classified according to their ____. A six-fold industrial classification established by the United States Bureau of Mines for statistical purposes include the following: (a) kaolin or china clay; (b) ball clay; (c) fireclay, including stoneware clay; (d) bentonite; (e) Fuller's earth; and (f) miscellaneous clays.
fire clays
Clays underlying coal seams are found in Uneng, Semirara Island. Being refractory, the clay beds underlying peat or lignite may be called ____. These clays are deposited in swamps and basins, usually fired to shades of gray or brown and cannot therefore be used in whitewares.
veinlets
Distance between ____ is influenced by the degree of fracturing. Some of the veins are rimmed at the margins with picrolite. The fibers are light to apple green and corrugated so that at short distances the veins appear as if banded. They have a silky luster and when crushed and rolled between fingers become fluffy.
Feldspathic clay reserves
I/ Ilocos Norte III/ Bulacan V/ Catanduanes Sorsogon
Fire clay reserves
I/ Ilocos Sur II/ Cagayan III/ Bulacan IV/ Batangas Laguna V/ Albay Camarines Norte Sorsogon VI/ Iloilo VII/ Bohol Cebu Negros Oriental IX/Zamboanga del Sur XI/ Davao del Sur XIII/ Surigao del Sur
Siliceous clay reserves
II/ Isabela Nueva Vizcaya V/ Camarines Norte Camarines Sur VI/ Iloilo VII/ Bohol
Clay deposits in Bulacan
In formulating body clay for bricks, semi plastic-to-plastic clays like kaolin and red clay, nonplastic material like fine sands and flux materials like feldspar and feldspathic clay are systematically mixed.
feldspar-rich rocks
Many of these clay deposits are formed from the chemical weathering of ____. One typical example is that of feldspathic clay (sample marked MIT-4 to 22) formed from chemical weathering and alteration of gabbro as explored at barangay Mabanglit, Cabangan, Zambales. The leaching of this intermediate rock by acid water removes all or almost all the most resistant minerals except kaolinite and quartz.
chemical weathering
Many of these kaolinitic and feldspathic clay deposits were formed from the ____ of feldspathic rocks. The leaching by acid water removes almost all of the most resistant minerals except kaolinite and quartz. As a result, lenticular or pocket deposits were formed near volcanoes from the alteration of intermediate to acidic rocks by hot sulfuric water. Thus, areas with favorable host rocks and solfataric activities provide immediate target sites for such clay exploration.
comminution of rocks
Other clay deposits are the result of the ___ especially in a fault zone due to thrust faulting and shearing.
siliceous white clay
Over 1.50 million tons of ___ was estimated. Marcelo Steel Corporation mined the largest deposit in Napu for use in furnace linings. Local ceramic plants used the clay in making floor tiles, wall tiles and silica firebricks.
Clay deposits in San Dionisio and Lemery, Iloilo
Sedimentary deposits of gray kaolinitic clay occur under riceland in Bondolan, San Dionisio and barrios Nabaloto, Panalian and Gerongan, Lemery. The clay is found in two layers: an upper 0.5 to 1 m thick, grayish to brownish layer containing sand and iron oxide and a lower 0.5 to 2.5 m thick, light to dark gray layer which is considered usable. Between the layers is a 1 to 2 m-thick layer of brown, clayey sand. The soil overburden is less than 1 m thick.
Barili bentonite deposit
The ____, accessible via 3.5-km barangay road, is situated at barangay Gunting, about 3-km southeast of Barili town proper. The bentonite beds, having overburden of 20 to 55 cm of grayish to light brown clayey soil, average 2.18 m thick. Over the 3 hectares of land evaluated, the bentonite has a positive reserve of 130,800 metric tons. Samples taken from test pits were submitted for Differenial Thermal Analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the relative abundance of montmorillonite in the bulk material.
Chinese
The ____, who developed the art of pottery to a high degree of perfection, probably taught the natives the art. During Spanish times when there were no available natural building stone like limestone or volcanic tuff (adobe), the Spanish priests made bricks and tiles out of ordinary clays to build churches.
chrysotile asbestos deposit
The ____occurs as cross-fiber veins and veinlets developed along fractures and minute fissures in the serpentinized peridotite. Individual veins taper and pinch out along strikes. Cross cutting veinlets of chrysotile and associated picrolite were noted.
bleaching clay or bleaching earth
The activable clays of the nonswelling type are rather called "____" or "___" which refers to both the naturally active or artificially activated.
red clay flood plain deposit
The associated ____ is intercepted from hand-auger drilling at MIT-1 to 1b sampling locality, also in barangay Mabanglit. Many other residual deposits are formed near volcanoes from the alteration of basalt or andesite by hot sulfuric water from solfataras or fumaroles.
Merida, Leyte
The bentonite deposit is situated along the eastern flank of a N-NW trending anticline at barangay Mahayag in ____ within geographical coordinates 124o29'03" to 124o29'29" East longitude and 11o01'39" to 11o02'45" North latitude. The area is underlain mainly by light-colored shale, grayish indurated tuff, bentonite and bentonitic mudstone and tuffacesous sandstone belonging to Mio-Pliocene Bata Formation.
Barili Formation
The bentonite deposit is underlain by tuffaceous marl believed to be an upper member of the ___. Immediately eastward, the more resistant, cliff-forming lower limestone member of the Barili Formation flanks the gently rolling bentonite area. Bentonite clay of this locality is potential for foundry sand mix and for decolorizing vegetable and mineral oils.
Palayan City
The bentonite deposits in ____ occur in two localities. The bentonite deposit in barangay Atate, operated by Philippine Bentonite Corporation and processed for drilling mud additive, is estimated at 599,096 MT.
volcanic ash
The bentonite is derived from the ____, which was hydrated and partly leached of its silica contents by the shallow seawater into which it was laid. The deposit exhibits a pinch and swell structure, varying in width from 30 cm to 9 m at its widest section. The bentonite seam trends from N10oW to N25oW and dips moderately to the northeast. Its color is creamy white when weathered, light brown when wet and grayish green when fresh.
Siruma, Camarines Sur
The biggest reserves of siliceous clay in the islands were formed by the residual alteration of chloritic schists in ____. Although residual clay from the solution of argillaceous limestone occurs, no commercial deposit has been found. Other clay deposits are the result of the comminution of rocks due to thrust faulting.
Clay deposits of Angat
The clay deposits, situated in a logged-over area about 12 km N30oE of Angat town, were formed from the chemical weathering of quartz diorite. Their color ranges from light gray to yellowish, orange, bluish and reddish. In places, these kaolinitic clays are gritty and semi plastic to plastic. Having 1 to 2 m thickness and overburden of less than 1 m, the positive reserves with differing colors were estimated.
Napu-San Vicente
The clay in the ____ area is mostly white and semiplastic. Some portions are plastic, mottled white and yellow. The clay is sometimes gritty due to fine quartz inter-mixed with clay. The overburden is from 1 to 4 m thick.
Sara diorite
The clay is derived from the weathering, erosion and transportation of the surrounding ____ and hydrothermally altered Sibala rocks. The presence of admixed organic matter, giving the clay a darker shade with increase of these materials, indicates deposition in swamps.
Middle Miocene
The deposit is formed from the alteration of volcanic ash laid into a shallow indented portion of the sea, supposedly a further indention southeastward of the present Barili Bay during late ____.
Paleogene diorite
The deposits are hydrothermal kaolin formed by the alteration of schists to siliceous clay, genetically related to the intrusion of ____.
1970
The first production of bentonite was in ____. Although no production was reported for 1997, bentonite production until 2002 is generally sustained. Peak of production was reached in 1991. Total bentonite reserves of the country are reported at 26.768 million metric tons.
dunite
The host rock is the partly serpentinized peridotite with ____. Several faults manifested by crushing, brecciation, shear zones and slickensides cut across the area.
nonmetallic minerals
The increase in the pace of industrialization in the Philippines aside from the growing environmental concerns brought about new uses for ____ such that the demand for industrial and manufacturing materials has tremendously increased in recent years. This breakthrough has led to an intensified and concerted effort to search for and evaluate our industrial mineral and manufacturing material resources nationwide.
Sugsugon
The largest of Napu-San Vicente deposits extends 1.7 km and is over 400 m wide in ____. From Napu eastward to Fundado, the deposits are widely separated along the trend. At Suguitan, smaller east-west trending deposits flank the southeast border of the deposit.
Plio-Peistocene Hubay Formation
The limestone capping belongs to the ___. This formation consists of bedded calcarenite with coralline limestone interbeds, becoming marly in places.
