Infant and child development midterm 5-8

A toddler wants to leave the house and go somewhere by saying "go car?" repeatedly to his mom. This kind of speech is known as

telegraphic speech.

Rosie, an 18-month-old in the young toddler classroom, is cared for by two responsive caregivers. One caregiver is very expressive while the other is quiet and more reserved. Rosie's father has noticed that Rosie responds to the very big smiles of one caregiver, but also responds to the very subtle smiles of the other caregiver. This could be evidence of the child's

ability to discriminate gradations in emotions.

A child lacks the mental capacity to solve a two-digit by two-digit multiplication problem. Which example below serves as a representation of scaffolding?

A teacher helps the child learn the first step in the multiplication problem, which allows the child to then solve the next step.

Which is evidence that an infant understands goal-directed reaching?

After being habituated to a person reaching for a certain toy, baby Isaiah looks longer when the person reaches for a different toy.

Which is true of cultural influence on emotional development

Infants' interpretation of basic emotions differs in various regions around the world.

Which feature has not been studied as an example of infant-directed speech?

Whispers

Baby Jamal watches as a parent puts his stuffed bunny repeatedly in a certain location and retrieves the stuffed bunny from that location. Next, the parent puts the stuffed bunny in the same location, but then moves the stuffed bunny to another location while Jamal watches. Jamal continues to search for the stuffed bunny in the first location. This is an example of

A-not-B error.

When might a child experience a "vocabulary growth spurt"?

After a few months of growth in vocabulary, around 18 months of age

Which represents the order in which infants typically learn different types of words?

Nouns, then verbs

What do modified A-not-B experiments that involve manipulations of infants' posture demonstrate?

The impact of sensory feedback is an important consideration when conducting A-not-B experiments.

What is the purpose of false-belief experiments?

To determine whether infants/toddlers understand that others can have beliefs different from their own

Which is not a tool that cognitive development researchers use to study infants?

Verbal reasoning tasks

Violation-of-expectation experiments have been used to examine whether infants

Violation-of-expectation experiments have been used to examine whether infants

The single-touch and double-touch experiment was developed to better understand whether young infants

can distinguish their own actions from the actions of others.

Jason is an 18-month-old child. He sees his mother bump her foot and yell out in pain. Jason quickly pats his mother's foot. Jason's behavior

displays development of "moral goodness" reflected in prosocial behavior.

Researchers have used conjugate mobile experiments to study infants'

duration of memory

The evolutionary theory that an infant's emotional tie to the caregiver is an evolved response that promotes survival reflects a(n)

evolutionary view of attachment.

Chomsky suggested that children are innately endowed with the ability to learn language, which he attributed to

language acquisition device.

The channeling of language preference and perception to one's native tongue is an example of

perceptual narrowing

An infant's objective or conceptual self does not emerge until somewhere around the

second year.

Semantic development refers to

the meaning of words and word combinations.

Mothers of girls _______ their infants' crawling ability and mothers of boys _______ estimated their infants' ability.

underestimated; more accurately

Which is an example of behavior demonstrating means-end analysis?

Baby Derell pushes aside a pillow to get to his favorite toy.

At what age does infant gaze start?

By 18 months

Which is an accurate statement about the context of attachment?

Ainsworth's attachment categories are found consistently across various cultures and socio-economic groups.

According to research which is the best method to help infants and toddlers learn words?

Live interactions with an adult

A parent has placed two young children in front of a computer to watch videos in hopes of educating them. According to research what limitations may there be?

The lack of social interactions and contingency in videos and other screens hinders growth and learning.

You observe 6-month-old Renata repeatedly hitting her hand on the floor and making a sound. What substage, according to Piaget, are you likely observing?

. Secondary circular reactions

researcher shows 4-month-old Asako a sieve with relatively large holes. First, the researcher drops rocks onto the sieve, and the rocks do not pass through. Next, the researcher pours sand on another sieve that looks exactly the same but has a transparent barrier so that the sand does not pass through. What do you think the researcher is testing with this experiment?

Asako's understanding of solidity and substance

Which statement best reflects what researchers have learned about infant-directed speech?

Babies prefer to listen to infant-directed speech relative to adult-directed speech.

Which is not a scaffolding strategy

Connecting to background knowledge

Which theory attempts to explain how children develop the ability to draw meaningful associations among various related words and concepts?

Connectionist theory

Thomas and Chess's temperament profiles were clustered into which three categories?

Easy, Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up

Which would you recommend to enhance the quality of parent-infant interactions?

Encourage parents to model or mirror the emotions of infants back to them.

Which accurately represents what is known about basic emotions in infancy according to Darwin?

Infants from all cultures display basic emotions such as happiness and sadness early in infancy.

Which statement best describes the information processing view of cognitive development?

Infants' cognitive development evolves as a result of processes involving infants' attention, encoding of sensory information, and memory.

Which is the most accurate summary of the case of Genie and what it taught scientists about critical period theory?

It provided evidence that might support the theory, but several confounding factors rendered the evidence inconclusive.

In an approximate number sense experiment, researchers observed that 9-month-old Jasmine was able to distinguish number arrays that differed by a ratio of 2:3, while 6-month-old Kylie was not. What can we conclude about the about the two infants' number sense?

Jasmine has a more developed approximate number sense than Kylie.

Which statement best explains the semantics of language as an interconnected system of words?

Learning a word like "ball" relates toother words such as "bounce" "round" or "kick."

Young children raised in homes with professional parents may show more language development and larger vocabularies compared to children raised at or near poverty levels. What do researchers Hart and Risley suggest is a possible explanation for these differences?

The researchers estimate that young children in poverty have heard 30 million fewer words in their first years of life than peers in homes with more resources.

What behaviors suggest that a toddler might have an early understanding of their own gender identity?

They display greater interest in stereotypical own gender toys than other-gender toys

Why do children begin using prepositions, conjunctions, and articles at a later age of 2-3?

They require children to have a foundation of both nouns and verbs.

Infant Ekaterina spends an hour each day watching videos on her tablet. However, she has trouble relating what she sees on the screen to the real world. According to research, what can Ekaterina's parents do to help her to better interpret and apply what she sees on the screen to the real world?

Watch with her and talk about the programs.

Parents of eight-month-old fraternal twins, Adrienne and Addison, found that each child responds very differently to noises and activity levels in the room. Addison is bothered by increased activity while Adrienne appears to enjoy the extra activity. After noticing this, one parent will often take Addison off to a quiet side of the room, away from the high noise and activity. According to research, is this a wise decision?

Yes, this is an example of goodness of fit between parenting and child temperament.

Research on infant looking behaviors suggests that by 4-5 months of age, most infants show

a preference for prosocial behaviors in others.

In the real-life example of the word apple, _______ can describe why infants are able to detect the likelihood of ap being paired with ple?

statistical learning

Two-year-old Josiah accidentally spilled his drink on the floor. He quickly ran to his room where he sat quietly. An explanation for this behavior might be that

Josiah feels guilty that he spilled his drink.

Sharah, a 24-month-old child, seems confused when a relative starts asking her questions but instead of maintaining eye contact with Sharah, looks at another person. This confusion may indicate Sharah's development of the _______ self.

subjective

The stage of attention when an infant starts to process stimuli and learning occurs is referred to as

sustained attention

Tanya (18 months old) is presented with sentence, "The dog is blinking the cat." Tanya knows the words fly and cow, and through her understanding of the grammatical structure points to a picture of a dog that is licking a cat. This illustrates how _______ aids young children in the learning of new words.

syntactic bootstrapping

In a cross-cultural study, researchers taught 15- to 18-month-old U.S. and Mayan infants how to use a novel object either by showing the object being used or showing the object being used while providing instruction. Whereas the U.S. infants were better able to imitate the action when they had some instruction compared to when they simply observed the action, the Mayan infants performed equally well with and without instruction. What is a possible conclusion that can be drawn from this result?

Mayan infants are not accustomed to receiving instruction.

Which would be a later-developing example of children's early emerging moral sense?

Moral retribution

Research has found that infants indicate a sense of self through their reaction to contingency experiences. An example of a contingency experience could include the infant

cooing after kicking a mobile with their foot.

Baby Andreas watches his father shave and, hours later, mimics this behavior. This is an example of

deferred imitation

The ability of an infant to re-enact an action that they observed earlier is called

deferred imitation

The concept of goodness of fit

describes the alignment between the child's temperament and the expectations of that child's environment

In habituation experiments, the fact that infants prefer to look at something new (novelty preference) is most often interpreted as the

infant having encoded a familiar stimulus during habituation and is remembering the familiar vs. novel object

Jayanthi stayed close to her mother upon entering a new home and became extremely upset when her mother left the room. Even when her mother returned to the room, Jayanthi was not easily comforted. The type of attachment relationship expressed by this behavior is most likely

insecure resistant.

Shirley is a teacher in the two-year-old classroom. Shirley smiles and specifically praises one child who helped another student who had fallen on the playground. Most likely Shirley is doing this to promote

prosocial behavior

Which is the set of rules that govern the ordering of parts of speech for children that form meaningful sentences?

Syntax

Five-month-old Shaheen does not look longer when he sees an object "floating" in air without support. This would refute a claim that he

has an innate understanding of gravity and support.

An experimenter finds that 3-month-old Ava is better able to discriminate faces when seeing the faces paired with their talking voices compared to seeing the faces alone. This is evidence in support of the _______ hypothesis.

intersensory redundancy

Jade positively responds to having regular routines, has a pleasant disposition, and adapts easily to new experiences. Thomas and Chess's model of temperament would identify Jade as a(n) _______ child.

low maintenance

An infant knows the word for an animal (doggie!) and rejects a new name for the same animal (puppy). This behavior suggests a bias of

mutual exclusivity.

The _______ view asserts that infants have greater innate cognitive ability than Piaget assumed.

nativist

According to the chapter, in order to encourage _______, parents were at one point recommended to _______ rather than _______ to their deaf children.

oral language, talk, sign

Emotions play a vital role in our development by

preparing a child to respond to the environment and communicate meaningful social information.

Ainsworth's attachment research in Uganda

showed that Ugandan infants displayed very intense protest when separated from their mothers, perhaps because they were not used to being separated.

Fifteen-month-old Keisha watches her caregiver try to move a stack of blocks. But, the caregiver accidentally knocks the stack of blocks over. Keisha then tries to move the stack of blocks but does not try to knock them over. This suggests that Keisha

understands the caregiver's intention.

Thomas and Chess and other researchers found that temperament

was a relatively stable characteristic from infancy through childhood and adulthood.

Malik is playing with a red triangular toy. He hears an adult use the novel word block. Malik is likely to think this new word refers to the toy, rather than its shape, it's color, or some other characteristic of it. This illustrates the concept of

whole object assumption.