Inflammation: vascular response
what is the process when an injury disrupts (breaks) a vessel wall?
- small artery vasoconstriction -increased pressure on damaged vessel -formation of blood clot
what is the process when an injury does NOT disrupt (does not break) a vessel wall?
- temporarily mediated constriction = sustained vasodilation results in increased blood flow - transudate (filtrate of blood, due to increased pressure in the veins and capillaries that forces fluid through the vessel walls) leading to effusion (edema)
histamine allows for (how affect cellular permeability)
increased cellular permeability, fluids to move into interstitial spaces ("leaky")
What is pavementing?
lining the walls by WBC (wall off injured area)
chemicals mediators of inflammation are released from ____ or derived from ___
released from inflammatory cells or derived from plasma
vascular rxn. if mild injury, how long to resolve?
resolves in a few minutes
Leukotrienes produce... have a role in the development of...
(occur naturally in leukocytes) produce allergic & inflammatory rxn like histamine role in development of allergic rxns & autoimmune disease (Chemical substances that contribute to anaphylaxis; released by the immune system in allergic reactions)
plasma cell derived mediators are: (3). which of these function together?
- blood coagulation -fibrinolytic -complement -blood coag & fibrinolytic act together
What does platelet activating factor do?
- induces platelet activation & secretion - induces aggregation of leukocytes into tissue - can accentuate the activity of other inflammatory mediators
Prostaglandins modulate... they help mediate...
- modulates vasomotor tone & platelet aggregation - help mediate pain and fever responses w/inflammation
What is acute inflammation?
Early and immediate response to injury lasting for a short duration
what are the 4 steps of the inflammatory response?
1. damaged tissue releases histamine, increasing blood flow to area. 2. histamine cause the capillaries to "leak", (influx of cells and fluid into interstitial space and and out of capillaries), releases phagocytes and clotting factors into the wound (to help w/ phagocytosis to clean bacteria & debris. starting healing for tissue). 3. phagocytes engulf bacteria and other dead cells or debris 4. platelets move out of capillaries to seal the wounded area.
inflammation is the # part of the immune response
2nd
what does fibrinolytic do? why important?
Dissolve the clots (and the source of the thrombus) - don't want to clot long term = major issues
What is diapedesis?
The process by which WBC's squeeze between the cells in a vessel wall to enter the tissue spaces outside the blood vessel (allowed by increased cellular permeability)
complement in inflammatory response: activated by? what are its 4 purposes? (cause, facilitate, etc.)
activated by antigen-antibody complex or microorganism 1. cause vasodilation of capillaries 2. facilitates chemotaxis and movement of leukocytes to area of injury 3. coat surface of microbe to make more vulnerable to phagocytosis 4. helps in formation of membrane attack complex (MAC)
What is hyperemia?
an excess of blood in the vessels supplying an organ or other part of the body (increased blood flow)
cytokines: help to (decrease or increase) systemic vascular resistance cause (hyper- or hypo- tension) and (increased or decreased) cardiac output characteristic of what type of conditions?
help to decrease systemic vascular resistance cause hypotension & increased cardiac output (increased blood flow & oxygen to organs) characteristic of severe systemic infection and febrile conditions change blood chemistry
Histamine vs Serotonin. which overrides which?
histamine overrides serotonin
Chemical mediators of inflammation are:
histamine, platelet activating factor, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines
serotonin is released from ___ and induces ___ (vasoconstriction or vasodilation)
platelets and vasoconstriction
the goal of inflammation is
the removal of debris and initiate healing process
blood coagulants are enzymes activated to generate:
thrombin (blood clotting)
what is the vascular response to acute inflammation?
vasodilation & increased permeability (to mobilize and transport the bodies defenses to site of injury) - chemical mediators release = histamine, serotonin - vasoconstriction due to nerve reflex - rapid release of chemicals causing vasodilation, resulting in hyperemia - capillary permeability increases - plasma proteins shift into the interstitial space w/ other fluid
histamine is a (vasodilator or vasoconstrictor) and (bronchodilator or bronchoconstrictor)
vasodilator & bronchoconstrictor