INQUIZITIVE; Chapter 14
The Civil War was not the first war in which modern weaponry and technology was used to affect the outcome on the battlefield. That distinction belongs to the Crimean War (1854-1856). What new technologies were revolutionizing warfare in the 1860s?
The telegraph was used to command and control a vast area of operations. The mass-produced rifled musket allowed for greater accuracy. Ironclad warships participated in direct combat with one another.
The transcontinental railroad was first proposed by Asa Whitney in 1846 and was quickly called "too gigantic" and "entirely impracticable" by Congress. Yet the railroad was built by 1869 and transformed the United States. Which of the following statements concerning the transcontinental railroad are true?
The transcontinental railroad shortened travel across the continent from an average five to six months to five or six days. The construction of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads eventually employed 20,000 workers. Congress gave 100 million acres of land to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads.
How does this artist depict the presidential election of 1864?
The war faction of the Democratic Party remained the most powerful.
Fill in the blanks to complete this passage describing the significance of the Sea Islands during the Civil War. The war was only a few months old when Union naval forces occupied the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina. The Sea Islands became famous as a test case for the transition from slavery to freedom as over 10,000 slaves were left on the islands. Numerous northerners arrived, from government officials to private investors. All were there to take stock of the situation. One group, Gideon's Band, was made up of black and white reformers committed to uplifting the freed slaves. Convinced that education was the key to making self-reliant, productive citizens of the former slaves, northern-born teachers Charlotte Forten and Laura M. Towne, devoted themselves to teaching the freed blacks of the Sea Islands.
Gideon's Band, education, Charlotte Forten
During the Civil War, the Union and Confederacy rarely utilized propaganda through newspapers and mass marketing to mobilize public opinion.
false
What does this image reveal about social and economic changes that occurred during the Civil War?
Both men and women worked in the factories of the North, performing essential war work
Abraham Lincoln's path to emancipation was gradual and incremental. Place the following initiatives in order, culminating in the Emancipation Proclamation.
01. Lincoln rescinded General Fremont's proclamation freeing slaves in Missouri 02. Congress prohibited the army from returning fugitive slaves 03. Lincoln championed colonization. 04. Lincoln issued the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.
Place the following battles in chronological order to show the progression of the Civil War.
1.the Battle of Bull Run 2.the Seven Days' Campaign 3.the second Battle of Bull run 4.the Battle of Antietam
April 1865 witnessed some of the most momentous events in American history. Which of the following events occurred that month?
Abraham Lincoln became the first president of the United States to be assassinated. Grant finally broke the siege lines at Petersburg, forcing the retreat and abandonment of Richmond by the Army of Northern Virginia.
Identify the outcomes of the following Civil War battles.
Battle of Cold Harbor: -After this battle, Grant's army had suffered as many casualties as Lee had men at the beginning of the 1864 campaign. Battle of Atlanta: -culmination of Sherman's 1864 campaign Battle of the Wilderness -first battle in Grant's 1864 campaign
Analyze the engraving below from the cover of Harper's Weekly. What does this image reveal about social and economic changes that occurred during the Civil War?
Both men and women worked in the factories of the North, performing essential war work.
As the Civil War progressed, it heightened existing social tensions and created new ones. Complete the following statement about a series of riots in the summer of 1863. In July 1863, an angry mob in New York City, many of whom were Irish immigrants, rioted for five days. The riots, originally launched as an attempt to obstruct the draft, eventually escalated into an assault on the city's black population. By the time the uprising was quelled, more than 100 people had died.
New York City, draft, more than 100
Review the following video with author Eric Foner on the Sand Creek Massacre. Match the following significant events of the Civil War in Indian territory to their correct description.
November 1864 assault by Union troops of approximately 700 Cheyennes and Arapahos in Colorado Correct label: Sand Creek Massacre More than 300 indigenous people were sentenced to death for killing white farmers. Correct label: Sioux Massacre Confederate defeat in New Mexico in March 1862 Correct label: Glorieta Pass
During the Civil War, Christianity and patriotism were joined in a civic religion unprecedented in American history. How did the war transform American religious and political life?
People turned to religion and spiritualism to cope with the unprecedented number of deaths. Many clergy in the North professed that the war was God's instrument to rid the nation of slavery and turn it into the true land of freedom.
In November 1864, Sherman and his army of 60,000 set out from Atlanta on their March to the Sea. Which of the following statements describe the events of the March to the Sea and Sherman's subsequent military actions?
Sherman's army cut a sixty-mile-wide swath of destruction through the heart of Georgia, destroying anything that could be considered war material. In January 1865, Sherman marched into South Carolina, causing even more destruction than he had in Georgia.
Read and analyze the "Voices of Freedom" primary source document in the chapter, titled "Letter of Thomas F. Drayton" (1861). Afterward, complete the following statement. South Carolina plantation owner Thomas Drayton believed that the South was fighting for home and liberty, for the protection of states' rights, and for the establishment of law and order.
South, protection, law and order
The Wade-Davis Bill was an unsuccessful bill named after two leading Republican members of Congress unhappy with Lincoln's Ten-Percent Plan of Reconstruction. Which of the following were provisions of the Wade-Davis Bill?
The Bill passed Congress but was dead when Lincoln refused to sign it. The Wade-Davis Bill called for equality for blacks before the law. The bill required a majority, not 10 percent, of white male southerners to pledge support for the Union before Reconstruction commenced.
A seldom discussed aspect of the Civil War is the Union's continuing wars against the Native Americans in the West. Identify the statements that accurately describe Native Americans and the Union in the West during the Civil War.
The Cherokee, forced to Oklahoma by the Indian Removal Act, still owned slaves and sided with the Confederacy at the time of the Civil War. The U.S. army attacked the Kiowas and Comanches in the Southwest in retaliation for raids on settlements and ranches. The Navajo's Long Walk was the Navajo people's forced removal from their ancestral lands by the U.S. army.
The intense new nationalism in the North made criticism of the war effort and the Lincoln administration tantamount to treason to many northerners. Identify the statements that accurately describe wartime dissent under the Lincoln administration.
The Constitution was murky on addressing who held the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus, and so Lincoln claimed that right under the presidential war powers and suspended it twice for those accused of "disloyal activities." Arbitrary arrests for dissenting views numbered in the thousands during the war, and they included opposition newspaper editors, Democratic politicians, and simple ordinary civilians.
Grant's strategy of attrition worked brilliantly, as by the end of 1864 he captured Petersburg, Virginia, and forced the surrender of Robert E. Lee.
false
General Ulysses S. Grant was promoted and brought east in 1864 to achieve the final defeat of Robert E. Lee and the Confederacy. Identify the concept on which Grant's strategy to finally defeat the Confederacy and Lee was based.
attrition
Select on the map the areas where Union forces gained success in 1863.
click on the blue cross-marks
The most radical implication of the Emancipation Proclamation was the enrollment of blacks into military service in the Union army. Identify the statements that describe their military contributions to the Union war effort during the Civil War.
correct: -By the end of the Civil War, more than 180,000 black men had served in the Union army and 24,000 in the Union navy. -Initially, the Union army refused to accept northern black volunteers.
The American Civil War has been equated with the nation building that went on in Germany and Italy, with Lincoln playing the role of Otto von Bismarck. Watch the author video below. Afterward, identify the statements that point to the differences between the European and American experience of nation building in the nineteenth century.
correct: -European nations were being built on the idea of unifying a people of the same ethnic, cultural, and linguistic group into a unified nation. -Lincoln believed that the United States as a nation was embodied in a particular set of universal ideals.
The Thirteenth Amendment was approved by Congress on January 31, 1865. What did the amendment accomplish?
correct: -For the first time, the word "slavery" appeared in the Constitution. -It abolished slavery throughout the entire United States.
Identify the reason why the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, was significant.
correct: -Lee's invasion of the North resulted in the single bloodiest day in American military history.
At the outset of the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln invoked time-honored Northern values to mobilize support for the war. Which of the following are statements or ideas used by Lincoln to garner support for the Union war effort?
correct: -Lincoln believed the differences between the North and the South were the familiar arguments of the free labor ideology. -Lincoln identified the Union cause with the fate of democracy for all of mankind. -Lincoln insisted in the first year of the war that it was not about slavery, but rather the preservation of the Union.
In 1863, Lincoln announced his Ten-Percent Plan of Reconstruction for occupied Louisiana and other areas of the Confederacy occupied by Union forces. The plan proved controversial. Identify the statements that accurately describe Lincoln's Ten-Percent Plan of Reconstruction.
correct: -Lincoln essentially offered amnesty and full restoration rights, including property (except slaves), to nearly all white southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the Union and supported emancipation. -Lincoln's Ten-Percent Plan offered no role to blacks in shaping the post-slavery order. This led to free blacks pushing for equality before the law and a role in government.
Which of the following are valid statements about Lincoln's vision of freedom as illustrated in this source?
correct: -Lincoln's use of a parable of the sheep, shepherd, and wolf underscored his thinking about slavery and emancipation. -Lincoln acknowledged northerners had different views of liberty.
Identify the statements that accurately describe the secession of the southern states and the creation of the Confederate States of America.
correct: -Louisiana seceded before the fall of Fort Sumter. -North Carolina was the last state to secede from the Union.
During the Civil War, Christianity and patriotism were joined in a civic religion unprecedented in American history. How did the war transform American religious and political life?
correct: -People turned to religion and spiritualism to cope with the unprecedented number of deaths. -Many clergy in the North professed that the war was God's instrument to rid the nation of slavery and turn it into the true land of freedom.
In November 1864, Sherman and his army of 60,000 set out from Atlanta on their March to the Sea. Which of the following statements describe the events of the March to the Sea and Sherman's subsequent military actions?
correct: -Sherman's army cut a sixty-mile-wide swath of destruction through the heart of Georgia, destroying anything that could be considered war material. -In January 1865, Sherman marched into South Carolina, causing even more destruction than he had in Georgia.
The Homestead Act was passed by Congress to increase agricultural output in the United States. Identify the statements that accurately describe the Homestead Act.
correct: -Some 400,000 families accepted land under the Homestead Act. -The Homestead Act went into effect the very same day as the Emancipation Proclamation.
While he may have been able to wax elegant in the U.S. Senate, Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederacy, failed to communicate the reasons and meaning of the Confederate war effort. What other failures in the Confederate war effort can be attributed to Jefferson Davis and the political leadership of the Confederacy?
correct: -Southern politicians saw political parties as threats to national unity, and they lacked an organized party to help mobilize support for Davis and the war. -The Confederate government became far more centralized than the Old South had experienced before, but it failed to find an effective means of utilizing its major economic resource—cotton. -The Confederate leadership lacked a unity of purpose as even governors openly opposed such measures as the draft.
A seldom discussed aspect of the Civil War is the Union's continuing wars against the Native Americans in the West. Identify the statements that accurately describe Native Americans and the Union in the West during the Civil War.
correct: -The Cherokee, forced to Oklahoma by the Indian Removal Act, still owned slaves and sided with the Confederacy at the time of the Civil War. -The Navajo's Long Walk was the Navajo people's forced removal from their ancestral lands by the U.S. army. -The U.S. army attacked the Kiowas and Comanches in the Southwest in retaliation for raids on settlements and ranches.
Identify the causes of economic hardship and disaffection among the population of the Confederate States of America that undermined the war effort.
correct: -The Confederate Congress authorized the army to confiscate what it needed from farmers to supply itself. -The government of the Confederacy was unwilling to tax the wealthy planting class that could pay for the war.
Identify the characteristics that defined the first Battle of Bull Run.
correct: -The Confederate forces defeated Union troops. -This fight demonstrated to both northerners and southerners that the Civil War would be a prolonged conflict.
The Civil War laid the foundation for modern America. In fighting the war, both the North and the South lost something they had gone to war to defend. Identify what each side had to sacrifice.
correct: -The South lost slavery, economic power, and southern dominance of American politics. -Northern capital dominated American politics, but in gaining that lead, it both weakened free labor and transformed the small shop and independent farm into powerful industrial giants.
Identify the advantages that the Union held over the Confederacy at the outbreak of the Civil War.
correct: -The Union had more railroad mileage, industrial capacity, and financial resources. -The Union had a larger population.
The Wade-Davis Bill was an unsuccessful bill named after two leading Republican members of Congress unhappy with Lincoln's Ten-Percent Plan of Reconstruction. Which of the following were provisions of the Wade-Davis Bill?
correct: -The bill required a majority, not 10 percent, of white male southerners to pledge support for the Union before Reconstruction commenced. -The Bill passed Congress but was dead when Lincoln refused to sign it. -The Wade-Davis Bill called for equality for blacks before the law.
The Civil War was not the first war in which modern weaponry and technology was used to affect the outcome on the battlefield. That distinction belongs to the Crimean War (1854-1856). What new technologies were revolutionizing warfare in the 1860s?
correct: -The mass-produced rifled musket allowed for greater accuracy. -The telegraph was used to command and control a vast area of operations. -Ironclad warships participated in direct combat with one another.
The transcontinental railroad was first proposed by Asa Whitney in 1846 and was quickly called "too gigantic" and "entirely impracticable" by Congress. Yet the railroad was built by 1869 and transformed the United States. Which of the following statements concerning the transcontinental railroad are true?
correct: -The transcontinental railroad shortened travel across the continent from an average five to six months to five or six days. -Congress gave 100 million acres of land to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads. -The construction of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads eventually employed 20,000 workers.
During the summer of 1862, Lincoln concluded that emancipation had become a political and military necessity. Many factors contributed to this decision. Which of the following are factors that led Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation?
correct: -There was a lack of a quick military success to end the war. -An economic strategy, such as eliminating slavery, would undermine the entire southern economy.
Analyze the following map titled "The Civil War in the West, 1861-1862." Which of the following are valid statements about the war in the Western Theater?
correct: -Union forces gained control of waterways, namely rivers, and port cities. -The Battle of Shiloh was a Union victory.
In July 1863, Lee again invaded the North and clashed with federal forces at the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania. Instead of defeating the federals on their own territory, Lee himself was defeated. Identify the statements that accurately describe the Battle of Gettysburg.
correct: -With more than 165,000 men engaged in the battle, Gettysburg is the largest battle ever to have taken place in North America. -Gettysburg was unusual for Lee in that he was on the strategic offensive in northern territory as opposed to being on the strategic defensive on southern ground. -Gettysburg was a crushing defeat for Lee, and his army would never again return to northern soil.
President Lincoln favored a strategy that focused on capturing and holding Confederate territory—namely Richmond, the Confederate capital—not the destruction of the Confederate armies.
false
The Battle of Appomattox Courthouse, or the last stand of the Army of Northern Virginia, was the bloodiest and most useless battle of the Civil War, as Richmond and most of the South were occupied by Union forces and defeat was obvious.
false
Identify the outcomes of the following major Civil War battles.
stunning defeat of General Joseph Hooker's Army of the Potomac in May 1863 Correct label: Battle of Chancellorsville the largest battle in the history of North America in July 1863 Correct label: Battle of Gettysburg resulted in control of the Mississippi River for the Union in July 1863 Correct label: Battle of Vicksburg
As Union forces occupied large portions of slave territory in 1861 and 1862, thousands of slaves made their way toward Union lines.
true
Confederate authorities eventually became so desperate to make up for manpower shortages that they made it legal to arm slaves and offer them their freedom in exchange for enlisting and defending the Confederacy. The measure became law in March 1865.
true
During the Civil War, the North went through a period of massive economic growth and expansion in comparison with economic stagnation and devastation in the South.
true
Even under the threat of violence from the state and from neighbors, many southerners stayed loyal to the Union. It is believed that more than 50,000 white southerners fought in the Union armies.
true
Grant's strategy of maintaining the initiative against Robert E. Lee, thus suffering high casualties in the Army of the Potomac, earned him a reputation of the "butcher of men."
true
The Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 was a brilliant victory for Lee in central Virginia, as he was outnumbered by General Joseph Hooker's Army of the Potomac two to one.
true
The Confederate military adopted a defensive strategy with occasional offensives into the North.
true