Infant and Child Development EXAM 1

Gestalt principles of perception

allow viewers to parse up the world into objects and other meaningful units

Accommodation:

alters schemes in response to new experiences

at what age do infants become sensitive to monocular or pictorial cues, the perceptual cues of depth that can be achieved by one eye alone These include relative size and interposition

At about 6-7 months of age

Alexander spent his first year in a Romanian orphanage before adoption. Luca spent only three months in the same orphanage before adoption. Which of the following is most likely? A. Both Alexander and Luca will have intelligence scores in the normal range. B. Alexander will have a lower intelligence score than Luca. C. Luca will have a lower intelligence score than Alexander. D. Both Alexander and Luca will have extremely low intelligence scores.

B. Alexander will have a lower intelligence score than Luca.

________ control the timing of major anatomical developments. A. Horological genes B. Heterochronic genes C. Temporal genes D. Chronometric genes

B. Heterochronic genes

Sakhi is born with dense cataracts in the lenses of both eyes, which prevent her from seeing patterns of light. She is scheduled to receive corrective surgery to remove the cataracts at age 5. What should her parents expect after the surgery? A. She will likely still have extremely limited vision. B. She will likely experience restored optical acuity but some forms of processing acuity will never be restored. C. She will likely experience restored processing acuity but some forms of optical acuity will never be restored. D. She will likely experience restored optical and processing acuity allowing her to see fine details.

B. She will likely experience restored optical acuity but some forms of processing acuity will never be restored.

Dr. Hart is a researcher doing cross-cultural research in the United States and Germany. She will likely find that more German infants appear ________ than do American infants. A. anxious B. avoidant C. disorganized D. unattached

B. avoidant

Explicit cognition refers to a thought process that involves having an: A. intuitive understanding of the environment B. awareness of knowledge C. underlying sense of events D. unusual perceptiveness for others' thoughts

B. awareness of knowledge

Dr. Allison focuses on the way we learn, represent, use, and understand information across different parts of the lifespan. She is using the ________ perspective. A. behaviorist B. cognitive science C. constructionist D. psychoanalytic

B. cognitive science

As an infant, Thomas's mother provided him with sensitive caregiving. As an adult Thomas is likely to be: A. anxious about rejection B. comfortable relying on his partner C. fearful of abandonment D. controlling in his romantic relationships

B. comfortable relying on his partner

The visually evoked potential method examines changes in ___ ____

brain activity involves attaching electrodes to the baby's scalp to measure brain activity and to determine at what point the changing striped patterns that the infant is watching on the screen no longer cause corresponding changes in the brains electrical activity.

infant preference for looking at female rather than male faces a. is probably an evolutionary adaptation b. results from confusion with the mother's face c. is probably acquired through experience d. all of the above

c. Is probably acquired through experience

on average, babies in the US will begin to walk a. by 8 months b. by 20 months c. by 12 months d. by 14 months

c. by 12 months

Separation distress usually emerges a. by 4 mo b. by 6 mo c. by 8 mo d. after 10 mo

c. by 8 mo

John Locke's assertion that when humans are born, the mind is a tabula rasa, or blank slate expresses a/an ____________ position a. nativist b. core-knowledge c. empiricist d. experimentalist

c. empiricist

The view that motor development depends on the interaction of a child's physical characteristics, environment and temperament a. is known as the maturational approach b. is known as the nativist approach c. is known as the dynamic systems approach d. is known as the tabula rasa approach

c. is known as the dynamic systems approach

to date, the most influential thinker in developmental psychology has been a. sigmund freud b. john watson c. jean piaget d. B.F. Skinner

c. piaget

the habituation technique a. always involves presenting two stimuli side by side b. relies on infants habits of looking at objects c. relies on infant attention and memory d. involves eliciting a reflexive eye movement

c. relies on infant attention and memory

In Ainsworth's studies with American infants and mothers, most infants were characterized as a. avoidantly attached b. anxiously attached c. securely attached d. disorganized pattern

c. securely attached

substances of infections agents that disrupt aspects of pre-natal development are known as a. endocrine disruptors b. carcinogens c. teratogens d. contaminants

c. teratogens

In attachment theory, the developing child's mental representation of herself, her caretakers, and how relationships work, is a. ego and superego b. the self system c. the internal working model d. the social self

c. the internal working model

the researcher most associated with the dynamic systems approach to development is/was a. locker b. piaget c. thelen d. bandura

c. thelen

in post-natal human development, sensitive periods typically last for a. hours to days b. weeks to months c. months to years d. have sensitive periods for development

c.months to years

embryonic development follows a head-to-toe progression known as

cephalocaudal development

Epigenetic regulation:

changes in gene expression without changes to DNA sequences -experiences and nutrition induce epigenetic changes -pre-natal and early development epigenetic changes have long-lasting effects -They are a source of phenotypic variation within the individual

Explicit cognition:

cognition that you are aware of (and can describe in words, if you are human)

Pictoral cues- how many months old Interposition Texture gradients Convergence (in distance) Perspective illusion

(6-7 month) can convey depth even in two dimensional scenes like paintings and photographs and can do so even when seen with only one eye Interposition: occurs when one shape overlaps another, suggesting that is must be in front of the other Texture gradients: Serve as cues to depth when a repeating pattern on a surface gets smaller and smaller the further away the surface is Convergence in the distance: describes the way parallel lines, such as straight railroad tracks, seem to meet as they extend toward the horizon and thus show linear perspective Perspective illusion: when images on the right appear to be much bigger than they are on the left, even though they are the same size

Low-level processing

(brightness) happens in retina

Mid-level processing

(color) happens in midbrain structures

High-level processing

(identifying faces) happens in visual and temporal cortex

Endoderm: Layers of the blastocyst

(inner layer) epithelial lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, auditory systems, endocrine glands

Neurogenesis:

(part of proliferation) the production of new neurons

What is the preferential looking method?

-A way of investigating what infants see -When infants are presented with two types of displays at once and they prefer to look at one rather than the other, this suggests that they can detect a difference between the two

What is LG-ABN? what are high LG-ABN associated with

-Licking-grooming and arched back nursing -rat mothers are dams -high lg-abn dams are stress resistant

What is the nativist and empiricist view in movement?

-empiricist: initially move limbs randomly, trial and error leads to correct integration -nativist: initially move limbs with purpose, other developmental changes improve performance

What is methylation?

-methyl groups (specific carbon-hydrogen configurations) become attached to certain DNA base pairs

What is the malnutritional account?

-motor development depends on the increasing sophistication of the brain's motor programs for guiding more and more complex actions -ex: baby cannot walk before 12 months because the brain structures involved in guiding action are still too immature to coordinate the movements that enable walking

What are the connections between smell and infants?

-newborns prefer the smell of lactation, prefer breast milk -sweet smells provide a pain killing effect in babies

What is plasticity? less plastic= more plastic=

-refers to an organism's ability to respond and adjust to changes in the environment -a challenge for explaining babies first skills: Less plastic = more efficient, but less likely to be helpful as the baby develops More plastic= less efficient, but more likely to be helpful as the baby develops

What is the U-Shaped development curve? for FACIAL RECOGNITION!!!

-suggest to researchers the operation of two systems -the first is more crude but easier to initially employ, then during the transition to the second more complex system, there is a temporary drop in performance before a higher level is achieved

What is the dynamic systems theory?

-the idea that the development of complex behaviors should be understood in terms of the interactions among all the changing components involved in executing the behaviors, and not just as sets of instructions sent from the cortex carried out by the body -perception and action interwoven

By how many days infants can detect differences in brightness.

2

how many weeks early does the baby have to be born to be considered premature

3 or more

By how many months can infants can compare brightness levels. adult-like?

4, NO

Brain grows until age

5

____month-olds interpret speech intonations. Differentiate approval from disapproval

6

infants are generally able to roll over and sit up on their own in the first ________ months. A. 3-7 B. 5-9 C. 7-11 D. 9-13

A. 3-7

Who developed the Strange Situation paradigm? A. Ainsworth B. Bowlby C. Main D. Piaget

A. Ainsworth

Which theorist's approach underlies most current theories of attachment? A. Bowlby B. Freud C. Watson D. Skinner

A. Bowlby

All of the following are true of Freud's view of infant-parent bonds EXCEPT: A. Freud formulated his views based on careful observation of children B. Freud claimed the mother-infant relationship was unique C. Freud focused on the importance of breastfeeding as a source of oral gratification D. Freud saw the mother-infant relation as the prototype around which all later close relationships revolve

A. Freud formulated his views based on careful observation of children

Which of the following is true about methods for measuring visual acuity in infancy? A. Visually evoked potential measurements reveal sharper levels of acuity than preferential looking or habituation methods. B. Habituation methods reveal sharper levels of acuity than preferential looking or visually evoked potential methods. C. Preferential looking methods reveal sharper levels of acuity than habituation or visually evoked potential methods. D. There are no differences among different measures of visual acuity in infancy.

A. Visually evoked potential measurements reveal sharper levels of acuity than preferential looking or habituation methods.

According to Piaget, children commit the A-not-B error because of an inability to apply: A. a new scheme to the object that is now in a new location B. an old scheme to the object that is now in a new location C. a new scheme to the object in its old location D. an old scheme to the object in its old location

A. a new scheme to the object that is now in a new location

Dr. Photon is conducting an fMRI study on the effects of an aspirin or a sugar placebo for the treatment of headaches. He randomizes his participants to one of the two groups, performs their baseline fMRI, gives them their medications, and then later does a follow-up fMRI. In this example, Dr. Photon's independent variable is whether: A. a person received a pill or placebo B. the fMRI was at baseline or follow-up C. the participants were randomized or not D. the pill had a high enough dosage or not

A. a person received a pill or placebo

Neural structures can be pruned through programmed cell death, or: A. apoptosis B. myelination C. synaptogenesis D. synaptic pruning

A. apoptosis

Laney runs an adoption agency. She likely prefers that an adoption occur: A. as early in the infant's life as possible B. two weeks following birth C. two months following birth D. as late as possible, to allow a bond to form between infant and biological mother

A. as early in the infant's life as possible

A young child who looks at a plane in the sky and says "bird" has engaged in adaptation by: A. assimilating the new information for a plane into an existing scheme for birds B. accommodating the new information for a plane into an existing scheme for birds C. accommodating the new information into a new scheme for planes D. assimilating the new information for a plane into a new equilibrated concept

A. assimilating the new information for a plane into an existing scheme for birds

The use of many different techniques to study a problem, and then using all of the results in combination to further our understanding of a concept, is called using: A. converging methods B. ecological validity C. reliability D. replicability

A. converging methods

Thelen's important contribution to our understanding of motor development was that an infant's reflexes: A. don't necessarily disappear, because they're affected by the weight of their limbs B. don't necessarily disappear, because they're not affected by the weight of their limbs C. do disappear, and then reappear as more integrated movement later D. do disappear, and do not return in a comparable form

A. don't necessarily disappear, because they're affected by the weight of their limbs

You are setting up a longitudinal study and have decided to use microgenetic analysis. This means you will assess your children: A. every few days B. every few years C. in groups, all at once D. for subtle genetic markers

A. every few days

Empiricism is the idea that development occurs: A. from increasingly interwoven systems of knowledge and experience B. from inborn biases present at birth that guide growth and change C. because of the interaction of nature and nurture D. because of biological modules that predispose infants to change

A. from increasingly interwoven systems of knowledge and experience

If an infant sees a furry object "beep" and turn to "look" in a particular direction and then he turns and looks in the same direction himself, he is suggesting all of the following EXCEPT: A. he likely views the furry object as a nonsocial physical object B. he likely views the furry object as a social agent C. he likely views the "face" as the side toward him during the interaction D. he likely views the "beep" as a meaningful, contingent interaction

A. he likely views the furry object as a nonsocial physical object

You want to have some fun playing with your friend's 3-week-old baby. You know that if you stick your tongue out at him several times, with clear pauses between each time, he will likely: A. imitate you and stick his tongue out B. imitate you and frown C. watch intently D. become overstimulated

A. imitate you and stick his tongue out

Gretchen, a 7-month-old, grows a little distraught when her day care provider leaves early one day. Another person from the day care center is able to quickly reengage Gretchen. This illustrates: A. lack of specific bond B. presence of specific bond C. separation anxiety D. separation distress

A. lack of specific bond

Margaret consumes a large amount of alcohol throughout her pregnancy. Her son is born with fetal alcohol syndrome. All of the following are associated with this condition EXCEPT: A. large head B. widely spaced eyes C. missing ridges under the nose D. thin upper lip

A. large head

Child-directed speech involves all of the following EXCEPT: A. lower-pitched voice B. rising intonations at the end of phrases C. longer pauses between sentences D. repetition

A. lower-pitched voice

All of the following act as teratogens EXCEPT: A. maternal exercise B. environmental toxins C. prescription drugs D. infectious diseases

A. maternal exercise

Mirror neurons are interesting because research with monkeys has shown they fire when the: A. monkey grasps the block or sees another monkey grasp the block B. monkey sees the block lying in front of it or sees a picture of it C. experimenter mimics the physical motion of grasping empty space D. experimenter enters the room to begin another experimental session

A. monkey grasps the block or sees another monkey grasp the block

Elena is a 2-month-old infant participating in a research study. She sees two rod segments moving in the same direction behind an occluding box. Elena infers: A. one unbroken rod is present B. two fragments of the rod are present C. the rod fragments are connected through the occluding box D. the rod pierces the occluding box

A. one unbroken rod is present

Jose is 4 weeks old. He shows attachment-related behaviors but does not seem to target them to particular individuals. According to Bowlby, Jose is in which phase? A. preattachment phase B. attachment-in-the-making phase C. clear-cut attachment phase D. reciprocal relationships

A. preattachment phase

The idea that unresolved, internal conflicts can sidetrack development comes from the ________ perspective. A. psychoanalytic B. behaviorist C. cognitive science D. cross-cultural

A. psychoanalytic

Your young daughter seems to be 1 month late in reaching the milestone of walking independently. Friends ask you if you're worried that her motor development overall is stifled. With what you know about infant motor development, you would respond that there is a: A. range for age-appropriate motor skills, and one skill is not necessarily linked to others B. range for age-appropriate motor skills, but that all the skills are linked to others C. cutoff for age-appropriate motor skills, and you're very concerned she's passed it D. cutoff for age-appropriate motor skills, but you're not very concerned she's passed it

A. range for age-appropriate motor skills, and one skill is not necessarily linked to others

The brainstem is concerned with all of the following EXCEPT: A. breathing B. coordination of voluntary movement C. heart rate D. swallowing

B. coordination of voluntary movement

Visual flow fields are: A. similar visual patterns of information we come to expect when moving at different speeds B. different visual patterns of information we come to expect when moving at different speeds C. similar motoric patterns we come to expect when moving at different speeds D. different motoric patterns we come to expect when moving at different speeds

B. different visual patterns of information we come to expect when moving at different speeds

What type of depth cues are infants most likely to rely on in the visual cliff paradigm? A. binocular cues B. dynamic cues C. monocular cues D. pictorial cues

B. dynamic cues

While pregnant, Juana is exposed to a teratogen known to affect the heart of the developing organism. The effects will likely be most severe if the exposure occurred during the: A. period of the zygote B. embryonic period C. fetal period D. third trimester

B. embryonic period

Researchers have conducted studies in which they give infants unique opportunities to experience causality (for example, by picking up objects with Velcro gloves). The findings from these studies contribute to the idea that causation is: A. biologically driven by a module B. environmentally driven through learning C. dependent on spatial contiguity D. dependent on temporal contiguity

B. environmentally driven through learning

The A-not-B error involves children: A. randomly scanning A and B locations for where an object might be hidden B. first looking for a hidden object in a place where it was previously hidden C. first looking for a hidden object in a place where they saw it moved D. not looking for a hidden object initially due to competing schemes

B. first looking for a hidden object in a place where it was previously hidden

If a father places his index finger in the palm of his son's hand, the newborn will: A. attempt to move his hand away B. grasp the finger tightly C. flare his fingers outward D. turn his head in that direction

B. grasp the finger tightly

Jose is classified as a Type A infant in the Strange Situation. Jose demonstrates: A. insecure/anxious attachment B. insecure/avoidant attachment C. insecure/resistant attachment D. secure attachment

B. insecure/avoidant attachment

By 18 months of age, one should expect infants to imitate the: A. intended actions completed by machines B. intended actions completed by social agents C. intended actions completed by both machines and social agents D. intended actions completed by inanimate objects

B. intended actions completed by social agents

For a class project, you need to replicate the study by Newman et al. (2008) on cats. You know from this research that infants will dishabituate when the cat moves like a cat that only shares its hat color. This is because the infants apparently categorized the cats based on the: A. internal cue of hat color to external cues B. internal cue of stomach color to external cues C. external cue of hat color to internal cues D. external cue of stomach color to internal cues

B. internal cue of stomach color to external cues

Piaget's theory is said to stress "domain generality." This is important because it means that his theory: A. lays out a clear progression for the overall stages to follow from infancy to adulthood B. involves a child approaching all tasks in a stage with that stage's level of reasoning C. explains how a child develops a sense of object concept D. lays out a clear trajectory for understanding categorization

B. involves a child approaching all tasks in a stage with that stage's level of reasoning

The difference between the independent and dependent variable is that the dependent variable is the variable that: A. is manipulated by the experimenter B. is measured by the experimenter C. is manipulated by the participant D. depends upon group assignment

B. is measured by the experimenter

Jackson, a newborn infant, is given a pacifier covered with bumps to suck on for a few minutes. However, he does not see the pacifier. When shown the bumpy pacifier and a smooth one, Jackson will likely: A. look equally at both types of pacifiers B. look longer at the bumpy pacifier C. look longer at the smooth pacifier D. ignore both pacifiers

B. look longer at the bumpy pacifier

A researcher is examining skin cells. These cells were created through the process of: A. crossing-over B. mitosis C. meiosis D. gastrulation

B. mitosis

In the human embryo, structures vaguely resembling gills emerge early but transform into facial muscles, middle ear bones, and other structures. This seems to support which hypothesis? A. phylogeny recapitulates ontogeny B. ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny C. cephalocaudal development recapitulates proximodistal development D. proximodistal development recapitulates cephalocaudal development

B. ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

Researchers using the ___________ method attend to the jumping of the eyes as they track a continuous succession of objects that stream by. A. habituation B. optokinetic nystagmus C. preferential looking D. visually evoked potential

B. optokinetic nystagmus

While young infants can tell apart both individual human faces and individual monkey faces, older infants show a decline in the ability to tell monkey faces apart but an improvement at distinguishing between human faces. This is an example of: A. own-species preferences B. perceptual narrowing C. concentrated plasticity D. visual focusing

B. perceptual narrowing

When your friend tosses you a cold bottle of water, you catch it. This is a demonstration of: A. affordances B. perceptual-motor development C. visual flow fields D. reflexes

B. perceptual-motor development

Ferdinand sees that his mother is anxious while interacting with a stranger. He, in turn, is less likely to want to interact with that stranger. This is an example of: A. separation distress B. social referencing C. specific bonds D. stranger anxiety

B. social referencing

In the research studies discussed in the chapter, an impassive, straight face is known as a(n) ________ face. A. static B. still C. tranquil D. unmoving

B. still

Martina is a 3-month-old. Her father stops interacting with her and freezes his face. This is known as a(n) ________ face. A. immobile B. still C. tranquil D. unmoving

B. still

Which type of infants seems to have more successful social abilities in childhood? A. type A B. type B C. type C D. type D

B. type B

What Drives this Development of Visual Acuity? (3)

Babies are born with astigmatism. The eye gets bigger until image is in focus. Eye growth is determined by visual input

___________ refers to an organism's ability to adjust to environmental changes. A. Hardiness B. Malleability C. Plasticity D. Sensitivity

C. Plasticity

The period of the embryo begins at about ________ after conception. A. 30 hours B. 9 weeks C. 2 weeks D. 3 months

C. 2 weeks

________ are ordered clusters of genes that turn on and off genes that affect the general body plan in many species. A. Homologs B. Activator genes C. Homeobox genes D. Suppressor genes

C. Homeobox genes

________ refers to the unique process of cell division that produces the egg and sperm cells. A. Gametization B. Mitosis C. Meiosis D. DNA replication

C. Meiosis

Researchers fed male mice either a normal diet or a low-protein diet. Mice on either diet were then mated with females raised on a normal diet. What should the researchers expect to find about the resulting offspring? A. Offspring of males fed the normal diet will demonstrate a marked increase in activation of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis. B. Offspring of males fed the low protein diet will not demonstrate a marked increase in activation of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis because their mothers were fed normal diets. C. Offspring of males fed the low protein diet will demonstrate a marked increase in activation levels of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis as a result of paternal diet. D. The offspring's diet alone, and not parental diet, influences activation levels of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis.

C. Offspring of males fed the low protein diet will demonstrate a marked increase in activation levels of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis as a result of paternal diet.

At what age do infants begin to pick out words from a speech stream based solely on how often certain syllables tend to occur together in the same order? A. This ability is present at birth. B. This ability is present at 4 months of age. C. This ability is present at 8 months of age. D. This ability is present by 2 years of age.

C. This ability is present at 8 months of age.

Developmental improvements in reaching are linked to two changes in neural circuits for: A. classical conditioning and changes in the available stimuli to associate B. action and changes in the brain associated with operant conditioning C. action and changes in the brain from learning new actions D. perception and changes in the brain from learning new perceptual experiences

C. action and changes in the brain from learning new actions

At what age do infants seem to need to form specific attachments to individuals? A. from birth onward B. after about 3 months C. after about 6 months D. after the first year

C. after about 6 months

An example of a global change is: A. a change in mathematical ability B. an increase in hormone levels in puberty C. an increased ability to pay attention in middle childhood D. a change in moral judgment in middle childhood

C. an increased ability to pay attention in middle childhood

When during prenatal development does a primitive brain appear? A. at conception B. around 2 weeks C. around 4 weeks D. around 9 weeks

C. around 4 weeks

Which Gestalt principle(s) do young infants use? A. only common fate B. only edge alignment C. both common fate and edge alignment D. Young infants do not use any Gestalt principles.

C. both common fate and edge alignment

Investigating differences in development across species is associated with the ________ perspective. A. psychoanalytic B. cross-cultural C. comparative D. behaviorist

C. comparative

A lesion in the intermediate medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV) in a bird will: A. erase its memory for its song B. increase its ability to remember songs C. erase whatever imprinting has occurred D. increase the intensity of imprinting behaviors

C. erase whatever imprinting has occurred

The type of imaging technique that a scientist would use to measure oxygen usage by the brain in a magnetic field is: A. NIRS B. EEG C. fMRI D. X-ray

C. fMRI

Generally, motor deprivation leads to: A. no consequences whatsoever B. few consequences even if severe C. few consequences unless severe D. many consequences even if not severe

C. few consequences unless severe

External validity is whether the findings are: A. actually due to the experimenter's manipulation B. actually due to the participant's manipulation C. generalizable from the lab to the world D. generalizable from the world to the lab

C. generalizable from the lab to the world

You want to study number concepts in infants. Your best choice of research methods would be to: A. ask infants about their understanding of numbers and if they can count B. present an infant with 3 red and 3 green blocks and record which she reaches for C. habituate an infant to 3 blocks, and see if dishabituation occurs when you show 1 block D. dishabituate an infant to 1 block, and then see if she is upset when you take it away

C. habituate an infant to 3 blocks, and see if dishabituation occurs when you show 1 block

Piaget's theory suggests that development occurs: A. sequentially, but at different rates in children across the world B. in various orders of stages depending on the child's needs C. in an invariant and universal sequence D. simultaneously across all the stages, but earlier stages are mastered first because they take less time

C. in an invariant and universal sequence

Grant, a 16-month-old, is participating in the Strange Situation with his mother. Grant melts down when his mother leaves and sobs uncontrollably. When his mother returns, Grant runs to be with her but appears quite angry. Grant would most likely be classified as demonstrating a(n): A. disorganized attachment B. insecure/avoidant attachment C. insecure/resistant attachment D. secure attachment

C. insecure/resistant attachment

Who would claim that right from the start, infants have specialized abilities to link up inputs from multiple senses to create integrated mental representations of objects? A. empiricists B. environmentalists C. nativists D. naturalists

C. nativists

In the human embryo, structures vaguely resembling gills emerge early but transform into facial muscles, middle ear bones, and other structures. This seems to support which hypothesis? A. cephalocaudal development recapitulates proximodistal development B. phylogeny recapitulates ontogeny C. ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny D. proximodistal development recapitulates cephalocaudal development

C. ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

Which brain structure is likely to be the last to develop? A. basal ganglia B. medulla C. prefrontal cortex D. somatosensory cortex

C. prefrontal cortex

A monkey is put in a cage with two surrogate mothers: a wire-frame mother, which supplied milk, and a terry-cloth mother, which supplied no nutrition. The monkey will likely: A. ignore both of the surrogate mothers B. spend more time with the wire-frame mother C. spend more time with the terry-cloth mother D. spend equal amounts of time with both surrogate mothers

C. spend more time with the terry-cloth mother

During which period of prenatal development does the heart begin to beat? A. the second trimester B. the period of the zygote C. the period of the embryo D. the third trimester

C. the period of the embryo

After you've been running on a treadmill for 30 minutes, you complete your workout and get off of it. Suddenly, you feel like you're walking forward quickly. This effect, in part, is caused by having disrupted your: A. mirror neurons B. passive input C. visual flow fields D. affordances

C. visual flow fields

When you provide an infant with an enriched environment that includes things like a floor with varying textures and inclines, you are providing: A. conditioned stimuli B. visual flow C. imprints D. affordances

D. affordances

Mia has just moved into the next stage of Piagetian development. Based on this, you can expect that her thinking and abilities: A. about how objects, social agents, and scientific reasoning work will change B. about how to understand and use hypothetico-deductive reasoning will change C. will change across all domains simultaneously D. will change slowly across one domain at a time

C. will change across all domains simultaneously

Schemes

Child's knowledge, representations, and ways of interacting with the world.

Spatial relations that reference where things are relative to landmarks are considered: A. schematic B. thematic C. egocentric D. allocentric

D. allocentric

When is separation distress first evident? A. at birth B. 3 months C. 6 months D. 8 months

D. 8 months

hich statement best accounts for preferences for "average" faces? A. Preferences for average faces represent specific cultural norms of attractiveness. B. Average faces are promoted in beauty magazines. C. Average faces are likely to more closely resemble the mother's face. D. Average faces signify health and better chances of producing healthy offspring.

D. Average faces signify health and better chances of producing healthy offspring.

In order to protect children's rights when they participate in research, studies usually are approved by a university's: A. MRI B. NIRS C. EEG D. IRB

D. IRB

Which statement would support a nativist's interpretation of the development of categorization and the understanding of objects? A. Infants have learned categories for objects through experience. B. Infants have many experiences with objects refining their categories. C. Infants have strengthened associations between categories and their properties. D. Infants have predetermined biases to think about categories.

D. Infants have predetermined biases to think about categories.

All of the following are common challenges associated with scientists using the preferential looking method EXCEPT: A. Parents may unknowingly influence infant looking. B. Researchers may unknowingly bias recordings if they know which picture infants are viewing. C. Stimuli must be carefully standardized. D. Infants may demonstrate an overwhelming preference for one of the stimuli.

D. Infants may demonstrate an overwhelming preference for one of the stimuli.

__________ involves registering sensory information as it is initially taken in. A. Interpretation B. Perception C. Reflection D. Sensation

D. Sensation

What does a heritability of .9 for height mean? A. Ninety percent of a specific person's height is caused by her genes. B. Ninety percent of a specific person's height is caused by her environment. C. Ninety percent of a specific person's height is caused by the interaction of her genes and environment. D. The differences in height across the whole population are 90 percent attributable to genetic variations between that population's members.

D. The differences in height across the whole population are 90 percent attributable to genetic variations between that population's members.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Attachment research is unique in that it has long considered the importance of father-infant relationships. B. Attachment research has completely ignored fathers as the bond with the mother is viewed as most important. C. Mothers are biologically better tuned to be sensitive to their infant's cries. D. There is great cross-cultural variation in the level of father involvement with their children.

D. There is great cross-cultural variation in the level of father involvement with their children.

An important concept involved in understanding whether infants understand causal relationships is called spatial contiguity. This means, for example, that causal relationships can occur because: A. block "A" starts to move and stops, then block "B" moves B. block "A" moves at the same time as block "B" C. block "A" moves some time after block "B" has moved D. block "A" hits block "B" causing it to move

D. block "A" hits block "B" causing it to move

An advantage near-infrared spectroscopy has over other methods of imaging for infants is that it: A. scans at the molecular level B. does not involve headgear or equipment on the infant C. examines oxygen levels of blood in the brain D. can tolerate significant head movements

D. can tolerate significant head movements

A team of researchers examined children who had been in institutions in Russia, in which the facility was very clean and the staff worked to meet the children's physical needs, but children did not receive much close care and support. These researchers found that the children in these institutions: A. demonstrated no cognitive or social problems B. demonstrated only cognitive problems C. demonstrated only social problems D. demonstrated both cognitive and social problems

D. demonstrated both cognitive and social problems

According to Piaget's theory, children experience a very different world than adults; this is partially because children: A. need to "unlock" particular stages of cognitive development B. cannot grasp the complexities of their internal world and cognition C. are working to manage their understanding of the external world D. do not understand there is an external world separate from themselves

D. do not understand there is an external world separate from themselves

If 14-month-old Anna plays with a remote control first by treating it like a phone, but then by understanding it is different from a phone and points it at the TV, she has engaged in: A. assimilation B. accommodation C. primary circular reaction D. equilibration

D. equilibration

The degree to which the findings from a laboratory study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable reflects the study's: A. reliability B. ecological validity C. external validity D. internal validity

D. internal validity

Compared to many other species, human newborns are born: A. more physically developed but more helpless B. less physically developed but less helpless C. more physically developed and less helpless D. less physically developed and more helpless

D. less physically developed and more helpless

Studies that have examined the use and understanding of number (such as Izard et al., 2009) by using visual and acoustic information have found: A. infants under 1 year cannot process the competing forms of information simultaneously B. infants must be at least 6 months of age to understand visual and acoustic number C. newborn infants cannot recognize the difference between numbers because of poor vision D. newborn infants can recognize the difference between numbers like 4 and 12

D. newborn infants can recognize the difference between numbers like 4 and 12

By approximately 12 months, an infant's perceptual-motor development has advanced such that she can do all of the following EXCEPT: A. coordinate her reaching to touch an object she sees B. move her arms toward an object C. reach behind herself when she spots an object behind her D. quickly stand and walk over to an object located across the room

D. quickly stand and walk over to an object located across the room

Eight-year-old Judy was brought to Dr. Jones's clinical psychology practice by her parents for an assessment of her phobia of the dark. Dr. Jones decides to assess Judy's fear by giving her a widely recognized IQ test that has established consistency using test-retest methods. Dr. Jones's choice of assessment in this instance would be: A. valid B. valid and reliable C. valid, but not reliable D. reliable, but not valid

D. reliable, but not valid

Physicians routinely examine reflexes in infants because they can: A. be used to estimate the infant's future athletic abilities B. be used to estimate the infant's future adult motor skills C. reliably inform physicians about attachment problems D. reliably inform physicians about nervous system problems

D. reliably inform physicians about nervous system problems

When held, baby Jamal moves his head toward the side of his face that is stroked. Jamal is exhibiting the: A. Moro reflex B. stepping reflex C. patellar reflex D. rooting reflex

D. rooting reflex

If an owl younger than 60 days of age has one ear plugged, it will adapt and adjust the localization system. If the owl is still young when the earplug is removed, it will initially localize incorrectly but then gradually readjust. This is an example of a(n): A. acute period B. critical period C. resilient period D. sensitive period

D. sensitive period

Once infants understand how social agents and inanimate objects move, they have an expectation that: A. inanimate objects can move on their own B. social agents must be acted upon to move C. inanimate objects can move on their own; social agents must be acted upon D. social agents can move on their own; inanimate objects must be acted upon

D. social agents can move on their own; inanimate objects must be acted upon

Certain cells might first differentiate into three general groups: cells that can form muscles, organs, or bones. At first the cells in the muscle group can become any kind of muscle but later they specialize to form particular parts of specific muscles. This illustrates: A. plasticity B. cellular narrowing C. neurulation D. successive differentiation

D. successive differentiation

Researchers found that the cortisol levels in children in Romanian orphanages: A. were similar to children raised by their biological parents B. did not peak at all but remained low all day long C. tended to peak earlier in the morning than in normal children D. tended to peak midday as opposed to peaking early in the morning as in normal children

D. tended to peak midday as opposed to peaking early in the morning as in normal child

If a child is said to be in the preoperational stage of development, this means she is able to: A. think quasi-logically about objects in front of her, but cannot use mental operations B. apply quasi-logical thinking to objects she has in front of her C. think abstractly and logically about hypothetical ideas D. use symbols and engage in mental representation, but not think abstractly

D. use symbols and engage in mental representation, but not think abstractly

An observational study is one in which children are: A. randomized to treatment and control groups B. assigned to an experimental and an observational group C. interviewed about what they remember from a video clip D. watched in their natural environments and data is collected

D. watched in their natural environments and data is collected

Perceptual-motor development cyclical:

Development of the ability to guide voluntary action on the basis of perceived stimuli Cyclical: see something, react, perceive your own reaction, and adjust your own performance

Myelination what does it do

Enclosing the axon in fatty "insulating" material -speeds the conduction of nerve impulse

fetal alcohol syndrome involves a. microcephaly b. distortion of facial features c. developmental delays and disability d. behavioral disorders e. maternal alcohol abuse f. all of the above

F

to what extent do infants perceive color

Infants perceive and categorize color in ways very similar to adults. Categorical perception.... Clear distinctions

What are reflexes?

Innate equipment for responding

What is intermodal perception?

Integrating information from 2 or more senses: categorize objects with sucking, touch and vision

What cues can infants use to infer object unity? Common fate/common motion- ?

Knowledge of that particular object (example: I know humans tend to be complete, not just heads and legs) Tendency to always infer unity; edge alignment Common fate/common motion- elements that move together are likely to be perceived as part of the same object

behavioral genetics researchers use ____ to see the extent to which variations in phenotye are related to variations in genotype

MZ and DZ twins

_______generates gametes (egg and sperm) and_____ results in cell proliferation

Meiosis, mitosis

Dynamic cues -looming: -motion parralax: ^^what age do they appear

Most active when either the observer or the observed objects are moving, and they work equally well when seen with just one eye or both eyes. Looming: the perception that a rapidly expanding object is moving closer (1 month) Motion Parallax: tracks the different ways that near objects and far objects appear to move relative to the motion of the eye (3.5 month)

Migration

New nerve cells are born in the center of the brain and move outward Mostly happens prenatally

Results: Held and Hein CONCLUSION

Only the active kitten responded normally. passive Kittens DID recover with normal experience *******CONCLUSION: Motor activity needs to be paired with visual input in order for typical visual-motor integration to occur.

Proliferation

Prenatally, new neurons are created (neurogenesis) Some produced after birth

Adaptation process

Relates schemes and experiences in the world

Binocular Cues: -binocular parralax- come at how many months? -convergence- how many months old? -stereopsis

Rely on subtle differences between the two eyes to gauge how far away an object is Binocular Parallax: refers to the slight disparity between the 2 eye's views of any object (4 months) Convergence: Relies on the way the two eyes move- becoming increasingly cross-eyed in order to focus on closer and closer objects (5-8 months) Stereopsis: Involves fusing two images into one image with depth, critical period

Amnion and placenta: Layers of the blastocyst

Support systems

Connections become more efficient by 3

Synaptic pruning, glial cells called astrocytes play a role Sometimes via apoptosis

Visual acuity:

The sharpness of vision based on the ability to see contrasts in the world that represent lines, shapes and shadows

The speed of within-brain communication _____ over development

The speed of within-brain communication increases over development Between birth and adulthood, some elements of within-brain communication can increase 100x

polygenic

a single trait is affected by multiple genes

Thelen proposed that the apparent disappearance of the step reflex results from a. Babies' legs getting heavier faster than leg muscles get stronger b. maturation of the frontal lobe c. disappearance of the spinal reflex arc d. all of the above

a. Babies' legs getting heavier faster than leg muscles get stronger

If Baillargeon and other researchers are correct that object permanence is available early, then Piaget's results in the hidden object tests a. Reflect limitations in infants' performance abilities rather than understanding of object properties b. Probably cannot be replicated by modern researchers c. May reflect lower ability among Swiss infants than North American infants

a. Reflect limitations in infants' performance abilities rather than understanding of object properties

according to Piaget, infants develop an understanding of object permanence during a. Stage 3 of the sensorimotor period b. the preoperational period c. substage 5 of the sensorimotor period d. the prenatal period

a. Stage 3 of the sensorimotor period

Piaget explained the A-not-B error in terms of a. incomplete understanding of object permanence b. immature working memory capacity c. low inhibitory control d. misunderstanding of the situation e. all of the above

a. incomplete understanding of object permanence

at 3 months of age, infants have good visual acuity a. for low spatial information b. for high spatial information c. comparable to that of an adult

a. low

the mechanisms of developmental change often involve: feed-back loops bw the infant and the environment in which

an experience causes a change in the infants state which in turn influences how the infants new experiences are processed

-moro reflex:

arms move to side when baby is unsupported

Equilibration:

assimilation and accommodation working together to enrich the child's worldview

Normal variation in rodent's maternal behavior a. has no effect of their pups b. causes variation in the pup's stress response c. causes genetic changes in the pups

b

Anne's 9-month old baby cries when Anne leaves her with a new sitter. This behavior a. indicates anxiety and insecurity b. is developmentally appropriate

b.

visual flow refers to a. the integration of visual and motor perception b. the stream of visual perception as one moves through the environment c. both a and b

b.

Jena's baby is six months old. She fails to search for a toy that is covered, even though it was hidden right in front of her a. Jena's baby must not be a smart baby b. Jena's baby is a typical 6 mo c. Jena's baby probably failed to search because she has very weak arm muscles d. Jena's baby probably failed to search because she was not paying attention

b. Jena's baby is a typical 6 mo

Comparative research on object concepts reveals that a. puppies are smarter than human infants b. Piaget's interpretations of failure at the tasks were largely incorrect

b. Piaget's interpretations of failure at the tasks were largely incorrect

studies of infant visual acuity indicate that a. neonates are most sensitive to high frequency spatial information b. The brain responds to higher spatial frequencies than behavioral measures of acuity indicate c. young infants have limited color vision d. all of the above

b. The brain responds to higher spatial frequencies than behavioral measures of acuity indicate

attachment theory was first advanced by a. freud b. bowlby c. skinner d. ainsworth

b. bowlby

Cross-fostering studies of pups of high licking and grooming and arch-back nursing (LGABN) rat moms and those of low LGABN rat moms demonstrated that maternal care a. affects rate of growth but not behavior in pups b. changes the brains and behavior of pups c. transmitted genetically not behaviorally d. none of the above

b. changes the brains and behavior of pups

the ____ period lasts from week 2 of pregnancy through week ___ a. germinal; 8 b. embryonic; 8 c. fetal; 38 d. premature; 36

b. embryonic; 8

Kellman & Spelke's results indicate that infants' behavior is consistent with use of ____ for object perception a. good detectors b. good continuation and common fate c. gnostic cells in the occipito-temporal corect

b. good continuation and common fate

exposure to teratogens is most damaging during the embryonic period because a. the embryo is smallest then b. organ systems are forming then

b. organ systems are forming then

Properties infants are most likely to use to categorize objects include a. color, size, shape b. shape, self-propelled movement c. surface texture, sound

b. shape, self-propelled movement

Epigenetic changes influence a. alleles an individual transmits to offspring b. the expression of genes c. genotype of the individual

b. the expression of genes

-stepping reflex:

baby will walk when lowered on surface supports development of the rhythmic alternation of the limbs for walking

Dishabituation:

critical second period of habituation. By introducing a second panel and watching to see whether the infant dishabituates, renewed interest in response to the new panel. *******Measure looking time

According to Piaget, the important developmental changes occurring in the sensorimotor stage include a. developing understanding of object constancy b. developing symbolic thinking and language c. developing pretend play and imitation d. all of the above

d.

Epigenetic changes that affect an individual organism's phenotype can take place a. before conception in either parent b. during gestation c. in post-natal life of the individual d. all of the above

d. all

Piaget's theory of development, as he thought of it, can be described as a. applying to all areas of infant development b. a stage theory of development c. culturally universal d. all of the above

d. all

In the "still face" scenario, the infant's display of distress a. Reflects an expectation of responsiveness b. Often alternates with bids for re-engagement c. May vary depending on the infant's experience with the inexpressive person d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Spitz found that institutional neglect a. impaired motor development b. impaired cognitive development c. impaired infant's overall health d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Wynn's experiments with 5 month old infants suggest a. An early understanding of differences in low numbers b. An early understanding of principles of addition c. An early understanding of principles of subtraction d. all of the above

d. all of the above

one reason suggested for infants' failure at the A not B task is a. It requires inhibition of a learned response b. It requires maintaining the location of the hidden object in memory c. It exceeds the capacity of infant working memory d. all of the above

d. all of the above

which brain structure is functional earlier in prenatal development a. frontal cortex b. parietal cortex c. amygdala d. brainstem

d. brain stem

infants resist crawling over the solid surfaces of the "deep side" of the visual cliff when a. toys used as enticements are familiar b. monocular cues indicate its apparent depth c. the toys used as enticements are novel d. dynamic cues indicate its apparent depth

d. dynamic cues indicate its apparent depth

Compared to adults, very young infants a. have poor color vision b. distinguish among all of the colors that adults typically do c. mostly see contours rather than colors d. perceive hue in a similar fashion

d. perceive hue in a similar fashion

Depth perception depends on three types of cues

dynamic, binocular, and pictoral

Bowlby and Ainsworth's attachment theory was influenced by a. ethology b. Ainsworth's cross-cultural observations c. Bowlby's and other's clinical work d. Harlow's experimental work e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Psychoanalytic and learning theories emphasized ___________ as the sources of infants' attachment to mothers a. pleasure b. feeding c. comfort d. reinforcement e. all of the above

e. all of the above

what do genes do? a. essential from one generation to the next b. code for the construction of proteins c. the timing of expression of other genes d. control the expression of other genes e. all of the above

e. all of the above

The Hein and Held experiment with yoked kittens demonstrated that a. The maturational account of locomotion is correct b. Typical maturation of visually guided movement depends on typical experience c. The sensitive period for development of visually guided movement is relatively long in kittens d. all of the above e. only B and C

e. only B and C

Synaptogenesis:

elaboration of connections wherein new synapses are formed between neurons.

the end of the growing axon has a growth cone which

enables it to push its way through other tissues and track chmical signals tha ttell it in which directions to move

Parents' occasional failures of responsiveness to infants and toddlers a. cause a stress response in the child b. May help the child develop self-regulating skills c. May help the child learn to tolerate mild distress d. are harmful to infants and toddlers e. all of the above f. only 1, 2, and 3

f. only 1, 2, and 3

prereaching

failed attempts to touch objects

early handedness conclusion

handedness biases that are influenced by genetic factors can be found at 18 months of age, at which point more closely genetically related infants show high correlations in use of the same hand in a reaching task

Laurel has inherited alleles for brown eyes from both of her parents. She is said to be ___ for this trait

homozygous

-perceptual narrowing:

infants increase their processing ability and precision in a narrow category, but often at the expense of processing outside that category (ex: same race)

neurulation when does this occur

initial brain formation 4th week after conception

Assimilation:

interprets new experience in terms of existing schemes

HABITUATION method

purposely creates this boredom as a way to create a preference for a new stimulus

-patellar reflex:

knee jerk -essential for maintaining balance and posture

Implicit cognition:

knowledge that you have and use but may not be able to describe in words

Left hemisphere:

language-dominant, language-based categories acquired throughout development, usually dominates right-hemisphere color representations

Right hemisphere:

language-free, present from infancy

Embryonic: WEEKS?

large changes in body structure, large changes in size, cells are differentiation, weeks 2-8

Mesoderm: Layers of the blastocyst

middle layer, muscle (smooth, striated, heart) bone, some organs

grasp reflex:

newborn's grab onto anything in their hand

-rooting reflex:

newborn's mouth moves toward brush on cheek -helps newborn "home in" on his mother's nipples and is widely shared among mammals

Researchers find that there is a significant correlation between parental divorce and adolescent daughters of divorced parents having academic difficulty. Can researchers conclude this is a causal relationship? a. yes b. no

no

apoptosis

programmed cell death

Epigenetic changes are a source

of phenotypic variation, within the individual

pleiotrophic

one gene affects many traits

Ectoderm: Layers of the blastocyst

outer layer of inner cell mass. Differentiates into skin and precursors of the nervous system

The______ or______ cues to depth are the last to develop

pictoral, monocular

affordances

possibilities for action based on the properties of the objects or surfaces on which the action will be performed

Empiricist position -

powerful domain general learning mechanisms enable the infant to rapidly learn to perceive the world in a coherent way

brain development is dramatic during the ___ period

prenatal

The optokinetic nystagmus method relies on a _____ _______

reflex response a way of testing acuity, the jumping of the eyes as they track a continuous succession of objects that stream by, such as watching telephone poles on a moving train. Measures the jumping of the eye when watching a series of objects

Nativist position -

some perceptual abilities are inborn or innate (perhaps in an immature skeletal form, but present at birth Also called "core-knowledge" theory Domain specific mechanisms

astigmatism how does this drive development?

stimuli at different orientations are perceived with different levels of acuity -infants have a much more dramatic astigmatism than 1 year olds

neuron communication happens at

synapses

compensation plasticity

the capacity for an area of the brain that is deprived of its normal inputs and processing routines to become devoted to other functions instead

cell proliferation:

the process that results in an increase of the number of cells, and is defined by the balance between cell divisions and cell loss through cell death or differentiation

Critical periods:

time periods in which specific experiences are necessary for typical development to occur.

Neural pathways get

trimmed (to only the essential/used ones) over development

Eye growth is determined by visual input

visual input

Fetal: weeks.... characterized by (2) 22 weeks- 28-

weeks 9-birth, characterized by heartbeat and facial features, -by 22 weeks; some can survive with neonatal intensive care, -by 28 weeks; fully developed lungs

Habituation:

when the infant seems completely bored with the panel, so that she hardly looks at it when presented. Same image over and over again until the baby habituates