infant and child continued

The part of the brain responsible for higher-order skills and that distinguishes humans from other animals is the

cerebral cortex.

The transition from babbling to using words can be considered an example of _______ change.

qualitative

Gradual changes in an infant's ability to move is an example of _______ change.

quantitative

Much of what is known about experience-dependent plasticity is a result of

correlational studies of children in various care-giving environments.

According to the Gestalt theory of perception, infants' perceptual skills would result in

an adultlike capacity to organize visual stimuli into meaningful patterns.

A researcher wants to identify leading causes of adolescent use of vaping. Which statement could serve as a hypothesis?

Teens will start vaping due to initial pressure by friends and peers.

Reya is 30 months old. During art class, she has crayons, a sheet of regular paper, and a sheet of paper that is covered in plastic and wet. What is she likely to do?

Color the paper because the surface allows the colors to show but the wet plastic does not

_______is (are) characteristic of the first stage of labor, while _______ is (are) characteristic of the second stage of labor.

Contractions; pushing

A researcher wishes to study the electrical brain activity of infants as they process stimuli. They are likely to use which technology to record the electrical activity in the surface of infants' brains?

EEG

While pregnant, Chloe suffered from depression. Her infant is likely to exhibit which of the following characteristics? You Answered

Elevated heart rate, suppressed motor activity, high irritability

Which of the following structures in the retina is responsible for determining the overall visual acuity of infants?

Fovea

Aiden's parents consistently placed him on his tummy whenever he went to sleep. Gertrude, on the other hand, was consistently placed on her back. Based on the findings from the Back-to-Sleep campaign, it is likely that

Gertrude will likely be delayed compared to Aiden in skills related to related to rolling over, sitting, and crawling.

All studies involving humans must be reviewed by an institutional review board (IRB). Which of the following is an accurate reflection of IRB standards?

If there is a need for deception, participants must be debriefed after the study.

In a series of studies, Vouloumanos and Werker (2004) examined speech sound preferences in infants. Which of following results would be consistent with their conclusion that preference for speech begins before a baby is even born?

Infants as young as 4 days old already showed a preference for speech over nonspeech sounds.

The first six weeks after childbirth is what period of development?

The postnatal period

A developmental scientist hypothesizes that children learn language at such young ages because the brain guides learning through "regions" innately dedicated to language. Which idea best characterizes this type of theory?

Top-down explanation of development

Talia took the drug Thalidomide while pregnant in 1958. The probability that her infant will suffer deformities because of exposure to this drug would depend on which factor?

Whether the mother took the drug during the period that exposes the fetus to harm

Early philosopher John Locke viewed children as a tabula rasa, meaning they were

a blank slate

A researcher has designed a study that will involve obtaining frequent, closely spaced observations of children. This is a _______ study.

microgenetic

Ainsley was looking out the window of her parents' car as they were taking a trip to the beach. To her eyes, it appeared as though the trees and fences nearest to the car went past her very quickly, but the large clouds overhead moved very slowly, a phenomenon known as

motion parallax.

Danika's mom is angry on the phone, raises her voice, and yells before slamming the phone down. Later, Danika's mom sees Danika yelling at her doll for being late and abruptly pushing the doll onto the floor. This is an example of

observational learning.

Benita is trying to replace her cravings to smoke by drinking a juice that she hates anytime she feels a craving. She is hoping this will decrease her smoking behavior. This type of conditioning is known as

operant conditioning.

Rutter (1981) conducted a study on children from an orphanage: When infants received adequate care in adoptive homes, they became more affectionate, more cheerful. This is an example of

plasticity—infants can adapt and even change in response to improved environments or experiences.

A child has the impulse to hit other children when he gets upset. However, the child realizes such behaviors are inappropriate and unacceptable, and therefore the child refrains from hitting. According to Freud's theory, the

superego is imposing societal demands on the id.

Research shows that a large number of neural connections are formed during the first few months and years of life. This process is known as

synaptogenesis.

Cortisol regulates body processes such as metabolism and _______ and helps the body respond to _______.

the immune response; stress

Which finding is consistent with the theory that regions of the brain specialized for experience-expectant plasticity are not necessarily locked into their "expected" paths of development?

A deaf child's auditory processing areas become specialized for visual processing.

A child is confronted by an unfamiliar barking dog. The child's heart starts to race as he runs away. Which part of the brain helps prepare for this response to a fearful situation?

Amygdala

Discovery-based science allows for a new way of learning why teens behave a certain way. Which reflects a discovery-based approach to this question?

An open-ended interview with teens to understand the motivations and reasoning of their behaviors

Zoe noticed that, while sleeping, she rarely dreams and does not change position in her bed. Zoe is likely to be mostly in what type of sleep?

Non-REM

Why might qualitative research allow for more depth in understanding a phenomenon?

Qualitative research draws out participants' experiences from their perspectives, rather than preguided hypotheses.

Why did early French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe formal education should begin at age 12?

Rousseau believed children should be free to explore the world unrestricted.

The process of implantation involves the

blastocyst becoming firmly embedded in the lining of the uterus.

A child is overtly scolded by nonresponsive parents often. In adolescence, the child begins to form relationships with peers who demonstrate antisocial, even violent behaviors. This example demonstrates

cascades over time.

To accurately track the eye movement of infants, researchers oftentimes use _______, or devices that are built into computer monitors or worn on the participants' head.

eye-trackers

Children whose mothers consumed high levels of fish oil (DHA) while pregnant are more likely to

show advantages on visual attention and processing speed at 24 months.

_______ refers to the perception of an object as having a constant size despite changes in the size of the retinal image, whereas _______ refers to the perception of an object as having a constant shape despite changes to the retinal image.

size constancy; shape constancy

Stable posture affects all of the following except

the ability of the infant's eyes to focus on near and distant objects.

During Meredith's pregnancy, Meredith had a procedure performed thatresulted in an image of her fetus. This technique is called

ultrasonography.

A scientist interested in examining age-related differences in children's use of mathematical strategies is an example of which developmental approach?

Basic developmental science.

Mai and Clifton are both sitting upright on an experimenter's lap and are presented with an interesting toy that is slightly beyond their reach. Although Clifton attempts to lean forward to grab the object, Mai does not, knowing it is too far away. Based on your knowledge of the development of reaching, you could conclude that

Clifton is likely younger than Mai.

A university class practiced writing cover letters all semester. To test what they learned about letter-writing, the final essay asks them to write about ways to job search. This violates _______ validity.

face

Behavioral genetic studies generally involve observing

twins, adopted children, or genome-wide associations.