Infant: Chapter 7

Most neurobiological research has focused on children who fall at opposite extremes of the ________ and ________ dimensions of temperament. A) positive-affect; fearful-distress B) effortful-control; activity-level C) attention-span; irritable-distress D) activity-level; positive-affect

A) positive-affect; fearful-distress

Emotional self-regulation ________. A) requires voluntary, effortful management of emotions B) refers to the onset and intensity of emotional arousal C) declines rapidly during the first few years D) is evident only after development of the prefrontal cortex is complete

A) requires voluntary, effortful management of emotions

In the Strange Situation, Richard is unresponsive to his mother when she is present. When she leaves, Richard reacts to the stranger in much the same way as to his mother. When his mother returns, Richard pays no attention to her. Richard is demonstrating __________ attachment. A) insecure-avoidant B) secure C) disorganized/disoriented D) insecure-resistant

A) insecure-avoidant

The rise in fear after age 6 months is adaptive because it ________. A) keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check B) leads to greater persistence at a task C) prevents the child from displaying stranger anxiety D) gives the infant a sense of shame and doubt

A) keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check

Compared with North American Caucasian infants, Chinese and Japanese babies tend to be ________. A) less irritable B) more active C) less inhibited D) more vocal

A) less irritable

Boris can effectively focus and shift attention, inhibit impulses, and manage negative emotion. Boris is skilled at ________. A) exerting effortful control B) persistently accomplishing tasks C) responding to operant conditioning D) developing his categorical self

A) exerting effortful control

Self-conscious emotions include ________. A) guilt, shame, and pride B) shame, doubt, and fear C) embarrassment, pride, and sadness D) envy, happiness, and disgust

A) guilt, shame, and pride

Laughter reflects a) increased sensitivity to object permanence. b) sensitivity to the human face. c) an infant's capacity to respond to passive stimuli. d) faster processing of information than smiling.

d) faster processing of information than smiling.

Which theory of attachment is the most widely accepted view today? A) ethological B) psychoanalytic C) psychosocial D) behaviorist

A) ethological

__________ involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while simultaneously encouraging adaptive functioning. A) Goodness of fit B) Social referencing C) Emotional self-regulation D) Effortful control

A) Goodness of fit

Which statement about emotional self-regulation is true? A) Infants have only a limited capacity to regulate their emotional states during the earliest months of their lives. B) Individual differences in control of emotion are not evident until early childhood. C) Better regulation of emotions has no relationship to the development of cognitive skills. D) The ability to self-soothe depends on the full development of the prefrontal cortex.

A) Infants have only a limited capacity to regulate their emotional states during the earliest months of their lives.

Which statement about temperament is true? A) It refers to early-appearing, stable differences in reactivity and self-regulation. B) It refers to the intensity of cognitive behavior but not physical behavior. C) It describes differences in the behavior of young children but lacks practical application when describing the behavior of adults. D) It is best understood as the result of genetic influences as opposed to environmental influences.

A) It refers to early-appearing, stable differences in reactivity and self-regulation.

Which statement about grandparents who are primary caregivers is true? A) Nearly 1.8 million U.S. grandparents live with grandchildren but apart from the children's parents. B) Grandparents in European-American families are more likely to serve as children's primary caregivers than are grandparents in other ethnic groups. C) Grandparent caregivers rarely forge significant attachment relationships with their grandchildren. D) The number of grandparents with primary responsibility for rearing grandchildren has decreased in recent decades.

A) Nearly 1.8 million U.S. grandparents live with grandchildren but apart from the children's parents.

Which statement about cultural differences in views about sensitivity towards infants is true? A) The tendency to treat a baby as a person with inner thoughts and feelings promotes sensitive responsiveness. B) In Western societies that value independence, proximal care is deemed sensitive. C) In Asian cultures that emphasize interdependence, sensitive caregivers notice infant cues and respond contingently to them. D) In cultures that highly value obedience, limiting babies' actions is associated with attachment insecurity.

A) The tendency to treat a baby as a person with inner thoughts and feelings promotes sensitive responsiveness.

Two-year-old Aisha tells her mom, "I good girl." This statement demonstrates that Aisha is beginning to develop ________. A) a categorical self B) empathy C) delayed gratification D) scale errors

A) a categorical self

Compared to sociable children, shy children are more likely to have ________. A) a higher heart rate beginning in the first few weeks of life B) lower levels of amygdala activity in response to novel stimuli C) lower concentrations of salivary cortisol D) a drop in blood pressure when faced with novelty

A) a higher heart rate beginning in the first few weeks of life

As infants understand more about their world, they laugh ________. A) at events with subtler elements of surprise B) only in response to very active stimuli C) at dynamic, eye-catching sights D) less often

A) at events with subtler elements of surprise

In the 1950s, a famous experiment examining rhesus monkeys reared with terry-cloth and wire-mesh "surrogate mothers" provided evidence that ________. A) attachment does not depend on hunger satisfaction B) daytime separation interferes with forming secure attachment patterns C) sensitive caregiving is key to the development of a secure attachment pattern D) attachment security in infancy is highly dependent on hunger satisfaction

A) attachment does not depend on hunger satisfaction

In the context of child development, attachment refers to the connection we have with people that ________. A) causes us to experience pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress B) depends on an expectation that those people will provide for our physical needs, such as the satisfaction of hunger C) builds our dependency on them, which makes it more difficult for us to develop independent lives and personality traits D) influences later development so thoroughly that it becomes more important than the parent-child relationship

A) causes us to experience pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress

The ________ attachment pattern reflects the greatest insecurity. A) disorganized/disoriented B) insecure‒avoidant C) insecure‒resistant D) ethological

A) disorganized/disoriented

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, Bindi would be classified as a(n) __________ child. A) easy B) slow-to-warm-up C) difficult D) uninhibited

A) easy

In several studies, securely attached 12- to 16-month-olds looked longer at a video of an unresponsive caregiver than a video of a responsive caregiver. The researchers concluded that the toddlers expected the caregivers to be ________ and looked longer at the video that ________ with this expectation. A) responsive; was inconsistent with B) unresponsive; was inconsistent with C) responsive; was consistent with D) unresponsive; was consistent with

A) responsive; was inconsistent with

Two-year-old Vanessa attempts to put her doll's jacket on herself. She then attempts to sit in her doll's highchair. Vanessa is displaying ________. A) scale errors B) continuity of control C) self-recognition D) a categorical self

A) scale errors

In the Strange Situation, Bernadette uses her mother as a secure base. When separated, Bernadette does not cry, but when her mother returns, Bernadette smiles and quickly crawls to her. Bernadette is demonstrating ________ attachment. A) secure B) slow-to-warm-up C) easy D) resistant

A) secure

Newborn Uli displays a stronger rooting reflex in response to an adult's finger touching her cheek than to her own hand touching her cheek. This finding demonstrates that Uli has the beginnings of ________. A) self-awareness B) effortful control C) an internal working model D) emotional self-regulation

A) self-awareness

In designing the Strange Situation, Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues reasoned that securely attached infants and toddlers ________. A) should use the parent as a secure base from which to explore an unfamiliar setting B) are just as easily comforted by an unfamiliar adult as by a parent C) combine anger and clinginess when reunited with a parent who has left the room for a time D) do not show distress when the parent leaves the room

A) should use the parent as a secure base from which to explore an unfamiliar setting

Alice is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, Alice would be classified as a(n) __________ child. A) slow-to-warm-up B) uninhibited C) difficult D) easy

A) slow-to-warm-up

Cross-cultural research indicates that ________. A) the situations in which adults encourage various self-conscious emotions vary from culture to culture B) in collectivist cultures, most children are taught to feel pride in response to personal achievement C) expressions of basic emotions differ widely from culture to culture, but expressions of self-conscious emotions are universal D) in individualistic cultures, most children are taught to feel embarrassment in response to personal achievement

A) the situations in which adults encourage various self-conscious emotions vary from culture to culture

The heritability of attachment is ________, which supports the view that ________. A) virtually nil; environmental factors play an important role in attachment B) virtually nil; genetic factors are more important than environmental factors in the development of attachment C) high; environmental factors play an important role in attachment D) high; genetic factors are more important than environmental factors in the development of attachment

A) virtually nil; environmental factors play an important role in attachment

Research reveals that at-risk infants ________. A) whose parents have adequate time and patience to care for them fare quite well in attachment security B) with special needs rarely display secure attachment to any caregiver C) who are born prematurely are less likely to have socioeconomic risk factors D) who are emotionally reactive in temperament are less likely to develop later insecure attachments

A) whose parents have adequate time and patience to care for them fare quite well in attachment security

Which statement about anger in infants is true? A) Angry reactions are less likely as infants become capable of intentional behavior. B) Discomfort caused by the behavior of a caregiver is less likely to cause an angry reaction than other kinds of behavior. C) Infants who at 5 months reacted with greater anger to interruption of play are less persistent during play with toys in later years. D) Anger can serve an adaptive purpose by motivating infants to overcome obstacles and motivating caregivers to relieve an infant's distress.

Anger can serve an adaptive purpose by motivating infants to overcome obstacles and motivating caregivers to relieve an infant's distress.

Four-month-old Sharjes smiles, laughs, and babbles more freely when interacting with his mother and quiets more quickly when she picks him up, compared to an unfamiliar caregiver. But he does not protest when separated from his mother. According to Bowlby, Sharjes is in the ________ phase. A) preattachment B) "attachment in the making" C) "clear-cut" attachment D) formation of a reciprocal relationship

B) "attachment in the making"

Which statement is consistent with findings on the interaction between the short 5-HTTLPR gene, which greatly increases the risk of self-regulation difficulties, and parenting quality? A) Children with the short 5-HTTLPR gene displayed more anger than those without it, regardless of parenting quality. B) Children with the short 5-HTTLPR gene who also had more positive parenting displayed less anger than children without the short 5-HTTLPR gene. C) Higher parenting quality was associated with less anger for those with the short 5-HTTLPR gene, but not for those without it. D) Higher parenting quality was associated with less anger for those without the short 5-HTTLPR gene, but not for those with it.

B) Children with the short 5-HTTLPR gene who also had more positive parenting displayed less anger than children without the short 5-HTTLPR gene.

Which statement about self-awareness is true? A) Explicit self-awareness tends to develop later than an implicit sense of self-world differentiation. B) Explicit self-awareness requires conscious realization that the self is a unique object. C) An implicit sense of self-world differentiation requires identification of the self as a physically unique being. D) An implicit sense of self-world differentiation requires the ability to use personal pronouns.

B) Explicit self-awareness requires conscious realization that the self is a unique object.

Which statement about proximal care is true? A) It is deemed insensitive in cultures that emphasize interdependence, but sensitive in cultures that emphasize independence. B) It includes dampening emotional expressiveness by anticipating the infants' physical needs. C) It demonstrates that secure attachment depends on playful interaction and contingent responses. D) It includes turning infants away from others' faces so that the infants are not distracted from their own needs.

B) It includes dampening emotional expressiveness by anticipating the infants' physical needs.

The Nso people, a rural farming society of Cameroon, highly value infant calmness. In contrast, Western middle-SES parents place more value on infant self-expression. As a result, ________. A) Nso babies tend to smile more frequently than babies of Western middle-SES parents B) Nso babies tend to smile less frequently than babies of Western middle-SES parents C) Western middle-SES parents are more likely to focus more on soothing their infants than on promoting active social engagement D) Western middle-SES parents are likely to respond inconsistently to infant self-expression, in order to encourage their infants to express their emotions more forcefully

B) Nso babies tend to smile less frequently than babies of Western middle-SES parents

Which statement about child-rearing practices and temperament is true? A) When children dislike novelty, parenting that is extremely protective will help them overcome an urge to retreat. B) Parents who make appropriate demands for their child to approach new experiences help their children develop strategies for regulating fear. C) The same overall parenting approach is best for children with different temperaments. D) Most developmental issues that are related to temperament are not significantly affected by differences in parenting styles.

B) Parents who make appropriate demands for their child to approach new experiences help their children develop strategies for regulating fear.

According to Thomas and Chess, a temperamentally difficult child ________. A) shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli B) is irregular in daily routines C) shows unique blends of temperamental characteristics D) displays no identifiable temperamental traits

B) is irregular in daily routines

Which statement about observations of children conducted in the home or laboratory is true? A) In homes, observers find it easier to capture rare but important events. B) Researchers can more easily control children's experiences in the lab. C) Fearful children tend to approach an observer in a lab setting more readily than they do in their own homes. D) Observations by researchers in the home or laboratory usually show greater subjectivity compared to parental reports.

B) Researchers can more easily control children's experiences in the lab.

Which statement about fear in infants is true? A) Fearful reactions tend to be less common in the second year than in the first year. B) The most frequent expression of fear is to unfamiliar adults. C) The intensity of stranger anxiety does not vary much across infants from different cultures. D) When babies are cared for by larger numbers of people, stranger anxiety tends to increase.

B) The most frequent expression of fear is to unfamiliar adults.

Which statement about babies with genetic markers predisposing them to emotional reactivity is true? A) They are more likely than infants with low-risk genotypes to exhibit insecure attachment, even if their mothers display positive parenting characteristics. B) They are more likely than infants with low-risk genotypes to exhibit insecure attachment, but only if their mothers display negative parenting characteristics. C) They are no more likely than other infants to exhibit attachment disorganization when their mothers experience relationship trauma. D) They are more likely than other infants to have both the short 5-HTTLPR gene and the DRD4 7-repeat gene.

B) They are more likely than infants with low-risk genotypes to exhibit insecure attachment, but only if their mothers display negative parenting characteristics.

Social referencing is the process of ________. A) predicting an infant's preferences based on the cultural context in which the infant was reared B) actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation C) recognizing that development is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. D) coordinating separate skills into more effective, emotionally expressive systems

B) actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation

Yvonne adopted her son, Uri, from an orphanage in the Ukraine, where he spent his first three years. As a result of his long institutional stay, Uri is likely to have a larger than average ________ and to perform poorly on tasks requiring ________. A) frontal lobe; effortful control B) amygdala; emotional self-regulation C) right hemisphere; balance and coordination D) left hemisphere; analytical thinking

B) amygdala; emotional self-regulation

When 11-month-old Delia's mother greets her, Delia is likely to display a ________ smile. A) brief, fleeting B) broad, "cheek-raised" C) mouth-open" D) reserved, muted

B) broad, "cheek-raised"

A potential weakness of the Attachment Q-Sort is that it ________. A) depends on observing behavior in a laboratory environment B) depends on the ability of parents to accurately describe their child's attachment behaviors C) focuses on fewer attachment-related behaviors than the Strange Situation D) measures more types of insecurity than alternative forms of measurement

B) depends on the ability of parents to accurately describe their child's attachment behaviors

Shigeki, who lives in a culture that values interdependence, wins a game and says, "Yay! I got the best score." His parents will probably encourage Shigeki to feel ________. A) pride in his personal achievement B) embarrassed for seeking individual attention C) envious of the children who lost D) intense shame for violating a cultural standard

B) embarrassed for seeking individual attention

Evan covers his eyes when the Wicked Witch of the West appears on screen while he is watching The Wizard of Oz. Evan is using ________. A) a secure base B) emotional self-regulation C) social referencing D) operant conditioning

B) emotional self-regulation

Ahmed, age 2, gives his favorite stuffed toy to his little brother when his brother falls down and starts to cry. Ahmed is displaying ________. A) an internal working model B) empathy C) a categorical self D) delayed gratification

B) empathy

Children whose parents __________ typically do well in delaying gratification. A) alternate using threats and bribes B) encourage selective and sustained attention C) emphasize independence and autonomy from an early age D) provide long, detailed reasons for waiting

B) encourage selective and sustained attention

In a large study of 1- to 3-year-old twin pairs, parents viewed ________. A) identical twins as more alike in temperament than researchers' ratings indicated B) fraternal twins as somewhat opposite in temperament, whereas researchers rated them as moderately similar C) identical twins as very much alike in temperament, whereas researchers rated them as somewhat opposite D) fraternal twins as more alike in temperament than researchers' ratings indicated

B) fraternal twins as somewhat opposite in temperament, whereas researchers rated them as moderately similar

Evidence from the largest longitudinal investigation of the effects of child care, as well as evidence from other industrialized nations, reveals that ________. A) government-subsidized child care is the prevailing model in the U.S. and other industrialized nations B) full-time child care need not harm children's development C) the quality of a child-care setting has little impact on children's development D) time spent in center-based child care causes increases in behavior problems at age 3

B) full-time child care need not harm children's development

Research on the role of heredity in temperament indicates that ________. A) heritability estimates derived from twin studies suggest a moderate role for genetic factors in the development of temperament but less of a role in the development of personality B) identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins across a wide range of temperamental traits and personality measures C) only 5 to 10 percent of individual differences in temperament can be attributed to differences in genetic makeup D) heritability estimates are much higher for expressions of positive emotion than for negative emotion

B) identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins across a wide range of temperamental traits and personality measures

The social smile ________. A) first appears during REM sleep B) is evoked by parent-child interaction C) emerges during the second week of life D) first appears in response to dynamic, eye-catching sights

B) is evoked by parent-child interaction

In families with several children, ________. A) parents tend to look for similarities between siblings B) parents often view siblings as more distinct than other observers do C) both identical and fraternal twins tend to become increasingly similar in personality with age D) children tend to evoke responses from caregivers that conflict with parental beliefs

B) parents often view siblings as more distinct than other observers do

Ethological theory of attachment ________. A) suggests that the infant's emotional tie to the mother is the foundation of all later relationships B) recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival C) emphasizes the importance of feeding as the central context in which caregivers and babies build close emotional bonds D) suggests that infants learn to prefer their mother because she functions as both a primary caregiver and a social partner

B) recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival

After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing ________. A) envy B) shame C) pride D) empathy

B) shame

7) During the first few weeks of life, newborns are most likely to smile ________. A) in response to bright objects B) when they are full C) in response to seeing a human face D) when they achieve new skills

B) when they are full

Erika becomes upset when her father leaves. When her father is present, Erika approaches, follows, and climbs on him in preference to others. Erika is most likely in Bowlby's ________ phase. A) preattachment B) "attachment-in-the-making" C) "clear-cut" attachment D) formation of a reciprocal relationship

C) "clear-cut" attachment

Which statement about Thomas and Chess's research findings is true? A) The researchers found that a higher percentage of children were classified as difficult than were classified as easy. B) The researchers found that a higher percentage of children were classified as slow to warm up than were classified as easy. C) A substantial percentage of the children surveyed showed unique blends of temperamental characteristics. D) All children surveyed were characterized as either easy, difficult, or slow to warm up.

C) A substantial percentage of the children surveyed showed unique blends of temperamental characteristics.

Which statement is supported by research on fathering? A) In the United States, Hispanic fathers spend less time with their children compared to fathers in other ethnic groups. B) In dual-earner families in the United States, mothers and fathers tend to devote equal time to caregiving. C) Among married couples in the United States, fathers currently spend nearly triple the amount of time caring for children as fathers did in 1965. D) Fathers in Japan spend more time engaged in infant caregiving compared to fathers in the United States.

C) Among married couples in the United States, fathers currently spend nearly triple the amount of time caring for children as fathers did in 1965.

Which statement about attachment and sibling relationships is true? A) In the United States, about 40 percent of children grow up with at least one sibling. B) At least temporarily, most preschoolers respond to the arrival of a new baby with greater emotional self- regulation. C) Babies are usually comforted by the presence of a preschool-age brother or sister during short parental absences. D) The likelihood of sibling conflict is independent of the siblings' temperaments.

C) Babies are usually comforted by the presence of a preschool-age brother or sister during short parental absences.

Which statement about basic emotions is true? A) Infants are born with the ability to interpret basic emotions. B) Newborns' emotional expressions closely resemble those of older children and adults. C) Babies' earliest emotional life consists of attraction to pleasant stimulation and withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation. D) Babies must learn how to display well-organized and specific emotional expressions on their faces.

C) Babies' earliest emotional life consists of attraction to pleasant stimulation and withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation.

Which statement describes a difference between difficult children and slow-to-warm-up children in Thomas and Chess's model of temperament? A) Difficult children are negative in mood, whereas slow-to-warm-up children are not. B) Slow-to-warm-up children are negative in mood, whereas difficult children are not. C) Difficult children are slow to accept new experiences, whereas slow-to-warm-up children adjust slowly to new experiences. D) Slow-to-warm-up children are slow to accept new experiences, whereas difficult children adjust slowly to new experiences.

C) Difficult children are slow to accept new experiences, whereas slow-to-warm-up children adjust slowly to new experiences.

Marissa wants to help her 18-month-old daughter, Isabel, develop self-control. Which strategy is likely to be helpful? A) Firmly insist that Isabel stop playing immediately when it's time for lunch or dinner. B) Refrain from prompting and reminding Isabel to follow rules so she will remember on her own. C) Gradually increase the number of rules Isabel is expected to follow as her cognitive and language skills improve. D) Withhold approval for self-controlled behavior so Isabel does not become dependent on adult encouragement.

C) Gradually increase the number of rules Isabel is expected to follow as her cognitive and language skills improve.

Which statement about sadness in infants is true? A) Among infants, expressions of sadness tend to be less frequent than expressions of anger. B) A still-face reaction usually produces sadness in Western infants but not infants from other cultures. C) Infants from different cultures usually respond to a still-faced, unreactive pose by assuming a similar pose themselves. D) Low cortisol levels are strongly associated with a sad, vacant outlook in infants.

C) Infants from different cultures usually respond to a still-faced, unreactive pose by assuming a similar pose themselves.

Which statement about the stability of attachment among children between 1 and 2 years of age is true? A) In different studies, the percentage of children who remain the same in their attachment to parents tends to be roughly similar. B) In low-SES families, attachment generally moves toward greater security. C) Secure babies are more likely to maintain their attachment status than insecure babies. D) Insecure babies are more likely to maintain their attachment status than secure babies.

C) Secure babies are more likely to maintain their attachment status than insecure babies.

Which statement about reactivity and self-regulation is true? A) Reactivity refers to the tendency to respond to the environment, whereas self-regulation refers to responding to genetic influences. B) Self-regulation refers to the tendency to respond to the environment, whereas reactivity refers to responding to genetic influences. C) Self-regulation refers to strategies that modify reactivity. D) Reactivity refers to strategies that modify self-regulation.

C) Self-regulation refers to strategies that modify reactivity.

Which statement about self-conscious emotions is true? A) They are present at birth. B) They include happiness, fear, anger, and sadness. C) They involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self D) They require the ability to recognize that other people have consciousness.

C) They involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self

Which statement about the behavior of blind babies is true? A) Their observable behavior does not provide reliable evidence about their emotional state. B) Because they do not make eye contact, they are unable to provide visual evidence of their emotional state. C) Through finger movements, they express emotions in ways that parents can learn to interpret. D) Their parents usually compensate for the babies' muted emotional responses by being more engaging, even without therapeutic intervention.

C) Through finger movements, they express emotions in ways that parents can learn to interpret.

Which statement about attachment patterns is true? A) The secure attachment pattern is less common than either the insecure-avoidant attachment pattern or the insecure-resistant attachment pattern. B) The insecure-avoidant attachment pattern is more common than either the secure attachment pattern or the insecure-resistant attachment pattern. C) Unlike infants showing the insecure-avoidant attachment pattern, infants showing the insecure-resistant attachment pattern seek closeness to the parent before separation. D) Unlike infants showing the disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern, infants showing the insecure- avoidant attachment pattern seek closeness to the parent before separation.

C) Unlike infants showing the insecure-avoidant attachment pattern, infants showing the insecure-resistant attachment pattern seek closeness to the parent before separation.

Babies' earliest emotional life consists of which two global arousal states? A) happiness and sadness B) fullness and hunger C) attraction to and withdrawal from stimulation D) happiness and fear

C) attraction to and withdrawal from stimulation

Job loss, a failing marriage, financial difficulties, or parental psychological problems ________. A) show little correlation with attachment security B) are the primary causes of disoriented/disorganized attachment in infancy C) can undermine attachment indirectly by interfering with parental sensitivity D) are unlikely to have a direct effect on babies' sense of security

C) can undermine attachment indirectly by interfering with parental sensitivity

Unlike the model of Thomas and Chess, Mary Rothbart's model ________. A) includes regularity of routines B) includes intensity of reaction C) considers distractibility and persistence to be opposite ends of the same dimension D) considers distractibility and persistence to be important, but unrelated characteristics

C) considers distractibility and persistence to be opposite ends of the same dimension

According to Bowlby, building on their experiences during the four attachment phases, children ________. A) learn autonomy and develop self-soothing because they learn that the caregiver cannot be relied upon during times of stress. B) move from secure attachment to insecure attachment and, over time, back again to secure attachment. C) construct enduring and affectionate ties to the caregiver that they can use as a secure base in the parent's absence. D) commonly develop either avoidant or resistant attachment styles before settling into a secure attachment.

C) construct enduring and affectionate ties to the caregiver that they can use as a secure base in the parent's absence.

Mounting evidence indicates that __________ determines whether attachment security is linked to long-term, favorable adjustment. A) child temperament B) heredity C) continuity of caregiving D) family size

C) continuity of caregiving

According to Thomas and Chess's research on children's temperament, ________ children are at high risk for anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood. A) inhibited B) uninhibited C) difficult D) slow-to-warm-up

C) difficult

In the Strange Situation, Antwan ignores his mother and displays an odd, frozen posture. He does not cry when his mother leaves the room. When she returns, Antwan looks away when she is holding him. Antwan is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment. A) insecure-avoidant B) ethological C) disorganized/disoriented D) insecure-resistant

C) disorganized/disoriented

Research examining children who have the short 5-HTTLPR gene provided evidence that ________. A) the functioning of the neurotransmitter serotonin is less important for self-regulation than the presence of the short 5-HTTLPR gene B) children with the short 5-HTTLPR gene showed less neural plasticity than other children C) emotion regulation is susceptible to the effects of both positive and negative parenting D) emotion regulation is susceptible to the effects of positive parenting but not negative parenting

C) emotion regulation is susceptible to the effects of both positive and negative parenting

In Rothbart's model of temperament, ________. A) distractibility and irritable distress are considered opposite ends of the same dimension B) persistence and fearful distress are considered opposite ends of the same dimension C) fearful distress and irritable distress distinguish between reactivity triggered by fear and reactivity due to frustration D) the dimensions are overly broad, such as regularity of body functions and intensity of reaction

C) fearful distress and irritable distress distinguish between reactivity triggered by fear and reactivity due to frustration

Research on sex differences in temperament shows that ________. A) girls are more daring than boys, and they have a large advantage in effortful control B) boys are more anxious and timid than girls, and they are slightly more impulsive C) girls' advantage in effortful control contributes to better school performance D) boys are more active than girls, but they also tend to be more anxious and timid

C) girls' advantage in effortful control contributes to better school performance

From 4 to 6 months into the second year, angry expressions __________ in __________. A) decrease; both frequency and intensity B) increase; intensity but decrease in frequency C) increase; both frequency and intensity D) increase; frequency but decrease in intensity

C) increase; both frequency and intensity

Jerome Kagan's longitudinal study of the development of shyness and sociability revealed that __________. A) about 70 percent of 4-month-olds were easily upset by novelty B) nearly all children who showed extreme shyness retained their temperamental styles as they get older C) most children's dispositions became less extreme over time D) as infants, more children were shy than were highly sociable

C) most children's dispositions became less extreme over time

Sheldon, age 1, will most likely display a __________ smile toward a friendly stranger. A) sustained, wide B) broad, "cheek-raised" C) reserved, muted D) "mouth-open"

C) reserved, muted

Infants who look longer at a ________ of their leg positions are showing evidence of ________. A) normal view; an implicit sense of self-world differentiation B) normal view; explicit self-awareness C) reversed view; an implicit sense of self-world differentiation D) reversed view; explicit self-awareness

C) reversed view; an implicit sense of self-world differentiation

Shy children are more likely than sociable children to show greater EEG activity in the ________ frontal lobe, which is associated with ________. A) left; negative emotional reactivity B) left; expressions of joy C) right; negative emotional reactivity D) right; expressions of joy

C) right; negative emotional reactivity

Eight-month-old Priya is learning to stand. Each time she falls, she looks at her dad. When he looks concerned, Priya cries. When he smiles and says, "You did it!" she tries again. Priya is using________. A) a secure base B) emotional self-regulation C) social referencing D) effortful control

C) social referencing

Gil describes his son as calm and cautious. He describes his daughter as cheerful and energetic. Gil's descriptions refer to his children's ________. A) exertion of effortful control B) categorical self C) temperament D) level of self-awareness

C) temperament

Imani, age 11 months, is wary of strangers. However, when his mother remains nearby, Imani ventures a few feet away from her for a few minutes at a time and then returns to her for emotional support. Imani is ________. A) engaging in effortful control B) exhibiting unusual behavior for a toddler with stranger anxiety C) using his mother as a secure base D) displaying avoidance rather than approach

C) using his mother as a secure base

Which statement is supported by research on emotional self-regulation? A) Compared with North Americans, Japanese and Chinese adults discourage the expression of strong emotion in babies. B) Beginning in infancy, girls have a harder time regulating negative emotion than boys. C) By the second year, toddlers are quite skilled at using language to manage their emotions. D) Parents imitate their babies' displays of negative emotion more often than displays of positive emotion.

Compared with North Americans, Japanese and Chinese adults discourage the expression of strong emotion in babies.

Which statement about sex differences in emotion regulation is true? A) The common belief that females are emotionally expressive and males are emotionally controlled has no basis in reality. B) Girls typically have a harder time than boys regulating their negative emotions. C) Caregivers often pay greater attention to boys' emotional expressions because boys express positive emotion more freely than girls. D) Boys get more training than girls in how to suppress negative emotion.

D) Boys get more training than girls in how to suppress negative emotion.

Which statement about attachment insecurity and caregiving is true? A) Infants who receive adequate caregiving very rarely show evidence of attachment insecurity. B) Infants who receive inadequate caregiving invariably show evidence of attachment insecurity. C) Children who show evidence of attachment insecurity tend to receive better caregiving because they have greater needs. D) Compared with securely attached infants, avoidant babies tend to receive overstimulating, intrusive care.

D) Compared with securely attached infants, avoidant babies tend to receive overstimulating, intrusive care.

Observation of which child would be most likely to provide a researcher with an accurate long-term prediction of temperament? A) Quinn, a newborn B) Ava, age 1 year C) Samantha, age 2 years D) Gerald, age 4 years

D) Gerald, age 4 years

Does the fact that gender differences in temperament exist demonstrate that these differences are caused entirely by genetic factors? A) Yes, because some gender differences are evident even in infants. B) Yes, because differences in brain structures such as the amygdala can affect temperament. C) No, because gender differences tend to widen by adolescence. D) No, because parents tend to react positively when their child exhibits temperamental traits consistent with gender stereotypes.

D) No, because parents tend to react positively when their child exhibits temperamental traits consistent with gender stereotypes.

Which statement is supported by research on emotional development? A) Infants, children, and adults respond in very similar ways when expressing a specific emotion. B) Patterns of behavior provide all the information required to determine emotional states. C) Babies placed on a visual cliff generally display a fearful facial expression but do not show other signs of fear. D) People around the world show remarkable consistency in how they associate facial expressions with emotions.

D) People around the world show remarkable consistency in how they associate facial expressions with emotions.

Which statement about the relationship between attachment security and infant child care is true? A) Exposure to child care exerts a more powerful impact on children's adjustment than does parenting quality. B) Infants who experience daily separations from their parents are at risk for developmental problems. C) Infants and toddlers who attend daily child care are at risk for attachment insecurity. D) The relationship between child care and emotional well-being depends on both family and child-care experiences.

D) The relationship between child care and emotional well-being depends on both family and child-care experiences.

Studies of institutionalized adoptees indicate that ________. A) development of deep ties with parents happens only in the first year of life B) late adoptees, placed in homes after age 4, do not display social or emotional problems C) late adoptees are likely to shy away from adult attention once adopted D) a first attachment can develop as late as 4 to 6 years of age

D) a first attachment can develop as late as 4 to 6 years of age

In addition to self-awareness, experiencing self-conscious emotions requires an additional ingredient: ________. A) awareness of cultural differences B) the use of emotional self-regulation C) adult instruction in when to feel happy, angry, or sad D) adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty

D) adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty

When asked to push a wagon while standing on a towel attached to its rear axle, 21-month-old Maximus figures out that if he steps off the towel, the wagon will move. Maximus is displaying ________. A) effortful control B) secure attachment C) a categorical self D) an explicit body self-awareness

D) an explicit body self-awareness

Basic emotions ________. A) appear in the middle of the second year B) are all present at birth C) are found only among humans D) are universal in humans

D) are universal in humans

Infants' emotional expressions are ________. A) consistent across cultures and emerge in stagelike sequences B) easy for researchers to categorize because they are clearly recognizable C) hardwired at birth, and their responses to emotional cues are automatic D) closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others

D) closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others

Research on Chinese parents' and teachers' attitudes towards childhood shyness reveals that ________. A) certain traits, such as shyness, will be associated with developmental problems even if cultural values change B) shyness has become associated with positive social outcomes after the rapid expansion of a market economy in China C) the goodness-of-fit model has limited applicability outside of Western cultural contexts D) cultural values affect the fit between parenting and child temperament

D) cultural values affect the fit between parenting and child temperament

Research on the relationship between parents' internal working models and infant attachment indicates that parents who ________ tend to have securely attached children. A) had positive childhood experiences and portray those experiences as positive B) had positive childhood experiences but portray those experience as unexceptional C) had negative childhood experiences but portray those experiences as positive D) discuss their childhoods with objectivity and balance, regardless of whether their experiences were positive or negative,

D) discuss their childhoods with objectivity and balance, regardless of whether their experiences were positive or negative,

In John Bowlby's theory, newborns in the preattachment phase ________. A) are wary of strangers B) display separation anxiety when a familiar caregiver leaves C) do not recognize their own mother's smell or voice D) do not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult

D) do not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult

The most reliable cues for determining the emotions that infants are experiencing are ________. A) reflex reactions B) vocalizations C) body movements D) facial expressions

D) facial expressions

Research on the role of fathers' involvement in children's development indicates that ________. A) evidence of the power of fathers' involvement is clear in Western cultures but not in other cultures B) the amount of time fathers spend near infants and toddlers is a weak predictor of expressions of caring and affection C) fathers' sustained involvement in parenting is associated with gains in social skills but not in academic skills D) fathers' sustained affectionate involvement predicts many positive outcomes as strongly as does mothers' warmth

D) fathers' sustained affectionate involvement predicts many positive outcomes as strongly as does mothers' warmth

In which of Bowlby's phases do children negotiate with the caregiver, using requests and persuasion to alter the caregiver's goals? A) preattachment B) "attachment in the making" C) "clear-cut" attachment D) formation of a reciprocal relationship

D) formation of a reciprocal relationship

Which situation is most likely to evoke Carlo's first laugh? A) his mother quietly singing to him while rocking him B) his father saying "bababababa" as he strokes Carlo's arms C) his brother playing a silent game of peekaboo D) his sister saying, "Here I come!" and kissing his tummy

D) his sister saying, "Here I come!" and kissing his tummy

In the Strange Situation, Kimani seeks closeness to her mother and fails to explore. When her mother leaves, Kimani is distressed. When she returns, Kimani hits her. Kimani is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment. A) insecure-avoidant B) ethological C) disorganized/disoriented D) insecure-resistant

D) insecure-resistant

The DRD4 7-repeat gene makes children ________. A) more susceptible than others to the effects of good parenting but not bad parenting B) more susceptible than others to the effects of bad parenting but not good parenting C) less susceptible than others to the effects of both good parenting and bad parenting D) more susceptible than others to the effects of both good parenting and bad parenting

D) more susceptible than others to the effects of both good parenting and bad parenting

When interacting with their babies, mothers devote more time to __________ and fathers devote more time to __________. A) playful interaction; physical care B) feeding and diaper changes; expressing affection C) playful interaction; expressing affection D) physical care; playful interaction

D) physical care; playful interaction

Research suggests that children from cultures that value ________ are more likely to ________. A) autonomous child-rearing goals; attain mirror self-recognition later B) autonomous child-rearing goals; display an earlier capacity to comply with adult requests C) relational child rearing goals; attain mirror self-recognition earlier D) relational child rearing goals; display an earlier capacity to comply with adult requests

D) relational child rearing goals; display an earlier capacity to comply with adult requests

The Attachment Q-Sort ________. A) is less time-consuming than the Strange Situation B) differentiates between types of insecurity C) measures fewer attachment-related behaviors than the Strange Situation D) requires either a parent or a trained observer to categorize 90 descriptive behaviors

D) requires either a parent or a trained observer to categorize 90 descriptive behaviors

In an experiment in which pairs of 18- and 24-month-olds were exposed to attractive play materials that neither owned ahead of time, the children ________. A) rarely shared the materials, even if encouraged to share by their caregivers B) shared the materials only when they knew that they would be rewarded for sharing C) were equally likely to share the materials and to keep them all to themselves D) seldom took all of the materials for themselves, and often shared the materials with each other equally

D) seldom took all of the materials for themselves, and often shared the materials with each other equally

The fact that infants from some cultures are more likely to show avoidant attachment is best explained by the fact that ________. A) in some cultures, avoidant attachment is more common than secure attachment B) even if avoidant attachment is more common in some cultures than in others, it is still less common than secure attachment C) Strange Situation testing is done with many members of the infant's community, which influences observed behavior D) this behavior may be an intended outcome of cultural practices and may not reflect true differences in security

D) this behavior may be an intended outcome of cultural practices and may not reflect true differences in security

One important criticism of the behaviorist account of attachment is that it ________. A) explains why infants form attachments with fathers but does not explain why infants form attachments with mothers B) emphasizes the emotional ties that toddlers develop with objects that play no role in satisfying a child's basic needs C) ignores the importance of feeding as a mechanism that helps build attachments D) underemphasizes the importance of the infant's characteristics

D) underemphasizes the importance of the infant's characteristics

If children have been habituated to a video depicting a responsive caregiving situation, children with secure attachments to caregivers would be expected to look longer at videos suggesting ________, which would reflect the children's ________. A) responsive caregiving; positive reaction to responsive caregiving B) responsive caregiving; expectations of typical caregiving relationships C) unresponsive caregiving; expectations of caregivers other than their own D) unresponsive caregiving; surprise at the caregiver's behavior

D) unresponsive caregiving; surprise at the caregiver's behavior

In a social referencing experiment, 18-month-old Joey is asked to share spinach or graham crackers with his mother. Even though Joey prefers graham crackers, he might offer the spinach to his mother if she ________. A) encourages him to try both and then to give her the food he prefers B) expresses no preference for either spinach or graham crackers C) uses her voice and facial expressions to convey a preference for the graham crackers D) uses her voice and facial expressions to convey a preference for the spinach

D) uses her voice and facial expressions to convey a preference for the spinach