Industrial Revolution

Heightened consumerism

1.Sports attracted increased spectators and participants. 2. Cafés and taverns enjoyed increased patronage in cities and towns. 3. Department stores grew significantly and were frequented by the middle-class. • Catalogues also enjoyed popularity. 4. In Paris, dance halls, concerts and plays drew thousands of people each week. 5. Advertising became big business.

Saddler Commission

A commission is an investigative type of organization like the 9/11 commission to investigate how it happened. Included the Factory Acts of 1833 and Mines Act of 1842. The Factory Act of 1833 made sure that children had some better treatments so now kids couldn't work until they were nine and limited the number of hours that they could work.

A. Capitalists view it as a positive step toward fulfilling human wants and needs. B. Socialists and communists view it as the further exploitation of the have-nots by the haves.

A historical debate on the industrial revolution

Edgar Degas

A nineteenth-century French painter and sculptor. Among his preferred subjects were ballet dancers and scenes of cafe life.

Ferry Laws

A set of French laws, which established first free education (1881) then mandatory and laic education (1882). Proposed by the (Republican) Minister of Public Instruction Jules Ferry, they were a crucial step in the grounding of the Third Republic

England was the first country to industrialize

A. It began in earnest in the 1780s (not complete until 1830 at the earliest). It had no impact on continental Europe until after the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815). B. Economic and social factors C. A growing demand for textiles led to the creation of the world's first large factories. D. Steam engines and coal E. The Transportation Revolution F. Britain industrial supremacy by 1850

Social implications of the Industrial Revolution.

A. It replaced the traditional social hierarchy with a new social order. B. The 19th century became the golden age of the middle class. C. Proletariat wage earners D. The issues of working conditions, wages, and quality of life led to struggles between labor and capital. E. Changes in working conditions F. Social Effects of Industrialization

Industrial Revolution

A. Machines began to replace significantly human and animal power in the production and manufacturing of goods. The use of the steam engine for producing textiles in the 1780s was the turning point. B. Europe gradually transitioned from an agricultural and commercial society into a modern industrial society. C. The economic changes of the "Industrial Revolution" did more than any other movement to revolutionize life in Europe and Western civilization. Not since the development of agriculture during Neolithic times had there been such a radical change in society

Continental Europe began to industrialize after 1815.

A. Parts of the continent had not been far behind Britain industrially in the 1780s. B. The Napoleonic wars hindered the industrial growth of continental European nations. C. After 1815, continental Europe began catching up to Britain. D. The most significant result was increased production and availability of manufactured goods.

Urbinazation

A. Population growth B. Poor living conditions during the first half of the 19th century C. Public health movement D. Urban redesign and public transportation E. Migration and emigration

Scientific Advances

A. Scientific ideas and methods enjoyed huge popularity and prestige in the public mind after 1850. B. Bacterial revolution C. Dmitri Mendeleev D. Electromagnetism: E. August Comte F. Charles Darwin G. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) - Freudian Psychology H. The New Physics

Life in the fin de siècle (end of the century)

A. The "Belle Époque" B. Heightened consumerism C. New inventions marked the era D. Education

a. Thousands of poor rural families were able to supplement their incomes. b. The unregulated production in the countryside resulted in experimentation and the diversification of goods Goods included textiles, knives, forks, housewares, buttons, gloves, clocks and musical instruments.

Results of Cottage Industry

Pastuerization

The fermentation caused by growth of living organisms and the activity of these organisms could be suppressed by heating beverages.

Albert Einstein

a. 1905, the Theory of relativity b. The theory united an apparently infinite universe with the incredibly small, fast-moving subatomic world. • E = mc2: Matter and energy are interchangeable; even a particle of matter contains enormous levels of potential energy.

electricity

increasingly powered cities a. Following American inventor Thomas Edison's development of a power grid in the late 1870s, England built the first European electric power stations in 1881. b. The steel, textile, shoemaking, and construction industries increasingly used electricity.

Georges von Haussmann

• Wide boulevards were built (partially to prevent barricades used in the popular uprisings in France). • Better middle-class housing was developed on the outskirts of the city. • Demolition of slums • Creation of parks and open spaces.

Entrepreneurs

a. A class of inventive and highly-motivated inventors, engineers and capitalists possessed technological skill and were willing to take risks. b. Many young men from the gentry undertook careers in business. Members of the middle class could rise into the nobility from the wealth created in business. c. Calvinists in the middle class were driven by the "Protestant work ethic."

The Cottage Industry

a. A merchant-capitalist would provide raw materials (e.g., raw wool) to a rural family who produced a finished or semi-finished product and sent it back to the merchant for payment. Cottage workers were usually paid by the number of pieces they produced. b. Merchants would sell the finished product for profit. c. Wool cloth was the most important product. d. The cottage industry was essentially a family enterprise.

new opportunities for certain groups emerged

a. Artisans and skilled workers who were highly talented achieved significant success. b. Certain ethnic and religious groups became successful. Quakers and Scots in England Protestants and Jews dominated banking in Catholic France.

Continental countries often used the power of strong sovereign central governments and banking systems to promote native industry.

a. Belgium b. France c. Banks in France and Germany

Industrialization differed in each country after 1815.

a. Belgium, Holland, France, and U.S. began their industrial revolutions in the second decade of the 19th century. b. Germany, Austria, and Italy industrialized in the mid- 19th century. By 1900, Germany was the most powerful industrial country in Europe. c. Eastern Europe and Russia industrialized near the end of the 19th century.

By 1815, the continental countries lagged much further behind industrially than in 1789.

a. Britain dominated world markets during the wars. b. British technology was too advanced for most continental engineers and skilled technicians to understand. c. The technological of steam power was expensive and required large amounts of capital. Continental entrepreneurs struggled to acquire large amounts of capital. d. Continental countries had a shortage of factory workers. e. Landowners and gov't officials did little to encourage industrial growth.

Public transportation

a. By the 1890s the electric streetcar had revolutionized city transportation. b. By 1900, only 9% of Britain's urban population was overcrowded (more than 2 per room).

Huge numbers of southern and eastern Europeans migrated to America's largest cities after 1880 in search of economic opportunity.

a. Canada and Latin America were also major destinations. b. Jews in eastern Europe fled the persecution of the pogroms. c. In some areas, agricultural challenges forced people to search for other opportunities.

As factories grew larger, opportunities for advancement declined in well-developed industries.

a. Capital-intensive industry made it harder for skilled artisans to become wealthy manufacturers. b. Formal education thus became more important as a means of social advancement (but the cost was often prohibitive to those below the middle class). c. In England by 1830 and Germany in 1860, leading industrialists were more likely to have inherited their businesses.

Child labor exploitation.

a. Causes for increased child labor b. Abandoned children became a main source of labor from local parishes and orphanages. c. Child exploitation was not new, however. d. Children & parents typically worked 12-hour days e. Parliament sought to limit child labor.

Union Movement

a. Certain leaders began organizing groups of workers to resist exploitation of the proletariat by business owners b. Combination Acts (1799) c. Robert Owen d. Craft unions won benefits for their members. Means were fairly conservative and became accepted part of industrial scene. e. Unions campaigned for 10-hour days and to permit duty-free imports of wheat into Britain to secure cheap bread (in response to the oppressive Corn Laws that were passed in 1815). f. Union action, combined with general prosperity and a developing social conscience, led to improved working conditions, better wages, and reduced work hours. Skilled labor benefited earlier and to a larger extent than unskilled labor. g. Chartists sought political democracy.

Middle class females were monitored extremely closely by parents.

a. Chastity was paramount. b. Middle class boys were not monitored nearly as much.

Diversity within the middle class/bourgeoisie

a. Constituted about 15 to 20% of the population in western Europe • Less in eastern Europe (2% in Russia) where nobles dominated business b. Upper-middle class: c. Diversified middle class d. Lower-middle class (petite bourgeoisie)

The state's role in education increased, leading to the further secularization of society.

a. Education often emphasized loyalty and service to the state while decreasing the influence of organized religion. b. By 1900 in England, all children five to twelve years old were required to attend primary school. • Education was free. c. In France, the Ferry Laws required children ages 3-13 to attend primary schools; schools were free.

Large supplies of capital were available due to over two centuries of profitable commercial activity

a. England avoided many costly continental wars b. British merchants and gentry had had prospered during the numerous wars on the continent. c. Establishment by the gov't of the Bank of England in 1694—the central bank d. Insurance companies, like Lloyd's of London, provided some degree protection from commercial failure.

Family structure and gender roles within the family were altered.

a. Families as an economic unit were no longer the chief unit of both production and consumption. b. The new wage economy meant that families were less closely bound together than in the past. c. Productive work was taken out of the home. d. As factory wages for skilled adult males rose, women and children were separated from the workplace. e. Gender-determined roles at home and domestic life emerged slowly.

Girls had less access to secondary education than boys, though schools for girls grew somewhat.

a. Families had to pay the cost. b. Education was seen as a means of improving economic and marriage prospects for girls.

Tariff policies were used to protect native industries on the continent.

a. France responded by enacting high tariffs on many British imports. France had been flooded by inexpensive and superior British goods b. 1834, the Zollverein

France took the lead during the reign of Napoleon III

a. Georges von Haussmann redeveloped Paris b. A new system of aqueducts doubled the fresh water supply and 400 miles of underground sewers were built (in response to cholera epidemics in 1832 and 1849). c. Cities such as Vienna and Cologne followed Paris' lead.

Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis.

a. He believed the hysteria of his patients originated in unhappy early childhood experiences where they had repressed strong feelings. b. Under hypnosis or through the patient's free association of ideas, the patient could be brought to understand his/her unhappiness and how to deal with it.

The Railroad

a. In 1803, the first steam wagon was used on the streets of London. b. In 1812, the steam wagon was adapted for use on rails. c. In 1825, George Stephenson made the railway locomotive commercially successful. d. Many private companies were quickly organized to build more rail lines in the 1840s. e. Impact of the railroad

For workers and ordinary families, the long-term impact of the Industrial Revolution was more favorable than negative.

a. It constituted a significant advancement from the pattern of pre-industrial life. b. Material prosperity in England increased due to the availability of cheaper high-quality goods and because increased consumption led to more jobs.

Urbanization was the most important sociological effect.

a. It constituted the largest population transfer in human history. b. Birth of factory towns: cities grew into large industrial centers (e.g., Manchester) c. The role of the city changed in the 19th century from governmental and cultural centers, to industrial centers. Although living conditions did not differ much from those on farms, the concentration of the population made them appear worse. d.Workers began to unite for political action, to remedy their economic dissatisfaction. e. Reformers sought to improve life in cities

Colonial Empire

a. It gave Britain access to raw materials needed for development of many industries. b. A growing market for English goods occurred in its colonies and was buttressed by the African slave trade.

Impact of New Physics

a. It shattered the popular belief that the universe could be easily explained via Newtonian physics. • It challenged long-held ideas since Newton that all particles interacted based on gravitational force. • Einstein's theory of relativity now theorized that universal laws were "relative"—based on the position of the observer. b. Scientists realized that they knew less about the universe than previously thought.

working class (proletariat)

a. Many were peasants and hired hands (especially in eastern Europe) b.Less unified and homogenous than the middle classes c. Highly skilled workers were at the top of the working class (about 15% of its population): "labor aristocracy" • Construction bosses, foremen, highly skilled craftsmen d.Semi-skilled workers: carpentry, bricklaying, successful factory workers e. Unskilled workers and domestic servants (mostly women) were at the bottom. • By 1900, over half of working women were domestic servants in England. • Older children comprised about 14% of workers in British textile factories in 1874.

Significant increase in literacy

a. Men had higher rates of literacy than women. b. Urbanites were more literate than rural folk. c. Higher literacy rates existed in northern and western Europe than in southern or eastern Europe. • By 1900, a 99% literacy rate existed in Germany compared to 25% in Russia.

It expanded and diversified the lower middle class.

a. Number of independent, property-owning shopkeepers and small business people grew. b. Increase in white-collar employees: salesmen, bookkeepers, store managers, and clerks.

The Industrial Revolution may have stemmed human catastrophes resulting from population growth.

a. Overpopulation and rural poverty most severe in Ireland. Ireland did not industrialize in 19th century and stands as an example of what may have occurred in other parts of Europe. b. Irish Potato Famine c. Rapid population growth, as in Ireland, without industrialization may have led to similar results in other parts of Europe as in Irish potato famine. e.g. Central Russia, western Germany, and southern Italy were vulnerable: overpopulation, acute poverty, and reliance on the potato.

Max Planck (1858-1947)

a. Quantum mechanics: subatomic energy is emitted in uneven little spurts called "quanta," not in a steady stream, as previously thought. • The laws governing the universe now seemed unpredictable at the atomic level. b. Thus, matter and energy might be different forms of the same thing. c. It shook the foundations of 19th century physics that viewed atoms as the stable, indestructible building blocks of matter.

The cottage industry flourished first in England.

a. Spinning and weaving of woolen cloth was most important. b. In 1500, half of England's textiles were produced in the countryside; by 1700, that percentage was higher. c. The putting-out system in England spread later to Continental countries (e.g., France and Germany)

Sports attracted increased spectators and participants.

a. Sports clubs grew significantly. b. Soccer (football), rugby, bicycle and automobile races, track and field c. A huge bicycle craze swept western Europe in the 1890s. d. Increased numbers of women took part in bicycling and sports clubs. • Women gradually abandoned the more restrictive clothing (e.g. corsets, whale-boned skirts) for dresses that allowed more movement. e. The emerging sports culture mirrored the growth of aggressive nationalism in the late-19th century. • Some Social Darwinists believed that sports competition confirmed the superiority of certain racial groups.

Lower mortality rates for children resulted in parents becoming more emotionally involved in children's lives.

a. The high mortality rate in preindustrial Europe had often resulted in mothers becoming indifferent to their children (e.g. hiring wet nurses). b. Now, mothers increasingly breastfed their children.

Rise of Capitalism

a. The increased use of surplus money for investment in ventures to make a profit grew significantly. b. The middle class came to provide the leadership for the economic revolution (e.g. chartered companies and joint-stock companies).

Mines Act of 1842

prohibited all boys and girls under age 10 from working underground.

Bessemer Process

resulted in high-quality steel that was produced much more efficiently and far less expensively than before.

Lower bourgeoise(petite bourgoise)

small industrialists, merchants, and professional men who demanded stability and security from the government.

Steel production

steel rails, larger structures, heavy machinery • The Bessemer process

John Kay

the flying shuttle enabled a weaver to throw a shuttle back and forth between threads with one hand. This cut manpower needs on looms in half; only one person was needed to operate a loom.

Luddites

they are going to break the frames of the power looms and machines because the machines took their jobs and put them out of work a. A violent group of irate workers blamed industrialism for threatening their jobs. b. Beginning in 1812 and continuing thereafter, they attacked factories in northern England destroying new machines they believed were putting them out of work.

Anti-Corn law League:

they want the corn laws repealed to give manufacturers more outlets for their products, expand employment, lower the price of bread, make british agriculture more efficient and productive, expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition, promote international peace through trade contact

Theory of Surplus

value(part of dialectical materialism): he also believes in class structure struggle, the true value of anything is the labor that is put into it, the workers doing the labor should be the ones receiving the wealth and more money, the surplus is stolen from the worker

the Zollverein

was a German tariff on non- German imports established to encourage capital investment in German industry. It established a free trade zone among member states and a single uniform tariff was levied against foreign countries. It was later strengthened through the ideas of Friedrich List and his ideas in National System of Political Economy.

The Crystal Palace

was built for the 1851 international exhibit. It was intended to signify Britain's industrial, economic and military power. It is about 1/3- mile long and about 800,000 square feet inside the structure.

Crédit Mobilier of Paris

was the most famous bank. o It helped build railroads all over France and Europe.

Sanitary Idea

• Sewage and water systems provided an adequate supply of clean piped water that would carry off excrement of communal outhouses. • It would cost only 1/20 of removing it by hand.

Earnest Rutherford

• Split the atom in 1919: He postulated the structure of the atom with a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons.

Middle-class women begin to organize and resist their second-class status to husbands.

• They demanded access to higher education and professional employment. • They sought to repeal of laws that denied women property ownership.

Marie Curie

• They discovered the first radioactive element (radium) in 1910.

Electric Streetcar

• They facilitated the creation of suburbs on outskirts of cities. • Electricity led to the creation of London's subway system in the 1860s and then Paris' metro in 1900.

upper middle class

bankers, industrial leaders, large- scale commerce, top gov't officials • Families tended to employ several servants.

Banks in France and Germany

became important in the 1850s in developing railroads and companies in heavy industries.

Child exploitation was not new, however.

Children were doing much of same work they did traditionally in the cottage industry. Conditions in factories only appeared worse. Child labor was actually coming to an end as the industrial revolution matured.

Children & parents typically worked 12-hour days

Many families were unwilling to allow their family members to be separated. In cotton mills, children worked for mothers or fathers, collecting waste and "piecing" broken thread together. In the mines, children sorted coal and worked ventilation equipment. o Mothers hauled coal in narrow tunnels to the surface. o Fathers mined the seam. Adult workers not necessarily eager to limit minimum working age or hours of their children, as long as they worked together. o Yet, parents did protest inhumane treatment of their children

Gender-determined roles at home and domestic life emerged slowly.

Married women came to be associated with domestic duties, while men tended to be the sole wage earner. Women were now expected to create a nurturing environment to which the family members returned after work. Married women worked outside the home only when family needs, illness or death of a spouse required them to do so.

Irish Potato Famine

Most of the population was Irish Catholic peasants. Disease in potato crop continued to increase along with accompanying fever epidemics. Result of the Great Famine British government response to crisis inadequate.

England's waterways

No part of England was more than 20 miles from navigable water. It was much cheaper to ship goods by water than by land.

Abandoned children became a main source of labor from local parishes and orphanages.

Owners exercised authority over children much like slaveowners. Work hours were very long and conditions were appalling. Children worked as chimney sweeps, market girls, shoemakers, etc.

Combination Acts of 1799

Parliament prohibited labor unions Reaction to fear of radicalism in the French Revolution. Widely disregarded by workers. Repealed in 1824 and unions became more tolerated after 1825.

Birth of factory towns: cities grew into large industrial centers (e.g., Manchester)

Prior to the industrial revolution, most people lived in the south of England. Coal and iron were located in the Midlands and the north. In 1785, only 3 cities with more than 50,000 people existed in England and Scotland. By 1820, 31 British cities had 50,000 or more.

The iron industry was radically transformed by steam power.

Rising supplies of coal boosted iron production and gave rise to heavy industry: the manufacture of machinery and materials used in production. Iron makers switched over rapidly from charcoal to coke in the smelting of pig iron. Henry Cort, in the 1780s, developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke. Cort also developed heavy-duty steam-powered rolling mills capable of shaping finished iron into any shape or form. By 1850, England produced more than half of the world's iron.

Parliament sought to limit child labor.

The Saddler Commission investigated working conditions helped initiate legislation to improve conditions in factories. Factory Act of 1833 Mines Act of 1842:

England's government was stable

The successful outcome of wars did not leave England devastated (as was the case with the Napoleonic Wars in Europe). The rise of the House of Commons became an instrument of the middle class to gain gov't cooperation and secured middle class loyalty. o In contrast, the French middle classes had led revolutionary movements. Parliamentary legislation was favorable towards the growth of industry.

the cottage industry was a family enterprise

The work of four or five spinners was needed to keep one weaver steadily employed. The Husband and wife constantly tried to find more thread and more spinners. Sometimes, families subcontracted work to others.

Material prosperity in England increased due to the availability of cheaper high-quality goods and because increased consumption led to more jobs.

Wages Workers ate better and the quality and quantity of clothing improved. Housing did not improve for working people and in fact, may have deteriorated somewhat until later in the 19th century.

coal and iron in England

Wales and northern England were important sources. Foreign assistance was not required.

Poor living conditions during the first half of the 19th century

1. Parks and open spaces were almost nonexistent. 2. Many people lived in extremely overcrowded attics or cellars (as many as 10 people per room). 3. Open drains and sewers flowed along the streets with garbage and human excrement. 4. No public transportation existed.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

- Freudian Psychology 1. Considered one of the three giants of 19th-century thought (along with Darwin and Marx) 2. In contrast to the rationalism of the Enlightenment, Freud believed that humans were largely irrational creatures. a. The human subconscious (the "ID") was not subject to reason. b. Thus, people were not as in control of themselves as many liked to believe. 3. Freud also emphasized that sexuality was a key driving force in one's psychological make-up. • Repressed sexual desires would lead to psychological problems. 4. Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis.

Continental Industrialization

-Britain no longer has monopoly over industrialization. Nations like Britain and France cna industrialize quickly but others can't right away due to economics, politics, and resources. It is the period of conservatism and Britain is very liberal for what they are doing. On the mainland these laws are not being pushed as much. The Napoleonic Wars gave the other countries a chance to be able to catch up especially after the Continental System which holds them back. They were not in an economically stable place to begin industrialization. With Corn Laws were tariffs and then this other organization which is the Zollverein. They were a bunch of Germanic States that engaged in free trading. These are two things that are opposites and contemporary of each other. The Free Industrial Trading in the Zollverein is going to benefit them more because they don't have these tariffs and regulations and opens the opportunity for true supply and demand trading. Because of the Zollverein the germanic states were unified economically before they were unified politically.

Thomas Malthus

-Population is growing too rapidly and one day will outpace the food supply -3 Natural checks on the population: War, disease, and famine -Families should have less children to stop population pressure on food. -Supported Britain's controversial Poor Laws -The Malthusian theory of population made a strong and immediate impact on British social policy.

Adam Smith

-Responded to parts of mercantilism that take away from equity and access to the market under restrictions such as tariffs. -Government should not involved in the economy and the invisible hand or the natural law of supply and demand should regulate the economy -Tariff free trading. -Modern capitalism

Chartists

-sought political democracy. -It organized in the face of Owen's national trade union collapse. -It demanded that all men have the right to vote. -It sought to change what they saw as an oppressive economic system of exploitation. -they want voting for all men(only 30% could vote), equal electoral districts, abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament be property owners, payment for Members of Parliament, annual general elections, the secret ballot and were a radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1932 and was drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.

The 19th century became the golden age of the middle class.

1. A new class of factory owners emerged in this period: the bourgeoisie. 2. Two levels of bourgeoisie existed: Upper bourgeoise and lower bourgeoise 3. New opportunities for certain groups emerged. 4. As factories grew larger, opportunities for advancement declined in well-developed industries.

The "Belle Époque"

1. An increased standard of living occurred in all industrialized countries. 2. Increased leisure time resulted in more money being spent. • People increasingly frequented parks, beaches, museums, theaters and opera houses.

Europe gradually transitioned from an agricultural and commercial society into a modern industrial society.

1. As late as the 1830s only a small fraction of British working people were employed in factories. 2. By the mid-19th century, industrialism had spread all across Europe.

Realism

1. Belief that literature and art should depict life as it really was. 2. It was largely a reaction to the failed Revolutions of 1848-49 and the subsequent loss of idealism.

Population Growth

1. Britain was the first large European country to experience urban growth. a. Over 50% of the population in 1891 lived in urban areas. b. London was by far the largest city in Europe. 2. The population of Europe increased by 50% between 1870 and 1914. a. By 1900, 9 European cities had populations over 1 million. b. Significant declines in mortality rates occurred, especially among children. c. Birth rates actually fell during the period (e.g. France). 3. Better medical knowledge, better nutrition and housing were key reasons. 4. The number of children per family fell, though this trend was more pronounced in the middle class.

By the 1890s Germany became the most powerful industrial economy in Europe (surpassing Britain)

1. Britain's huge investment in technology early on meant that it was more difficult to shift to new techniques of the Second Industrial Revolution. 2. Germany came into industrialization later and was able to utilize state-of-the-art technology. • Germany thus led Europe in the production of organic chemicals and power generators.

Impressionism

1. Developed in France 2. Impact of photography: now that cameras could accurately capture a subject, artists now moved away from trying to perfectly capture an image. 3. Painters sought to capture the momentary overall feeling, or impression, of light falling on a real-life scene before their eyes. a. Focused especially on landscapes b. Sought to dissolve form into color and light c. Paintings were completed very quickly d. Brushstrokes were highly visible e. Advent of oil paints in tubes made outdoor painting possible (plein-air painting) • In the past, the vast majority of paintings had been done in the studio.

Industrial and urban development made society more diverse and less unified.

1. Diversity within the middle class/bourgeoisie 2. Characteristics of the middle class 3. Working class: about 80% of the population

changes in working conditions

1. Factory work meant more discipline and lost personal freedom. 2. Child labor exploitation.

Proletariat wage earners

1. Factory workers emerged as a new group in society and the fastest-growing social class—the proletariat. 2. During the first century of the industrial revolution a surplus of labor resulted in poor conditions for workers. 3. Poorhouses emerged to provide work to those who were unemployed. 4. Friedrich Engels

The issues of working conditions, wages, and quality of life led to struggles between labor and capital.

1. For workers and ordinary families, the long-term impact of the Industrial Revolution was more favorable than negative. 2. Until 1850, workers as a whole did not share in the general wealth produced by the Industrial Revolution. Economic conditions of European workers improved after 1850. 3. Luddites 4. Union Movement

Urban redesign and public transportation

1. France took the lead during the reign of Napoleon III. 2. Public transportation

Public Health Movement

1. It sought to remedy the high disease and mortality rate that occurred in cities. 2. This represents a shift from classical liberalism to a more modern form of liberalism 3. Edwin Chadwick

Commercial Revolution

1. It spurred the great economic growth of Europe and brought about the Age of Exploration. 2. The "Price Revolution" (inflation) stimulated production as producers could get more money for their goods. The bourgeoisie acquired much of their wealth from trading and manufacturing. 3. Rise of Capitalism 4. The Scientific Revolution produced the first wave of mechanical inventions and technological advances. 5. The increase in Europe's population provided larger markets.

The Transportation Revolution

1. It was made possible by steam power. 2. It became necessary to distribute finished goods as well as deliver raw materials to factories. 3. New canal systems were important in completing basic needs of related interdependent industries: railroad, steel, and coal industries 4. Construction of hard-surfaced roads significantly improved land travel. 5. Steamboats 6. The Railroad ("iron horse")

Child-rearing in middle class families

1. Lower mortality rates for children resulted in parents becoming more emotionally involved in children's lives. 2. Married couples decreased the number of children they had (especially the middle class). 3. Books on child rearing increased. 4. Parents were now much more intent on improving the economic and social condition of their children.

The New Physics

1. Max Planck (1858-1947) 2. Marie Curie (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie (1859-1906) 3. Albert Einstein (1879-1955) 4. Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)

The People's charter

Draft of reform Bill which called for universal suffrage payment of members of Parliament and annual elections-6 main points. secret ballots, this is what the Chartists fought to be passed

Britain's Industrial supremacy by 1850

1. Produced 2/3 of world's coal 2. Produced more than 1⁄2 of the world's iron 3. Produced more than 1⁄2 of world's cotton cloth 4. GNP rose 350% between 1801 and 1850. 100% growth between 1780 and 1800 The population increased from 9 million in 1780 to almost 21 million in 1851. 5. Per capita income increased almost 100% between 1801 and 1851. The economy increased faster than population growth creating higher demand for labor. 6. The Crystal Palace

The changing family

1. Romantic love became the most important reason for marriage by 1850—a companionate marriage became the ideal. 2. Middle class females were monitored extremely closely by parents. 3. Fidelity in marriage was particularly emphasized in the middle class. 4. The high rate of illegitimacy among the working class decreased after 1850. • The high rate of premarital sex remained but more couples married if the woman became pregnant. 5. Prostitution 6. Separate spheres

Proto-industrialization: the Cottage Industry

1. Rural industry was fundamental to Europe's growing economy in the 18th century. 2. The Cottage industry 3. Problems with the cottage industry 4. Results 5. The cottage industry flourished first in England. 6. Proto-industrialism technology (prior to the steam engine)

The expansion of industry and technology created a growing demand for experts with specialized knowledge.

1. Science and technology became closely linked. 2. Professional occupations grew or emerged among the bourgeoisie: engineering, architecture, chemistry, accounting and surveying. 3. The management of large public and private institutions also emerged as a profession. 4. It expanded and diversified the lower middle class.

Bacterial revolution

1. Significant in reducing the mortality rate 2. Louis Pasteur 3. Joseph Lister 4. Diseases such as typhoid, typhus, cholera, and yellow fever were now under control due to the improved availability of vaccines.

Migration and Emigration

1. Significant migration to cities from the countryside continued although migrants often maintained a connection to their rural areas. 2. Huge numbers of southern and eastern Europeans migrated to America's largest cities after 1880 in search of economic opportunity.

The Second Industrial Revolution increased the mass production of goods with new technologies

1. Steel production 2. Oil 3. Electricity 4. Chemicals

the growth of demand for textiles led to the growth of the worlds biggest industry

1. The constant shortage of thread in the textile industry focused attention on ways of improving spinning. 2. Inventions during proto-industrialization (see above) facilitated increased production. 3. The steam engine's application to textile production was perhaps the key event of the industrial revolution. 4. Metallurgical industries flourished as they provided the machinery. 5. Results of the new technology

Parts of the continent had not been far behind Britain industrially in the 1780s.

1. The cottage industry thrived in certain regions. 2. Some British manufacturing techniques were copied by certain continental countries.

An increase in the standard of living occurred by the 2nd half of 19th century due to heightened consumerism.

1. The gap between the wealthy and working class was still huge, however. 2. This period became the "golden age of the middle class." 3. Earlier in Britain, wages and consumption had already increased 50% between 1820 and 1850.

Education

1. The state's role in education increased, leading to the further secularization of society. 2. Significant increase in literacy 3. Girls had less access to secondary education than boys, though schools for girls grew somewhat.

Steam Engines and Coal

1. The use of coal to power steam engines was one of the hallmarks of the industrial revolution. 2. The steam engine

Charles Darwin

1. Theory of evolution: 2. Impact on religion 3. Thomas Huxley became Darwin's biggest supporter ("Darwin's Bulldog"). 4. Social Darwinism

After 1815, continental Europe began catching up to Britain.

1. They studied Britain's costly mistakes during its early industrialization and avoided them. 2. Industrialization differed in each country after 1815. 3. Continental countries borrowed British technology, hired British engineers, and gained British capital. 4. Continental countries often used the power of strong sovereign central governments and banking systems to promote native industry. 5. Britain was unsuccessful in maintaining a monopoly on technical advances. 6. Tariff policies were used to protect native industries on the continent.

Scientific ideas and methods enjoyed huge popularity and prestige in the public mind after 1850.

1. To many, science became almost a religion (positivism). 2. People could see how the link between science and technology improved their quality of life (e.g. electricity and better medical care).

Child-rearing in working-class families

1. Unlike middle-class kids, working class children did not remain economically dependent on their families. 2. Boys and girls went to work when they reached adolescence. 3. Young working-class adolescents broke away from the family more easily when emotional ties became oppressive. 4. In 20th century, middle-class youths would follow this pattern.

Social Effects of Industrialization

1. Urbanization was the most important sociological effect. 2. Working class injustices, gender exploitation and standard- of-living issues became the 19th century's great social and political dilemmas. 3. Family structure and gender roles within the family were altered. 4. Irish workers increasingly came to Great Britain and became urban workers. Many Irish were forced out of rural Ireland by population growth and increasingly poor economic conditions. 5. The Industrial Revolution may have stemmed human catastrophes resulting from population growth.

The Napoleonic wars hindered the industrial growth of continental European nations.

1. Wars disrupted trade, created runaway inflation, and reduced consumer demand. 2. Continental access to British machinery and technology was reduced. 3. By 1815, the continental countries lagged much further behind industrially than in 1789.

The "Second" Industrial Revolution

A. The "first" Industrial Revolution had occurred between 1780- 1850 - textiles, coal, iron, railroads B. The Second Industrial Revolution increased the mass production of goods with new technologies C. By the 1890s Germany became the most powerful industrial economy in Europe (surpassing Britain) D. The expansion of industry and technology created a growing demand for experts with specialized knowledge. E. Industrialism continued to attract huge numbers of workers to cities: the proletariat. • By 1900 over half of industrial workers in Britain, Germany and Belgium worked for companies with more than twenty workers. F. New technologies and means of communication and transportation resulted in a truly global economic network.

Separate spheres

After 1850 the work of most wives was increasingly distinct and separate from their husbands. a. This stood in stark contrast with pre-industrial Europe where farming and the cottage industry dominated and husbands and wives worked together. b. Husbands became the primary family wage earners. c. Child rearing was more child-centered with the wife dominating the home domain. d. Middle-class women begin to organize and resist their second-class status to husbands.

David Ricardo

Agreed that the poor were having too many children. As the pool of workers increase, demand goes down and there is more unemployment, wages are low, people have smaller families. Then that group enters the pool of labor, less workers, higher demand, wages increase His views won considerable support in England despite the abstract style in which he set them forth and in the face of heavy counterfire from his opponents. Although his ideas have long since been superseded or modified by other work and by new theoretical approaches, Ricardo retains his eminence as the thinker who first systematized economics.

Theory of evolution

All life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin in an unending "struggle for survival"; the species that were most able to adapt survived.

Lowes Act

Allowed for limited liability for business owners

Reform Act of 1884

British legislation that granted the right to vote to a mass male citizenry

Ten Hours Act 1847

By 1847 women and young people in the textiles mills were now limited to 10 hour work days.

1. The Industrial Revolution provided power to replace back-breaking human labor. 2. Wealth available for human consumption increased. 3. Vast amounts of food, clothing and energy were produced and distributed to the workers of the world. 4. Luxuries were made commonplace. 5. Life-expectancy increased 6. Leisure time made more enjoyable. 7. Human catastrophe, like Ireland, was largely avoided in areas experiencing industrialization.

Capitalists

-More agricultural workers became weavers as they were paid relatively well. -English factories scared off many potential workers as they resembled the poorhouses. -Factory owners thus turned to child labor.

Causes for increased child labor

A. An increase in the standard of living occurred by the 2nd half of 19th century due to heightened consumerism. B. Industrial and urban development made society more diverse and less unified. C. The changing family D. Child-rearing in middle-class families E. Child-rearing in working-class families

Changes in social structure as a result of the industrial revolution and urbanization

Spinning Jenny

Hand operated; simple and inexpensive Early models had between six to 24 spindles mounted to a sliding carriage; each spindle spun thread. Usually worked by women who moved the carriage back and forth with one hand and turned a wheel to supply power with the other. Spinners now outpaced weavers (usually the husband).

a. Believed strongly in classical liberalism and sought protection of property in constitutional assemblies (e.g. British Parliament and the French Chamber of Deputies) b. Gained political influence though increased landownership that was tied to voting rights c. Emphasized individual liberty and respectability based on economic success • Expanding the family's fortune was seen as the clearest means of respectability d. Families emphasized frugality and planning for the future e. Saw the family as the foundation of the social order f. Education and religion (especially evangelical Protestantism in England, the Netherlands and some German states and Catholicism in France) were seen as extremely important g. Strong feelings of nationalism

Characteristics of the middle class:

On the Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection

Charles Darwin

Darwin's theory refuted the literal interpretation of the Bible (Book of Genesis). • It created a crisis in some churches.

Charles Darwin's ideas effect on religion

-A lot of overcrowding -Consistent poverty -Unsanitary, unhealthy, and uncleanly -Lots of pollution and people were drinking out of where they got rid of their waste causing illness -Dangerous conditions at home and places of working

Cities before 1850

Third Class Carriage

Daumier, realism, shows working class on a train can see mothers and families with love in their eyes towards kids which reflects times, It shows developing family relations

The Dance Class and L'absinthe

Degas, realism, can see drinking and unhappiness, represents leisure time and appreciation for the arts

Socialism is more for the workers and Capitalism is more towards the work itself. Socialism is more concerned with the people themselves with welfare and Capitalism has more to do with supply and demand and natural laws of the economy. Under Capitalism the Capitalists own things and in Socialism the government oversees and controls a lot more.

Differences between Socialism and Capitalism?

1. Land and geography 2. The Agricultural Revolution was vital to the Industrial Revolution. 3. Large supplies of capital were available due to over two centuries of profitable commercial activity 4. Entrepreneurs 5. Colonial Empire 6. Britain's parliamentary government promoted commercial and industrial interests because those interests were represented in Parliament.

Economic and social factors leading to England's industrialization

Putting out system, luddites, Capitalism-Malthus, Ricardo, Utilitarianism Bentham, Mill, Big business-Corporations, stocks, cartels, monopolies, Consumerism, Socialism- French socialists, Marx and communism, new imperialism, economic competition in world trade, Zolleverein, Corn Laws, Factories

Economic effects of IR

-England created the central bank of england which gave them credit and helped support the revolution -Capitalism(entrepreneurs and free enterprise) allowed people to invest more money and make more of a profit and Mercantilism(seen in regards to tariffs like Corn Laws which is evidence of this and colonies) are both seen -Location with tons of waterways allowed for them to transport goods for cheaper and for water and steam power. -Also had a lot of coal and iron which is ultimately what fuels industrialization. -The population explosion created a greater increase in demand for textiles, more jobs, food, homes which have more demands that come along with them. So we begin to see more inventions because necessity is the mother of invention

Economic factors that supported the Industrial revolution in England:

o The repeal of the Bubble Act again allowed for the creation of joint stock companies. o The Lowes Act allowed for limited liability for business owners. o Repeal of the Navigation Acts and the Corn Laws (see Period 3.2) decreased mercantilism's stifling effect in certain industries.

Evidence of Parliaments support for the Industrial Revolution

chemicals

Germany led in photo processing and other areas such as dyes, soaps and pharmaceuticals; also fertilizers and explosives

Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer applied Darwin's ideas to human society. a. "Survival of the fittest": natural laws dictated why certain people were successful and others were not. b. It was later used by imperialists to justify the conquest of "weaker" peoples. c. It was also used by major industrialists to justify their wealth while so many others struggled for subsistence. d. Spencer's ideas were particularly popular among the upper-middle class.

The growth of the Royal Navy and the development of ports provided protection from foreign invasion and later aided Britain's commercial empire.

How England's presence in the Atlantic was beneficial to the Industrial Revolution?

The working class was its own class during the Industrial revolution and their work was being exploited and was just a number. Marx saw these issues. He felt that they should own their own factories and they would reap more of the benefits of money.

How did Marx work reflect the period?

-Public Transportation was created such as streetcars, which brought people to and from work as well as were cheap, fast, clean, and reliable. Many other forms of travel were also created like steam boats which allowed people to now move and communicate with each other more quickly. the Telegraph by FB Morse was created and then Bell and the telephone. There is also Marconi Radio.

How did transportation and communication change?

George Elliot in England and Leo Tolstoy in War and Peace

IR writers

1. Darwinism further challenged the Bible's account of the creation of humans. 2. Freudian psychology undermined the belief that humans were rational beings in control of their emotions. 3. Impact of the New Physics: 4. This uncertainty later fed the pessimism of European society in the wake of World War I

Impact of new scientific theories on the European mind:

It greatly reduced the cost of shipping freight on land. It resulted in the growing regional and national market spurring increased industrial productivity to meet larger demand. It facilitated the growth of the urban working class who came from the countryside. o Many cottage workers, farm laborers, and small peasants worked building railroads. o After rail lines were built, many traveled on railroads to towns looking for work.

Impact of the creation of railroads

Water Lilies

Impressionism, Monet

Steamboats

In 1807, Robert Fulton's steamboat, the Clermont, traveled up the Hudson River from New York City to Albany. a. It used an imported Boulton and Watt steam engine. b. This made two-way river travel possible and travel on the high seas faster. c. In 1838, the first steamship crossed the Atlantic Ocean.

On the Subjection of Women and On Liberty

John Stuart Mills writing

Communism Manifesto and Capital(Das Kapital)

Karl Marx

-proliatriate is what he calls the working class, he believes one day these people will violently overthrow the bourgeoisie and take over the means of production meaning the factories, then a dictator of the proletariat will rise up take all of the wealth and sep[erate it evenly then step down with a classless society of equality

Karl Marx Prediction

Das Kapital

Karl Marx's book that said all social classes should end and everyone should be equal with equal ownership of businesses, is where we get his theory of dialectical materialism: -he believes economics drive everything and is the motivation for everything

a. England's geographic isolation from the Continent offered protection and separation from many of the continental wars. b. Good supply of coal and iron c. Waterways offered a source of alternate power for factories and navigable transport for trade and communication. d. The Industrial Revolution grew out of England's expanding role in the Atlantic economy of the 18th century.

Land and geographic factors encouraging England's industrialization

Reform Act of 1867

Lowered the monetary requirements for voting which increased the number of voters from about one million to slightly over two million.

The "Belle Époque"

Materialism - "Mass" Society Increased European Population Growth of Cities & Urban Life Migration from Europe "Second" Industrial Revolution 7.Free Trade [esp. in England] 8.World Markets [Global Economy, Part II] 9.Advance of Democracy :Extension of the vote to the working class. 1867 in Britain. 10.The Appeal of Socialism: By the 1880s, most socialist parties were Marxist [esp. Ger. & Fr.], Not very successful in England. 11. Faith in Science Alone Anti-Semitism 15. Women's Movement Emmeline Pankhurst 16. The "New" Imperialism 18. Education

men, women, and children

Men had more job opportunities and were paid more then it went to women, then children. All working class women worked because they had to, to survive which is also the same for the children. Lack of family bonds because people are constantly working and separated. Break down of family bonds happens over at least one generation. Children are working and instead they are not educated which is very dangerous because an entire class is not educated and ignorance breeds intolerance. Factory owners relied on a lot of orphaned children for their majority of work. Orphans were bought and sold and were adopted but really enslaved. They were wanted so badly because they were almost free but cheap work sources and were so small that they could go into the machines and get the lint. Many children died because this was so dangerous.

Electromagnetism

Michael Faraday (1791-1867) 1. His basic discoveries on electromagnetism in the 1830s and 1840s resulted in the first dynamo (generator). 2. Generators were applied to the development of electric motors, electric lights, and electric streetcars.

Prostitution

Middle- and upper-class men comprised most of the customers as they tended to marry late.

The Gleaners

Millet, 1857, Realism, shows peasants picking up hay

Garden at Sainte-Adresse Claude Monet 1867

Monet, impressionism, shows the new steam ships of the IR on the water, also shows leisure time

Reform Act of 1832

More middle class were getting voting privileges and rights because they reduced the land requirement for suffrage which is why the working class can't vote still.

Factory Acts of 1833

Movement in Great Britain that outlawed the employment of children under the age of nine in textile mills; also limited the work days for those aged nine to thirteen to nine hours a day, and teenagers to twelve hours a day

Robert Owen

National Grand Consolidated Trade Union in Britain -refused and campaigned against child labor -believed that the conditions people lived in shaped their character -Lanark - built a factory there and treated all his employees well to prove that an employer could offer a decent living and working conditions and still run a profitable business

1. Telegraph 2. Telephone 3. Automobile 4. Gramophone (record player) 5. Radio (invented by Marconi) 6. Airplane

New inventions that marked the era

John Stuart Mill

On Liberty:classic statement on liberty of the individual. -Argued for "absolute freedom of opinion" to be protected from both gov't censorship and tyranny of the majority. supported free market but said it favored the strong over the weak. Also believed in individual freedom, but wanted gov't to step in and help the weak Later argued for women's rights: On the Subjection of Women (1867)

Anti-Trust laws, Building Codes, Chartist Movement, Combination Acts of 1799, Corn Laws, Education Act of 1870, Enclosure Acts, Factory Acts of 1833, Ferry laws, Labor Unions- Grand National Consolidated Trade Union, Lowes Act, Mines Act of 1842, Modern weapons, new imperialism, new industrial powers, Old Age Pension Act of 1908, Poor laws, Reform Act of 1832, Reform Act of 1867, Reform act of 1884, his of militarism, Saddler Commission, Sanitation Laws, Socialist Parties, Britain, Ten Hour Act, Trade Union Act of 1861

Political effects of IR

-Stable limited monarchy -Parliament was flexible and supportive of economic success because they were made of the middle class who wanted these benefits -They were apart from the rest of Europe for example they survived Continental Systems effects -Enclosure Acts were the political bills that cut off the land from the peasants that were just squatting on land which allows for them to start working in factories -Corn Laws will be repealed by Robert peale so people don't have to just buy from England anymore and have to pay super high prices but instead could buy from foreign packers to encourage trade (people had to move because they couldn't afford food and had to find additional income) -Lowes Act limited liability for certain industries so more people are encouraged to try it because it's less risky -Repeal of the Bubble Act allowed for joint stock companies again and have multiple investors in companies(happened due to issues in past like Tulip Bulb Mania)

Political factors that supported the Industrial revolution in England:

a. Constant disputes between cottagers and merchants occurred over weights of materials and quality of cloth. b. Rural labor was unorganized and difficult for merchants to control. c. Merchant-capitalists thus searched for more efficient methods of production resulting in growth of factories and the industrial revolution.

Problems with the cottage industry

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

Property was stolen from the worker who was the source of all wealth. Property in another sense—in the right of the farmer to possess the land he works and the craftsman his workshop and tools—he regarded as essential for the preservation of liberty, and his principal criticism of Communism, whether of the utopian or the Marxist variety, was that it destroyed freedom by taking away from the individual control over his means of production. Considered an anarchist His concepts were influential among such varied groups as the Russian populists, the radical Italian nationalists of the 1860s, the Spanish federalists of the 1870s, and the syndicalist movement that developed in France and later became powerful in Italy and Spain. Until the beginning of the 1920s, Proudhon remained the most important single influence on French working-class radicalism, while in a more diffuse manner his ideas of decentralization and his criticisms of government had revived in the later 20th century, even though at times their origin was not recognized.

a. By 1790, new machines produced 10 times as much cotton yarn as in 1770. b. By 1800, the production of cotton thread was England's most important industry. In 1820, cotton accounted for almost 1⁄2 of Britain's exports. By 1850, England produced more than 1⁄2 the world's cotton cloth. c. Cotton goods became much cheaper, and were enjoyed by all classes. Poor people could now afford to wear cotton slips and underwear.

Results of new technology in textiles industry

A. Commercial Revolution (1500-1800) B. Proto-industrialization: the Cottage Industry

Roots of Industrial Revolution

water frame

Several hundred spindles on a machine ran on water power. It required large specialized factories that employed as many as 1,000 workers. It produced coarse, strong thread, which was then put out for re-spinning on hand-powered spinning jennies.

Labor artisocracy, art movements, Belle Epoch, charity, class consciousness, courtly love, crystal palace, Cult of domesticity, increase in literacy, increased standard of living, inventions, migrations out of Europe, more leisure time, new middle class woman, new relationship with children, new social structure, new ways of thinking-Darwin, Spencer, Freud and Marx, petite bourgeoise, photography, pollution, population growth, prostitution, revolution in communication, scientific advancements, sexual division of labor, women's suffrage movement, sports, transportation advancements, urban renewal, urbanization, Wesley & Methodism

Social Effects of IR

1. Workers did not begin to share in dramatic increase in standard of living until 2nd half of 19th century due to low wages, poor working conditions, etc. 2. During 1st century of industrialism the wealth created went almost exclusively to the entrepreneur and the owner of capital—the middle class.

Socialists

-Scientific revolution gave people knowledge to be able to create new inventions. More skilled labor and knowledgeable people also from their navy had lots of information. -Had a very strong navy which helped with their technology for shipping and protection of trading vessels.

Special factors that supported the Industrial revolution in England:

Karl Marx

Theory of dialectical materialism Economics is the driving force in history. History is full of class struggle The destruction of capitalism is inevitable Theory of Surplus value: the true value of a product is in the labor and since the workers receives the smallest portion of his labor price, the difference is surplus value stolen from him by the capitalist. Violent Proletariat Revolution which will take over the means of production A dictator of the proletariat will arise and distribute all wealth evenly before stepping down in a classless, utopian society. Russian Revolution 1917 Leninism Stalinism Maoism (Mao Zedong) Ho Chi Minh Fidel Castro Kim Il Sung

Middle Class

There is now an upper and lower middle class. People in the upper middle class dressed very nice and they began acting like the wealthy. Women wanted maids and nannies. Very expensive things are now accessible to people who were not very rich. It was the upper middle class who felt that the poor were lazy and looked down on them. In a way they treated their workers like they were almost enslaved.

Louis Blanc

Urged workers to fight for universal suffrage and to take control of the state peacefully Government should set up workshops and factories to guarantee full employment. Influenced the the 1848 revolution in France.

Jeremy Bentham

Utilitarianism, Goal of society should be the greatest happiness for the greatest number of citizens. Laws should be judged on their utility Individual freedom guaranteed happiness

Cities

Very dirty and polluted with human waste places and not sanitary. There is no running water, chamber pots, awnings(so when people threw their chamber pots out the window it didn't hit people), people didn't bathe, and no building codes. They were so unbelievably dirty. They had food but it was a horrible life to live. The Taines River that ran through London. The waste was released into the river that people also drank their water from so people had Cholera, which would lead to dysentery when people died from dehydration from the exponential release of their waste. The water is not only polluted with human waste but dirty water from factories and sut.

The Poor Laws of 1834:

Were passed not to help the poor but to punish them instead. The middle class now is going to become the enemy of the working class. They became the people that are abusive towards their workers. They feel that the poor are lazy, don't want to work, they just want to be handed things. They asked the parishes that Britain was split up into to build a poor house. This was built to be a place where the poor would not want to go because it was made to be uncomfortable. You had to leave your family to live here and it was always uncomfortable being too hot or too cold. Families were split up, children were given separate jobs from their parents, there was stupid things made to be monotonous and make their stay horrible. They also were not given enough food and they ran out of food and eventually the children had died from starvation in the building. The poor hated and feared these houses.

Flying shuttle and spinning jenny. It allowed for production to be much easier and faster powered by foot pedals and hands. This becomes the precursors of using non human power to make machines work. It's a stepping stone towards using a different energy source. Some of these machines were also in the homes of peasants in the cottage industry.

What is the significance of the Proto-Industrial inventions?

Made it easier and more accessible to trade on land. Transportation for both humans and goods. Creation of a lot more towns and cities but people can now travel much further as well as goods could too. The railroad eventually becomes the lifeline of Europe. Some negatives would be the effects of the burning of coal on the environment with pollution and runoff. Technology in general can be used for the benefit and detriment of society. The railway is used negatively because it is instrumental in the holocaust eventually. Auschwitz had 7 railways that led into Birkenau.

What is the significance of the railroad? Rocket

The people of the working class that lived in small filthy places were greatly affected by these changes. They now had ways to live cleaner and healthier lifestyles now that they knew what it was that was causing their death and disease and were being helped to fix it. The development of theaters and recreation forms because consumerism grows with the growth of wages. The working class is greatly affected but this because they re the ones living in the cities and tenements get better.

Who was effected most by the change son the industrial revolution?

Cult of Domesticity

a movement to put women back into their roles in their homes and not working. Barefoot, oregano, and cleaning. Stays until ww2

Realism in Art

a. The most important artists of the 19th century and 20th centuries created art for "art's sake." • This included the Romantic period. • Rather than depending on patrons to fund their works (e.g. the Church, nobles) artists exercised virtual artistic freedom and hoped to make their money by selling their paintings to the public. o This stook in stark contrast to the Renaissance or the Baroque periods where artists were commissioned by elites who specified what they wanted the art to look like. • France was the center of the art world as artists sent their greatest works to the Paris Salon to be judged by a panel of distinguished figures from the art world. b. France dominated the realist art movement. c. Realists sought to portray life as it really was; not an idealized account

Romantic love became the most important reason for marriage by 1850—a companionate marriage became the ideal.

a. The rising standard of living made it possible for people to marry at a younger age. b. Yet, economic status was still an important issue for the middle class, even after 1850.

reasons the rural industry was fundamental to Europe's growing economy in the 18th century.

a. The rural population was eager to supplement its income. b. Merchants in cities sought cheap rural labor rather than paying guild members in towns higher fees. c. Thus, the early industrial production was "put out" into the countryside: the "putting-out system." d. Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant cottages came to challenge the urban craft industry.

Agricultural Revolution

a. The supply of cheap and abundant labor emerged as the enclosure movement forced many landless farmers to move to towns and cities. b. The revolution in agriculture made it possible for fewer farmers to feed larger numbers of people. The British population doubled in the 18th century. The demand for goods within the country increased. c. More people were freed up to work in factories (the industrial proletariat) or in the distribution of other goods and services d. People were free to move around in search of land or other forms of employment. Rural wage earners were relatively mobile Feudalism was reduced significantly and serfdom had long since been abolished

Married couples decreased the number of children they had (especially the middle class).

a. They sought to provide more care to their children. b. This trend continued until after World War II.

The use of coal to power steam engines was one of the hallmarks of the industrial revolution.

a. This revolution in energy involved a transition from wood-burning to coal-burning. Prior to 1780, processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron. Much of England as well as parts of Europe were experiencing deforestation. b. Coal provided steam power used in many industries. By 1850, England produced 2/3 of the world's coal.

The steam engine

a. Thomas Savory (1698) and Thomas Newcomen (1705) invented steam pumps to remove water from mines. b. James Watt in 1769 invented and patented the first efficient steam engine. c. The iron industry was radically transformed by steam power.

Britain was unsuccessful in maintaining a monopoly on technical advances.

a. Until 1825, it was illegal for artisans and skilled mechanics to leave Britain. b. Until 1843, the export of textile machinery and other equipment was forbidden. c. Yet, many Brits emigrated illegally and introduced new methods abroad.

Britain's government of parliament was beneficial for the Industrial revolution

a. Well-established financial institutions were ready to make loans available. b. A limited monarchy meant that the gov't did not stifle the growth and expansion of the middle class as was the case in France and Russia. c. England had a stable government.

Factory work meant more discipline and lost personal freedom.

a. Work became impersonal b. Cottage workers reluctant to work in factories even for decent wages because the environment was so different from what they were used to. c. Early factories resembled English poorhouses, where destitute people went to live on welfare. Some poorhouses were industrial prisons

a surplus of labor resulted in poor conditions for workers.

a. Work hours in factories were as much as 14 hours a day, occasionally more; few holidays for workers. b. Working conditions were often brutal and unsafe. c. Low wages persisted, particularly for women and children.

Impressionism

all about brush strokes

Socialism

an idea of a system that comes about late 1700s early 1800s and is rooted in the idea that the government should be engaged and responsible for helping meet the needs of the citizens. It happens and emerges in many different ways similar to sugar. It can be very dangerous and it's dangerous in the hands of people that take it to a dark place. When you make it to a good place where it's regulated by people like voters. It's going to be the government's responsibility to fix the issue that emerged during the industrial revolution. You are going to have to pay for taxes for the government for the help you are receiving. Welfare states emerge which is that the welfare of the people go first. This can go wrong very fast if you disagree with the idea of how far the government should go in helping the people causing revolution. Many people are against it because they question why they should give a freebie or handout to someone. A lot of socialists refer back to Rousseau's general will. A lot of radicals won't recognize that you can have democratic socialism.

Edwin Chadwick

became the most important reformer of living conditions in cities. a. He was influenced by Jeremy Bentham's utilitarianism: the "greatest good for greatest number." b. He saw disease and death as primary causes of poverty. c. The "Sanitary idea" was the most important: it held disease could be prevented by cleaning up the urban environment. d. Britain (which suffered a cholera epidemic in the early 1830s), passed its first public health law in 1848. •Germany, France and the U.S. also adopted Chadwick's ideas. e. By the 1860s and 1870s many European cities had made significant progress in public sanitation.

Irish Potato Famine

caused by British mercantilism taking the potatoes from Ireland. Not only was there going to be a Potato Blight which limited the number of potatoes, but the British were taking all of these potatoes and leaving the irish to figure it out on their own. 2 waves of deaths occur as well as massive amounts of immigration from either the US if they could afford them o

women's suffrage movement, increase in prostitution, anted higher education and property ownership, increase participation in sports clubs

changes for women

-A large growth in population -People like Chadwick and Pastor(germ theory) began to understand that disease and death were what caused poverty and people began to use utilitarianism outlook to help the good of the people using scientific approaches -People began to understand that disease was from the filthy conditions and the germ theory was created so people began cleaning their drinking water and new vaccines being developed -Communal outhouses were created -Paved roads, theaters, recreational parks -Governments began backing the Public Health Movement with improved sanitation -Running water, sewers, electric trawlers, electricity with lights -Skyscrapers with building codes and growth of steel industry

cities after 1850

Early Factories

connection between urbanization and rise of factories leads to people needing to live near the cities from the lack of ways to commute and then cities will rise up around factories like Manchester and Liverpool. Workers aren't being paid enough, treated properly, child labor, and it's an unsafe environment. It is mental and physical torture. The smoke and toxins people breathe in causes illness and you are constantly being watched. There was a lot of sickness and disease because people lived in small, unsafe, and confined areas near the factories.

Joseph Lester

developed the "antiseptic principle" in performing surgeries. • It resulted in far fewer people dying of infection resulting from surgeries.

Louis Pasteur

developed the germ theory of disease. a. Pasteurization b. This new knowledge helped reduce food poisoning.

Poorhouses

emerged to provide work to those who were unemployed. a. Poorhouse conditions were often intentionally oppressive. b. A major goal was to persuade workers to leave the poorhouse and find work elsewhere.

Education Act of 1870

established the government's responsibility to run the elementary schools in Britain

August Comte and "positive knowledge"

father of "sociology" 1. Positivism: All intellectual activity progresses through predictable stages; thus, humans would soon discover the eternal laws of human relations through the study of sociology. 2. Comte believed social scientists could help regulate society for the benefit of most everyone. 3. Comte became the leader in the religion of science and the desire for rule by experts.

Grand National Consolidated Trade Union

followed Owen's program, February 1834, national federation of trade unions, coordinate a general strike for eight-hour working day, collpase with no working-class support

upper bourgeoisie

great bankers, merchants and industrialists who demanded free enterprise and high tariffs.

St. Simon

idea of parasites feeding on society is a comparison, he's saying the lawyers and aristocracy are parasites and without the industrialists, scientists, and workers need to prosper to have a successful society. They need to benefit and support them rather than suckt he lfie out of them.

Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette, Renoir

impressionist brush strokes, people at a park dancing, urban renewal, leisure time, women wearing more comfortable clothing

James Watt

in 1769 invented and patented the first efficient steam engine. By the late 1780s, the steam engine was used regularly in production in England. The steam engine was the most fundamental advance in technology. o Steam-power began to replace water power in cotton-spinning mills during the 1780s as well as other mills (e.g. flour, malt, and flint) o Radical transformations occurred in manufacturing and transportation. c. The iron industry was radically transformed by steam power.

Belgium

in 1830s, pioneered the organization of big corporations with many stockholders. Banks used money to develop industries and thus became industrial banks.

Robert Owen

in 1834, organized the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union. Scottish industrialist who pioneered industrial relations by combining firm discipline with a concern for the health, safety, and work hours of workers. After 1815, experimented with utopian cooperative/ socialist communities His and other unionization efforts failed and the British labor movement moved once again after 1851 in the direction of craft unions. -an amazing guy from Scotland, is going to be a true eye opener for industrialization. He starts the first trade union in Britain called the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union. He brought the idea that they should work together to get good conditions for them. He builds a city and factory system in Lanark with school for children since they don't work and they have fair pay and still make a good amount of money.

Lower-middle class (petite bourgeoisie)

independent shopkeepers and small merchants, store managers, minor civil servants, teachers, clerks, and some master craftsmen such as goldsmiths • Grew from about 7% of the population to 20% in 1900. • Women worked as department store clerks, stenographers, secretaries, waitresses and nurses. o Women held more than half of the post office and gov't clerical jobs in 1911.

Edmund Cartwright

invented a loom that was powered by horses, water, or steam. Power loom

Thomas Savory (1698) and Thomas Newcomen (1705)

invented steam pumps to remove water from mines. Both engines were extremely inefficient. They were used to replace mechanical pumps powered by animals.

James Hargreaves

invented the spinning jenny which mechanized the spinning wheel.

Samuel Crompton

invented the spinning mule which combined the best features of the spinning jenny and the water frame. This resulted in all cotton spinning gradually being done in factories.

Richard Arkwright

invented the water frame, which improved thread spinning. used the steam engine to power looms and required factory production of textiles.

new social class structure

is no longer reliant on birth. The whole social class structure changes and shifts. It is based on income which means your education and job will determine your class. This shows the world the issue that you can['t get a better job without a better education. At the top is the upper class, middle class(is huge and eventually subdivides), then the working class, and then the lower class or the poor. The Enclosure Acts and Cottage Industry put a lot of them out of jobs and worked these peasants off of the land and younger people are forced into cities to find jobs which helps with the onset of the working class.

oil

kerosene for lighting; used by the internal combustion engine for factory machines

Friedrich Engels

lashed out at the middle classes in his The Condition of the Working Class in England (1844). a. Future revolutionary and colleague of Karl Marx who believed the capitalist middle class ruthless exploited the proletariat "I charge the English middle classes with mass murder, wholesale robbery, and all the other crimes in the calendar." b. His ideas influenced Marx and later socialists.

Trade Union Act of 1871

legalized unions

George Stephenson

made the railway locomotive commercially successful with his invention, the rocket. By 1829, the locomotive was widely used in England. In 1830, his locomotive, the Rocket, traveled the Liverpool-Manchester Railway at 16mph. o It was the world's first important railroad as it was located in the heart of industrial England.

France

moved toward industrialization at a more gradual pace than Great Britain, with government support and with less dislocation of traditional methods of production.

Results of the Great famine

o At least 1.5 million people died or went unborn. 1 million fled Ireland between 1845 and 1851; 2 million left between 1840 and 1855. o Most went to U.S. or Britain. o By 1911, Irish population only 4.4 million compared with 8 million in 1845.

Wages

o Between 1820 and 1850, real wages and consumption of the average worker rose by almost 50%. Only 5% between 1780 and 1820. o Skilled British workers earned about twice that of unskilled workers in agriculture. o However, the average work week increased.

Many families were unwilling to allow their family members to be separated.

o Families came as a unit to work the mills and mines. o Working together made working long hours more tolerable.

Disease in potato crop continued to increase along with accompanying fever epidemics.

o In 1845 & 46 and again in 1848 & 1851, the potato crop failed in Ireland and much of Europe. o Higher food prices, widespread suffering, and social unrest ensued.

Factory Act of 1833

o Limited workday for children ages 9-13 to 8 hrs per day o Limited hours of ages 14-18 to 12 hours. o Prohibited hiring children under age 9; children were to go to elementary schools factory owners were required to establish o Ironically, helped destroy the pattern of families working together. o Employment of children declined rapidly.

Most of the population was Irish Catholic peasants.

o Rented land from a tiny minority of Anglicans, many of whom lived in England. o Most lived in abject poverty around 1800. o Protestant landlords did not improve agriculture in Ireland.

Theory of Relativity

of time and space challenged traditional ideas of Newtonian physics. • He theorized that time and space are relative to the viewpoint of the observer and only the speed of light is constant for all frames of reference in the universe.

Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907)

organized the rules of chemistry by devising the periodic table in 1869.

Realist Art

portraying life as it is not as it's idealized