Informatics Chapter 3

Clinical data repository (CDR)

A centralized data repository. Some that use object-oriented databases may include video, audio, images, and other types of data. The primary key is used to link the data between the various data repositories

File

A collection of digital data stored in the database. In healthcare, this contains information on patient care, patient accounts, employee files and another subject

Entity-relationship diagram

A common type of data modeling that focuses on relationships between care databases

Online analytical processing (OLAP)

A data access architecture that allows the user to retrieve specific information from a large volume of data

Object-oriented database model

A database management system that handles text, images, audio, video, and other objects

Data warehouse

A database that makes it possible to access data from multiple databases and combine the results into a single query and reporting interface

Data dictionary

A descriptive list of the names, definitions, and attributes of data elements to be collected in an information system or database whose purpose is to standardize definitions and ensure consistent use

Data flow diagram (DFD)

A diagram that shows how data moves (input, storage, output) within the database. It is a way to show management and other nontechnical users the system design

Key field

A field in a table that holds a unique identifier to ensure that each data entry in the database table is different. This unique identifier is generally called the primary key

Mask

A format in which data are displayed. This display is different from how the data are stored in the database. Example: a social security number seen as 123456789, appears in the system as 123-45-6789

Data set

A list of recommended data elements with uniform definitions that are relevant for a particular use

Classification analysis

A method of identifying important information about the data in the database by grouping data much like grouping diagnoses and procedures. This grouped analysis can be used in the cluster analysis

Entity

A person, location, thing, or concept that is to be tracked in the database

Data field

A predefined area within a database in which the same type of information is usually recorded such as the date of birth

Foreign key

A primary key from another table

Standards development organization (SDO)

A private or government agency involved in the development of healthcare informatics standards at a national or international level

Java

A programming language that was designed to be used on the Internet and that runs some of the functions of Internet applications

Query by example (QBE)

A query method whereby the user only has to point and click to choose tables and fields contained in the database. The information system then allows the user to choose whether the entries that meet those criteria should be included or excluded from the query

Query

A search for data that meet specific criteria that user requests within subsets of the database

Data mart

A subset of the data warehouse designed for a single purpose or specialized use

Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)

A tool designed to create many of the diagrams and other tools used in the data model

Record

All the data that has been collected on an individual patient, employee, patient account, or a specific transaction

Data standards

Allow data to be shared in a uniform way. It includes data content standards and data exchange standards

Data manipulation

Allowing the user to add and delete rows in a table and to sort, find, and compare. Another function of this component is to update data

Data repository

An open-structure database (not dedicated to the software of any particular vendor or data supplier) in which data from multiple information systems are stored so that an integrated, multidisciplinary (includes a variety of healthcare providers) view of the data can be achieved in a single source

Database

An organized collection of data, text, references, or pictures in a standardized format, typically stored in a computer system for multiple applications

Examples of how data mining can be used

Best practices in pt care Medication adverse effects Potential fraud and abuse violations Patterns of mortality and morbidity Patterns of denial The following are examples of how what can be used?

Normalization

Breaking the data elements into the level of detail desired by the healthcare facility

Natural language queries

Common words used to tell the database which data are needed

Data control language (DCL)

Controls access to data within a database

Alphabetical fields

Data elements in this field type include patient name and city; accept only alphabetic characters

Alphanumeric fields

Field that accepts alphabetic characters, numbers, or a combination of the two. Examples include street address, zip codes, and phone numbers

Numeric fields

Field that only accept numbers that can be calculated. This would include charges, but would not include zip codes and health record number, as these numbers cannot be calculated (added, subtracted, etc)

Autonumbering fields

Fields that create a unique number that will never be assigned again. This could be the health record number or a unique number assigned to the patient visit

Entities

Health record number (primary key) Last name First name Middle initial Street address City State Zip code Home phone Cell phone Work phone Date of birth Social security number All are examples of?

Primary key examples

Health record number, billing number, or physician identification numbers are all examples of what?

Cluster analysis

Identifying concepts that have traits in common. For example, monitoring the treatment practices of physicians for a specific diagnosis or procedure

Primary key

In the electronic health record (EHR) and other clinical information systems, this unique identifier is typically the health record number

Normalized data

Last name First name Middle initial Address City State Zip This is an example of?

Unnormalized data

Last name, first name Middle initial Address City, state, zip This is an example of?

Database management system (DBMS)

Manipulates and controls the data stored within the database to meet the needs of the user; it controls the ability to create, read, write, and delete data stored in the database

Wildcard search

May be used to look for variations in the word. Used to indicate that the query should identify data that meet the partial information provided

Conceptual data model

Model that is not tied to a particular database model, but rather defines the requirements for the database to be developed. It is the basis for the logical and physical data models

Physcial data model

Model that shows how the data are physcially stored within the database. The users are not involved with this level of database because of its technical complexity.

Hierarchical database model

Model that structures the data in hierarchy very similar to that used for an organizational chart

Multidimensional database model

Model used in data warehouses in which data are collected from multiple sources, such as other databases, and then summarized

Use case

Part of the information system design process; it describes how the user will interact with the system and what the system will do

One-to-many relationship

Patient can have many consulting physicians. Patient may have multiple lab tests done

Many-to-many relationship

Patient can have many lab tests and a lab test can be performed on many patients

One-to-one relationship

Patient has one attending physician. A lab test and its results

Database table

Table that contains all data related to a particular subject or concept such as a patient and is made up of the records and fields

Metadata

The descriptive data that characterize other data to create a clearer understanding of their meaning and to achieve greater reliability and quality of information

Data modeling

The design of the database needed for the organization. The model should be based on the organization's strategic plan and should identify the data elements to be collected and the relationship between them

Anomaly detection

The goal is to identify data that does not follow expectations. This can be used to identify fraud and or other issues that need investigation

Database administrator (DBA)

The individual responsible for the technical aspects of designing and managing databases. Responsible for designing the database as well as managing the database after implementation

Data mining

The process of extracting and analyzing large volumes of data from a database for the purpose of identifying hidden and sometimes subtle relationships that would be unnoticed without the analysis

Structured query language (SQL)

The standard language for the relational database. Defines data elements and manipulates and controls data.

Time and date fields

These fields only include a date or time

Regression analysis

This method identifies the dependency between variables such as patients, diagnoses, patient type, and more

Network database model

Uses pointers to collect data. The nodes are called owners and members rather than parent and child nodes, as in the hierarchical database model

Boolean search

Web searches or database queries using the operators AND, OR, NOT.

Logical data model

a complete representation of data requirements and the structural business rules that govern data quality in support of project's requirements. In other words, it ensures that the data are available and in a useful format for the intended purpose

Data definition language (DDL)

a special type of software used to create the tables within a relational database. It translates how data are stored in the computer from the physical view (physical structure of the database) to the logical view (one that is understandable by the user)

Data manipulation language (DML)

a special type of software used to retrieve, update, and edit data in a relational database. It accesses, makes changes to, and retrieves data from the database

Association rule learning

this type of data mining identifies interesting relationships between two concepts in the database. Foe example, it may identify the patients who are treated with drug A have a better outcome than patients who are treated with drug B