Infant and Child Development Exam 1

Maternal malnourishment may lead to fetal growth retardation and low birth weight due to an increased metabolism of the mother, leading to increased metabolism in the fetus. isolating effects that lead to unsanitary living conditions and poverty. "starvation" signals to the fetus that food is likely to be scarce in the future. the likelihood that malnourishment is accompanied by drug or alcohol use. an increase in fetal movements, leading to a higher metabolism.

"starvation" signals to the fetus that food is likely to be scarce in the future.

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development is best characterized by which example? - A child figures out how to correctly spell a four-syllable word alone. - A child is unable to understand a new mathematical concept regardless of the teacher's help. - Children that have reached the formal operational stage have outgrown limits in their zone of proximal development. - A child counts to five, but the teacher helps the child count a few more numbers to 10. - A parent tests a child's zone of proximal development by asking his/her child to calculate 2 + 2 quickly.

A child counts to five, but the teacher helps the child count a few more numbers to 10.

Which is proof that regions of the brain specialized for experience-expectant plasticity are not necessarily locked into their "expected" paths of development? A deaf child's auditory processing areas become specialized for visual processing. A young child's cerebral cortex decreases in white matter, compensating for lack of auditory stimuli. A deaf child's cerebral cortex increases in gray matter, compensating for lack of auditory stimuli. Specialized brain stimulation programs mimic auditory stimuli, prompting growth of auditory processing areas. An older child's hindbrain takes over many of the tasks once attributed to the cerebral cortex.

A deaf child's auditory processing areas become specialized for visual processing.

Policies and programs are developed to improve and enhance the lives of families and children. Which national program discussed in the book has been implemented to benefit children's learning? - A library reading program that encourages children to explore many books - A social-media program that encourages acculturation at a young age - An after-school program that has not changed learning objectives since the 1970s - A school performance program that begins during middle school A daycare program that focuses on a Rousseau learning curriculum

A library reading program that encourages children to explore many books

A child is confronted by an unfamiliar barking dog. The child's heart starts to race as he runs away. Which part of the brain helps prepare for this response to a fearful situation? Amygdala Right hemisphere Thalamus Forebrain Temporal lobe

Amygdala

Which is an example of a developmental cascade? Auditory experiences lead to post-birth recognition of faces and shapes. Small-for-date infants sleep more during the first postnatal week. As the fetus moves, it generates feedback that leads to improved motor coordination, which is important for later motor development. Maternal anxiety relates to maternal depression during pregnancy. Infants who heard a recording of a made-up words during the last trimester of pregnancy do not recognize the made-up words postnatally.

As the fetus moves, it generates feedback that leads to improved motor coordination, which is important for later motor development.

In 2013, the U.S. government launched the _______ to encourage scientific discovery of new tools and methods to study the brain. Brain-Based Project BRAIN initiative Frontiers of Science Foundation Neurological Society of America Brain Balance Study

BRAIN initiative

_______ appear(s) to adjust in line with human experience and can serve to accelerate or delay the opening of a sensitive period. Canalization Critical periods Experience-expectant brain growth Neurogenesis Brain plasticity

Brain plasticity

As an infant, Sarah began to hold her head up before she was able to balance her torso. Developing the ability to hold her head up before developing the ability to balance her torso is a demonstration of what principle of growth? Embryonic disk growth Proximodistal development Cell specialization Cephalocaudal development Spinal cord development

Cephalocaudal development

Which has not been proposed as a likely reason for the relatively high infant mortality rates in the United States? All of the above Country-level differences in definitions of what constitutes a live birth B and C Changes in access to health care, clean water, and nutrition over the twentieth century Disproportionate conditions of poverty in certain ethnic and racial groups in the United States

Changes in access to health care, clean water, and nutrition over the twentieth century

Which theorist claimed that children have an innate ability to rapidly acquire language? Vygotsky Piaget Chomsky Bandura Brahms

Chomsky

Mai and Clifton are both sitting upright on an experimenter's lap and are presented with an interesting toy that is slightly beyond their reach. Although Clifton attempts to lean forward to grab the object, Mai does not, knowing it is too far away. Based on your knowledge of the development of reaching, you could conclude that both infants are younger than 4 months of age. Mai is likely younger than Clifton. Clifton is likely younger than Mai. both infants are older than 8 months old. their ages cannot be determined from the information provided.

Clifton is likely younger than Mai.

Lilly and Max are dizygotic twins. A doctor once explained to their parents that Max has a higher chance of inheriting color blindness than Lilly. Why would that be? Color blindness is only passed on to males through their father. Color blindness only affects males as it is associated with a dominant gene on the Y chromosome. Color blindness is dominant and dominant genes affect males more than females. Color blindness is a sex-linked trait associated with the X chromosome. Color blindness is only passed on to males through their mother.

Color blindness is a sex-linked trait associated with the X chromosome.

Reya is 30 months old. During art class, she has crayons, a sheet of regular paper, and a sheet of paper that is covered in plastic and wet. What is she likely to do? Spend a lot of time figuring out whether to color the paper or the wet plastic surface before doing anything Attempt to color the wet plastic surface to create something different Be more interested in banging the brushes than painting Color the paper because the surface allows the colors to show but the wet plastic does not Not color either surface because holding crayons is difficult at this age

Color the paper because the surface allows the colors to show but the wet plastic does not

_______is (are) characteristic of the first stage of labor, while _______ is (are) characteristic of the second stage of labor. Labor pains; contractions Contractions; labor pains Labor pains; pushing Pushing; contractions Contractions; pushing

Contractions; pushing

Which approach would limit the generalizability of study findings to the population of interest? Longitudinal designs Discovery-based science Experimental research Predefined variables Convenience sampling

Convenience sampling

A researcher wishes to study the electrical brain activity of infants as they process stimuli. They are likely to use which technology to record the electrical activity in the surface of infants' brains? PET fMRI EEG EKG MRI

EEG

What surrounds and protects neurons, and influences communication among neurons by helping in the formation and strengthening of synapses? Dendrites Myelin Glial cells Suppressed neurons Cell bodies

Glial cells

In a series of studies, Vouloumanos and Werker (2004) examined speech sound preferences in infants. Which of following results would be consistent with their conclusion that preference for speech begins before a baby is even born? Newborn infants showed no preference in listening to human or monkey vocalizations. The finding that preference for speech sounds begins after 2 months of age. By one month of age, infants retain a preference for animal over human sounds. By 3 months of age, infants show clear preference for human over non-human vocalizations. Infants as young as 4 days old already showed a preference for speech over nonspeech sounds.

Infants as young as 4 days old already showed a preference for speech over nonspeech sounds.

Which of the following examples would support Myrtle McGraw's conclusion of how early environmental experiences contribute to infant motor development? Infants who are well nourished during the first year of life show greater motor skills abilities than malnourished infants. Intervention in motor skill development in one area of functioning (e.g., reaching) will spill over to other areas of motor development (e.g., walking). Substantial early interventions into infant motor skills will overstress mental capacities, resulting in delays in reaching future milestones. Early infant experiences result in superior motor skills abilities, provided that they are maintained past childhood. Lucy's swimming lessons as a young child would likely result in her experiencing greater coordination in such skills throughout her life.

Lucy's swimming lessons as a young child would likely result in her experiencing greater coordination in such skills throughout her life.

How do we know that infants remember the sounds that they heard prenatally? Mothers read passages from Dr. Seuss's The Cat in the Hat during pregnancy, and after birth their babies increased their sucking rate to the passages. Researchers repeatedly played music to newborns and then observed that newborns who heard music responded differently than those who have not heard music. When young children were asked to recall the sounds they heard prenatally, they mainly described hearing their mother's voice. Scientists have used microphones to record intrauterine fetal environment and picked up maternal sounds, such as the mother's voice. After only a few days, newborn infants learn to attend to their mother's voice more than their fathers' voice.

Mothers read passages from Dr. Seuss's The Cat in the Hat during pregnancy, and after birth their babies increased their sucking rate to the passages.

Bridget and Theo are parents of an infant. A friend encourages them to buy a learning system for their infant, citing the "use it or lose it" concept of maintaining existing neural connections. Is this the best advice? No, pruning away excess neurons will improve the child's neural communication. No, synaptogenesis must be allowed to occur naturally without a structured environment. Yes, infants crave stimulation, and this is the critical period for brain growth. Yes, infants have billions of neurons and now is the time to maintain them. Yes, early brain growth leads to better synaptic connections later in childhood.

No, pruning away excess neurons will improve the child's neural communication.

Molly and her mother are playing with several different size balls in their living room. With the small balls, Molly has learned how to grasp them in her hands and throw them back towards her mother. With the larger balls however, when Molly attempts to grasp them, as she touches and tries to hold them, she finds it is too difficult to do. As a result, she switches to rolling them back and forth. Which concept explains Molly's behavior? Perception-action feedback loop Shape constancy Maturation Perceptual accommodation Habituation and recovery

Perception-action feedback loop

Jess was born with cataracts in both eyes. Considering brain-expectant plasticity, which is the best course of action? Take no action until Jess is at least 5 years of age. The brain is highly adaptive and no significant impact to the brain will occur. Remove the cataracts after age 3 years and provide specialized brain exercises to improve functioning. Take no action, as the brain will adapt to the cataracts and can disrupt the specialized fine-tuning of neural connections. Remove the cataracts during infancy, as removing them after infancy increases the chance of visual impairments. Take action at 2 to 3 years of age, after monitoring the effect of the cataracts on vision over time, but before preschool begins.

Remove the cataracts during infancy, as removing them after infancy increases the chance of visual impairments.

Robyn and Marlene climbed the neighbors' fence to use their trampoline. Robyn's mom got angry and put Robyn on a timeout before giving a chore to Robyn. Marlene saw Robyn get scolded and punished and never climbed the fence again. Why? - She realized her cognitive functioning is more advanced than Robyn's (formal operational). - She fears punishment more than the reward of fun (negative reinforcement). - She never got the chance (reciprocal determinism). - She observed Robyn is more capable of climbing than she is (limited physical abilities). - She saw what could happen to her (vicarious reinforcement learning).

She saw what could happen to her (vicarious reinforcement learning).

What might be an outcome of an infant being exposed to heroin prenatally? Microencephaly. Fetal drug syndrome. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Acquired immune deficiency. Downs syndrome.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

An inherited metabolic disorder passed from parent to child that destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord and leads to death in childhood is called fetal alcohol syndrome. spina bifida. Tay-Sachs disease. microcephaly. anencephaly.

Tay-Sachs disease.

A boy brings a doll everywhere he goes. He sees other boys playing with blocks and never dolls. The boy puts his doll away and joins the other boys. According to Bandura, the boy did this because the boy will slowly introduce his doll to the other boys. social learning theory states children will learn by watching other children. The boy learned that other boys prefer playing with blocks to dolls and chose to do the same. social learning theory emphasizes children get jealous at this age. the boy only cares about fitting in with others.

The boy learned that other boys prefer playing with blocks to dolls and chose to do the same.

Infants were initially habituated to the category "vehicles" by being shown images of different cars and trucks. Following this, they were shown a picture of a school bus next to a picture of an apple. Based on your knowledge of how infants form categories for different objects, which of the following statements would best illustrate how infants would respond? They would look less at the school bus compared to the apple, having grouped the bus as a type of vehicle. They would look more at the school bus relative to the apple because they would recognize it as being part of the vehicle category. They would look less at the school bus relative to the apple because it does not look like the cars and trucks they encountered before. They would look less at the school bus compared to the apple, because they have more experiences with apples than unfamiliar school buses. They would look more at the school bus relative to the apple because it does not look like the cars and trucks they had seen before.

They would look less at the school bus compared to the apple, having grouped the bus as a type of vehicle.

Six-year-old Maya was involved in a car accident. The doctors mentioned that Maya has some swelling of her occipital lobe. Which of these might be affected with an injury to this part of the brain? Motor control Memory Attention Vision Smell and taste

Vision

Early philosopher John Locke viewed children as a tabula rasa, meaning they were a blank slate inherently damned. benevolent. small adults. inherently good.

a blank slate

At age 6, Karen entered school and had difficulty learning to read. At age 8, she concluded she was not smart enough to learn as easily as her classmates did. At age 14 she decided she would leave school as soon as she turned 16. This demonstrates a. a negative developmental cascade over time b. a developmental cascade over multiple domains c. a negative feedback loop d. a positive feedback loop

a negative developmental cascade over time

Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized in children by an inability to develop mutual eye gaze. malformed limbs, such as stumps for arms or legs. a small forehead, short nose, and thin upper lip. an inability to develop visual acuity until age 1. an inability to process protein, resulting in hair loss.

a small forehead, short nose, and thin upper lip.

In contrast to cultural practices of sleep in the United States, the Kipsigi community in rural Kenya practice encouraging infants to sleep many hours at night in a single stretch, by parents working to keep infants awake during the day. an "attachment" approach to achieve infant self-sleeping. a method in which infants sleep in a separate room from birth to gain independence on a path to early help with chores. allow infants to take many naps and wake several times throughout the night to nurse on demand. a method called CIO (cry it out) in which they ignore infants' cries.

allow infants to take many naps and wake several times throughout the night to nurse on demand.

According to the Gestalt theory of perception, infants' perceptual skills would result in an adultlike capacity to organize visual stimuli into meaningful patterns. preferences for matching colorful objects. marked distress when viewing an array of new visual stimuli because it would overwhelm the senses. a strong preference for focusing on objects that are dynamic, rather than static in nature. initial difficulty in being able to visually separate objects from their surrounding environment.

an adultlike capacity to organize visual stimuli into meaningful patterns.

Downs Syndrome is an example of a developmental disorder caused by careless use of birth control maternal alcohol abuse aneuploidy, or an error in the number of chromosomes maternal drug use

aneuploidy, or an error in the number of chromosomes

Four-month-old Emile watches as a researcher rolls a ball down a plank, through a colorful tunnel. Although he can smoothly track the progress of the ball's movement down the track, he doesn't look to the other side of the tunnel until the ball pops out. On the other hand, 7-month-old Bella anticipates its appearance after entering the tunnel and shifts her eyes to the end of the tunnel before the ball appears. Compared to Emile, Bella shows depth perception. attractiveness effect. anticipatory eye movements. visual saccades. motion parallax.

anticipatory eye movements.

Gesell's work involved documenting the motor abilities and physical growth of infants, including changing skills in prehension, which refers to early walking abilities. voluntary lying down and sitting skills. being able to sit up unaided. evidence of rolling and crawling. approaching, grasping, and releasing objects.

approaching, grasping, and releasing objects.

All of the following muscle groups play a central role in the infant's ability to sit unaided and without supports except the hips. arms. neck. legs. torso.

arms.

Electrical impulses travel from the cell body to _______ where neurotransmitters are released to send signals to other neurons. neurons axon terminals dendrites cell wall glial cells

axon terminals

Makena is a 5-month-old infant born to Kenyan parents who recently immigrated to the United States. Based on your knowledge of the role of cultural norms on motor development in infants, you would predict that Makena will be delayed compared to her same-aged peers in motor milestones related to sitting and standing, provided that her parents continue to embrace Kenyan cultural norms of child-rearing. be ahead of her same-aged peers in some motor milestones related to sitting and standing provided that her parents continue to embrace Kenyan cultural norms of child-rearing. show accelerated achievement of motor milestones such as sitting and standing only if her parents immediately embrace American cultural norms of child-rearing. likely be delayed in reaching motor milestones like sitting and standing because cultural norms in the United States promote slower infant motor skills attainment compared to most other countries. likely reach motor milestones around the same time as her American peers because research has shown that culture has little influence in predicting motor development.

be ahead of her same-aged peers in some motor milestones related to sitting and standing provided that her parents continue to embrace Kenyan cultural norms of child-rearing.

Synaptogenesis begins prenatally and is especially rapid before and after birth. before a child's third birthday. before adolescence. after the first year. after three years of age.

before and after birth.

Much of what is known about experience-dependent plasticity is a result of experimental studies with twins. experimental studies with adopted children and families. correlational studies exclusively in rats. correlational studies of children in various home environments. brain imaging research in large-scale, controlled-experiments.

correlational studies of children in various home environments.

Cruising behavior in infants is functionally similar to _______ behavior because of the heavy reliance on _______. crawling; muscles in the arms walking; leg muscles walking; muscles in the torso crawling; muscles in the torso standing; leg and torso muscles

crawling; muscles in the arms

The primary goal of developmental science is description and understanding of developmental phenomena advice on good parenting policy design educational advice

description and understanding of developmental phenomena

The Barker hypothesis was established as a result of detailed records of women's life histories and pregnancies being combined with national health records to reveal developmental origins of disease. a decrease in infant mortality rates in Britain at the turn of the twentieth century as health conditions in the country improved. health records being used to confirm whether newborns had been exposed to toxins during the prenatal period that led to later Barker syndrome. anincrease in infant mortality rates in Germany at the turn of the twentieth century due to poor conditions associated with World War I. health records being used to confirm whether pregnant mothers had experienced miscarriages.

detailed records of women's life histories and pregnancies being combined with national health records to reveal developmental origins of disease.

Individuals typically maintain a consistent level on a specific measure, such as height, relative to their peers over time. This illustrates developmental continuity developmental onset developmental plasticity developmental stability

developmental stability

Cognitive development, physical development,socio-emotional development, language development are referred to as - different domains of development - different results of development - different contributors to development - different types of development

different domains of development

Regarding brain growth, during the first two years of life, the infant brain grows to roughly the thickness of an adolescent brain. declines slightly in volume. maintains size and thickness. triples its volume. doubles its volume.

doubles its volume.

Champagne and Meaney's study of rat licking provided evidence that genes alter our environment. caregiving is genetically hard-wired into all species. animals and humans have differences in genetic transmission. early experience may alter gene expression. only the strongest genetic traits persist.

early experience may alter gene expression.

Talia is a very active preschooler who loves sports and active play. Her parents recognize her need to be active and choose to enroll her in a few programs at their local YMCA. The parent's reaction to Talia's activity level is an example of epigenetics. systematic effects. evocative effects. proactive limitations. gene-environment matching.

evocative effects.

To accurately track the eye movement of infants, researchers oftentimes use _______, or devices that are built into computer monitors or worn on the participants' head. motion detectors eye-trackers monocular devices perception scanners depth cues

eye-trackers

Yumi was shown a drawing of a bicycle. After habituating to this first image, she was then presented with a second picture of the same bicycle behind a gate, with its front wheel being blocked. Yumi's recognition of the partially perceived bicycle as being identical to the whole image is an indication of the Gestalt concept of size constancy. differential awareness. good continuation. occlusion. grouping effect.

good continuation.

Jackson's mother presented him with a new toy, a colorful rattler. At first, Jackson stared intently at the toy, but after attending to it for a few minutes, he began to look away, and eventually did not show interest in the toy at all. Jackson's behavior would signal that he had did not like the appearance of the toy. became overstimulated by the toy. habituated to the toy. demonstrated visual preference. showed a strong novelty preference.

habituated to the toy.

A pregnant mother who spends more than half of her time sedentary behaviors during pregnancy is more likely to lower the risk of miscarriage. avoid diabetes. avoid the risk of cardiovascular disease. have amacrosomic infant. have a healthy infant who is of average weight.

have amacrosomic infant.

The spread or variability among children in various aspects of development is called a. emergent skills. b. individual differences. c. rates of change. d. developmental onset. e. quantitative change.

individual differences

The ecological theory of perception proposed a significant departure from earlier views on infant perceptual development because the theory emphasized the dependency that infants had on their cultural context to provide important visual cues necessary for proper perceptual development. role of visually complex environments in facilitating perceptual skills. negative impact that environment poverty would have in reducing an infant's ability to correctly develop key cognitive processes. role of direct parent-child interactions in helping children make sense of their visual world. infant's role in piecing together dynamic, visual experiences in their environment in a way that allowed them to make sense of their experiences.

infant's role in piecing together dynamic, visual experiences in their environment in a way that allowed them to make sense of their experiences.

Theory is best defined as a group of hypotheses used to create a set of new ideas. guesses or hunches about observed behaviors in nature. research questions that are tested using case studies. interconnected statements, ideas or principles that explain observable events. working ideas that are developed during data collection phases.

interconnected statements, ideas or principles that explain observable events.

Henry is being fed by his mother. Each time her mouth moves, he hears sounds ("Open wide! This is yummy!") and then feels the cold, smooth texture of the food in his mouth. After each bite of food, he hears the spoon lightly tapping against the applesauce container as his mother prepares another bite of food for him. Henry's integration of these experiences into an understanding of being fed is an example of asynchronous perception. sensory maturation. temporal synchrony. intermodal perception. gustatory perception.

intermodal perception.

The placement of a man's sperm into a woman's uterus using a long, narrow tube, which is sometimes used to address infertility, is referred to as third-party assisted reproduction. in vitro insemination (IVI). fertilized embryonic freezing. in vitro fertilization (IVF). intrauterine insemination (IUI).

intrauterine insemination (IUI).

The use of the ghavora among mothers in Tajikistan contributes to our understanding of the role of culture in influencing motor development because it significantly restricts infant movement when used, and as a result, infants who spend many hours in the gahvora may show delays in certain motor skills based on norms established by the World Health Organization. the ghavora discourages fine motor coordination of the hands, which results in difficulties in writing by young children. its use is consistent with East Asian practices that encourage early standing and walking behavior. its use significantly restricts infant movement, but Tajikistan infants are meeting all motor milestones at the same ages as established by the World Health Organization. it encourages complex motor coordination, which translates into faster achievement of motor milestones compared to other infants of Asian heritage.

it significantly restricts infant movement when used, and as a result, infants who spend many hours in the gahvora may show delays in certain motor skills based on norms established by the World Health Organization.

A(n) _______ has been used to describe the unique components and interactive influence genetic and environmental aspects have on human development. animalistic analogy ladder metaphor computer metaphor evolutionary analogy library metaphor

library metaphor

An experiment that follows the same group of children over a period of time is called a _______ study. correlational cohort sequential cross-sectional microgenetic longitudinal

longitudinal

In class, your professor states that there is a universal pattern of motor development in infants, and that all infants develop motor skills in the same order, regardless of biology or experience. Your professor follows the thinking of Gesell, by strongly endorsing the role of _______ in infant motor development. environment genetics maturation nutrition evolution

maturation

During the embryonic period, cells of the embryo begin to fold into three layers. The layer that contains cells for bone tissue is called the internal layer. outer layer. ectoderm. mesoderm. endoderm.

mesoderm.

By the end of the first year, infants have a distinct _______, which continues to develop until around 3 years of age. gamete genotype phenotype microbiome chromosomal link

microbiome

A condition in which an infant is born with an abnormally small head and brain is called spina bifida. macrosomic infants. microcephaly. anencephaly. fetal alcohol syndrome.

microcephaly.

A researcher has designed a study that will involve obtaining frequent, closely spaced observations of children. This is a _______ study. longitudinal correlational cross-sectional microgenetic cohort sequential

microgenetic

In a study on infant depth cue perception, researchers found that older infants could judge the distances of objects using only one eye, but that younger infants needed both eyes to do so. Older infants are therefore able to rely on _______ cues to gauge distance whereas younger infants need to still rely on _______ cues. depth, motion monocular; binocular motion; binocular depth; shallow monocular; motion

monocular; binocular

Ainsley was looking out the window of her parents' car as they were taking a trip to the beach. To her eyes, it appeared as though the trees and fences nearest to the car went past her very quickly, but the large clouds overhead moved very slowly, a phenomenon known as motion parallax. visual input. depth perception. size constancy. perceptual focus.

motion parallax.

The weeks that precede and follow an infant's birth is known as the zygote period. prelabor period. embryonic period. germinal period. perinatal period.

perinatal period.

Rutter (1981) conducted a study on children from an orphanage: When infants received adequate care in adoptive homes, they became more affectionate, more cheerful. This is an example of instability—difficult environments early on lead to instability during adult life. stable adaptiveness—changing environments is normal and can be positive or negative. stability—infants maintain consistent levels of temperament. continuity of behavior across changing environments. plasticity—infants can adapt and even change in response to improved environments or experiences.

plasticity—infants can adapt and even change in response to improved environments or experiences.

4-month-old Tandy was brought to a research laboratory as part of a study on the music preferences of infants. She was taught to suck on a pacifier to start recordings of different types of music. Based on your knowledge of music preferences in infants, you would expect that Tandy would show preference for human voices over music. prefer to listen to music that she has never heard before, given it is novel. not prefer music that had a clear rhythmic pattern. prefer the music segments to be broken into small, discrete sound bites. prefer music that was structurally consistent with the music typical to her culture.

prefer music that was structurally consistent with the music typical to her culture.

Children who have highly responsive mothers produce two word utterances earlier than average gain weight more rapidly all of the alternatives are correct have larger head circumference than average

produce two word utterances earlier than average

The death of superfluous neuronal connections is referred to as pruning. synaptogenesis. myelination neurogenesis. migration.

pruning.

The Apgar scale is an assessment of newborn health and is based on ratings including neonate pulse, grimace, and respiration. grimace, eye movement, and temperature. temperature, reflexes, and skin color. temperature, pulse, and eye movement. pulse, eye movement, and skin color.

pulse, grimace, and respiration.

During the time when a woman's egg leaves an ovary and travels into the fallopian tube, is when the egg releases a chemical substance that attracts a man's sperm. is vulnerable to disorders such as Down's syndrome. creates a membranous seal to protect the egg. divides into 23 chromosomes. is in the perinatal period.

releases a chemical substance that attracts a man's sperm.

Research in brain growth and functioning has led to greater understanding of why some children are _______, while others suffer great harm under adverse environmental conditions. experience-expectant sensitive expectant neuro-typical resilient

resilient

Learning a language is substantially easier up until the age of 12. This is evidence of critical periods. niche-picking. sensitive periods. myelination. brain lateralization.

sensitive periods.

Children whose mothers consumed high levels of fish oil (DHA) while pregnant are more likely to have children who will one day show high acceptance of fish. suffer from spina bifida, a defect of the spine that can cause paralysis. suffer from anencephaly, a defect that results in the absence of a portion of the skull. show advantages on visual attention and processing speed at 24 months. show advantages in gross motor development at 18 months of age.

show advantages on visual attention and processing speed at 24 months.

Jeremy and Sam are identical twins. However, Sam is slightly taller than Jeremy. Differences such as this reflect differences in genotype. occur during the process of mitosis. occur during the process of meiosis. reveal differences in genetic code. show differences in phenotype.

show differences in phenotype.

Marcus was just given something new to eat by his mother. Upon tasting it, his lips immediately puckered, and his mouth produced saliva. Marcus' mom likely gave Marcus something that was _______ flavored. sweet salty umami bitter sour

sour

In a longitudinal design, a researcher - identifies two groups of individuals who differ on the variables of interest - identifies different groups of individuals to represent specific stages of development - randomly assigns individuals to either an experimental group or a control group - studies a cohort of similarly aged individuals over an extended period of time

studies a cohort of similarly aged individuals over an extended period of time

The brain's volume gradually increases over childhood through the processes of regeneration in neurogenesis. migration and apoptosis. synaptogenesis and myelination. maturation and migration of neurons. germination and mitosis

synaptogenesis and myelination.

Jessica is watching from her playpen as her mother plays on the piano. Every time her mother moves her fingers on the keyboard, a sound is made. Jessica is able to connect her mother's fingers on the keyboard to the sounds that she hears because of sensory maturation. asynchronous perception. parallel sensitivity. temporal synchrony. perceptual understanding.

temporal synchrony.

Scientists' ability to locate a gene thought to be involved in an inherited disease has greatly increased because of adoption studies. the gene therapy project. the Human Genome Project. twin studies. the study of genetic mutations.

the Human Genome Project.

Stable posture affects all of the following except the infant's ability to lean forward to grasp a toy. the ability of the infant's eyes to focus on near and distant objects. the coordination of different muscle groups to maintain a steady seated position. the ability to walk upright. what an infant sees, touches, and the actions they engage in.

the ability of the infant's eyes to focus on near and distant objects.

Developmental onset refers to - the length of pregnancy - birth - conception - the approximate age at which a skill emerges

the approximate age at which a skill emerges

Comparisons of siblings who were versus were not breastfed has revealed that the breastfed sibling performed higher on cognitive tests. the breastfed sibling performed higher on tests of motor skills. None of the above the benefits of breastmilk may be overstated and confounded by other family factors. benefits to breastfeeding are limited to cognitive areas, but do not improve attachment between infant and mother infant.

the benefits of breastmilk may be overstated and confounded by other family factors.

Cortisol regulates body processes such as metabolism and _______ and helps the body respond to _______. temperament; malnutrition the immune response; stress activity level; stress activity level; malnutrition digestion; malnutrition

the immune response; stress

In comparing both animal studies and twin studies, researchers feel confident in the finding that animals' genetic contribution is higher for nearly every trait in comparison with humans. the same principles of gene-environment interactions observed in animals apply to humans. animals' genetic contribution is lower for nearly every trait in comparison with humans. animals and humans have similar gene-environment interactions on a few traits. humans experience a stronger gene-environment interaction than animals.

the same principles of gene-environment interactions observed in animals apply to humans.

One of the most common causes of miscarriage, still-birth, birth defects, and other adverse developmental outcomes is poor prenatal care the zygote has an error in the number of chromosomes personality disorders in parents mothers receiving no prenatal care

the zygote has an error in the number of chromosomes

During Meredith's pregnancy, Meredith had a procedure performed thatresulted in an image of her fetus. This technique is called skeletal ossification. MRI imaging. a CT Scan. ultrasonography. FMRI (Fetal Motion Return Imaging).

ultrasonography.

Dr. Sahel is interested in age differences in theory of mind. To design a study in a way that enables the most rapid data collection, she should - use a cross-sectional design - use an experimental design - use a microgenetic design - use a longitudinal design

use a cross-sectional design

A person's _______ has a higher degree of phenotypic plasticity than their _______. weight; eye color diet; weight height; weight skin color; weight eye color; height

weight; eye color