InQuizitive Chapter 17
The Populist platform of 1892, adopted at the party's Omaha convention, remains a classic document of American reform. Identify the statements that describe the Populist platform of 1892.
653 called for public ownership of the railroads to ensure farmers would have inexpensive transportation to ship their crops to markets put forward a list of proposals that would restore democracy and economic opportunity
Populists refused to support the creation of labor unions and opposed government interference in the economy.
654 False Populists had a rather radical reform agenda that included public ownership of railroads, support for unions, a graduated income tax, low-cost government financing for farmers, and government control of the currency. It would take a generation, but much of what the Populists platform supported would be called for again by Progressives in the early twentieth century.
What does it reveal about Populist strength in the election of 1892?
655 There was more Populists support in the west than in the east. (Farming was the main economic driver in the West, and Populists message was aimed at their wants and needs.) Rural regions of the country represented a larger portion of the Populists vote.
How did the Populists try to appeal to industrial workers?
656 They supported the demands of Coxey's Army for the government to provide unemployment relief. They protected striking miners. Populists supported woman suffrage.
Match the following terms and statements dealing with labor and government interactions.
656 federal troops called in to disperse hundreds of unemployed men marching on Washington- Coxey's Army (Jacob Coxey) declared martial law and sent militia and federal troops into mining regions to break up strikes- Idaho governor Strikes at a railroad car manufacturer led to a general strike by the American Railway Union that crippled national rail service- Pullman
Identify the statements that describe the Redeemers and the impact of their rise to power.
659-660 They were a group of merchants, planters, and entrepreneurs who dominated regional politics and sought to undo Reconstruction efforts They passed new laws authorizing the arrest of virtually any person without a job and greatly increased the penalties for petty crimes. They reduced budgets for schools and hospitals, as well as reduced taxes for people who owned property.
Identify the economic conditions in the South by matching the locations and regions to their descriptions.
659-660 important mining and steel center- Birmingham, Alabama important textile region- South Carolina The "number one" economic problem in the country, as the per capita income was below the national average- the South
Identify the statements that describe the experiences of African-Americans in the South.
660-661 In most of the Deep South, African-Americans owned a smaller percentage of land in 1900 than they did at the end of Reconstruction. Black men were excluded from white-collar jobs.
In 1879 and 1880, an estimated 40,000-60,000 African-Americans migrated to Alabama seeking political equality, freedom from violence, access to education, and economic opportunity.
661-662 False The real focus of migration was Kansas. They migrated to Kansas to escape the oppressive environment of the New South. The It became known as the Kansas Exodus after the biblical exodus of the Jews escaping from Egyptian slavery.
Between 1890 and 1906, every southern state attempted to enact laws and constitutional provisions meant to eliminate the black vote. Identify the methods and laws implemented to disenfranchise African-Americans and, to a lesser extent, poor whites.
663-664 poll tax literacy requirements grandfather clause
Plessy v. Ferguson was a decision by the Supreme Court in which it was determined that segregation was legal as long as "separate but equal" facilities were maintained for blacks and whites.
664-665 True The decision was 7-1 in favor of "separate but equal" facilities. This case strengthened segregation in the South. The lone dissenting justice was John Marshall Harlan who argued to his fellow justices, "Our constitution is color blind." To Harlan, freedom for the former slaves meant the right to participate fully and equally in American society.
The 1890s saw the widespread imposition of segregation in the South. Laws and local customs requiring the separation of the races had numerous precedents. Match the following terms dealing with segregation to the correct definition.
664-665 lone dissenting Supreme Court Justice in Plessy v. Ferguson - John Marshall Harlan The Supreme Court invalidated most of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 - the Civil Rights Cases state laws that required separate but equal facilities for the races - Plessy v. Ferguson lawyer who argued on behalf of black residents in Plessy v. Ferguson - Albion W. Tourgee
Identify the statements that describe segregation in the south
664-666 Segregation was part of a larger system of white supremacy. (Blacks and whites came into contact with one another all the time in the South. You couldn't just push them apart. Segregation was part of the system that was meant to ensure that when they did come into contact, it was the whites that held the power.) Plessy v. Ferguson provided the legal grounding for the institutionalization of segregation in the South. (Segregation, which became entrenched in the South in the early twentieth century, particularly after the Plessy v. Ferguson decision gave it a legal go-ahead in 1896, was in some ways a system of separation. There were black institutions and white, black entrances and white, black graveyards and white, black drinking fountains and white—you name it, every kind of activity had a black and white component.)
The 1890s witnessed a major shift in the sources of immigration to the United States. Define the key terms pertaining to the "new immigrants."
669-670 descriptive term used by native-born Americans to describe new immigrants- "races" the region(s) from which most 'new immigrants' came- Eastern Europe the region(s) from which most traditional immigrants came- Ireland, England, Germany, and Scandinavia
The Immigration Restriction League, while having a large membership, failed to have any impact on legislation in Congress limiting the influx of immigrants to the United States.
670 False The League called for reducing immigration by barring illiterates from entering the country. Eventually, such a measure was adopted by Congress but vetoed by President Grover Cleveland in 1897.
Identify the statements that describe Chinese immigration and immigrants to the United States.
670-672 Congress excluded Chinese women from entering the United States. The Chinese Exclusion Act temporarily barred immigrants from China. Chinese immigrants were required to carry identification at all times.
Identify the statements that describe Booker T. Washington and his ideas.
672-673 Washington urged blacks to adjust to segregation and abandon agitation for civil and political rights. Washington urged blacks to seek the assistance of white employers who would prefer docile, dependable black workers to radicalized whites.
Within the labor movement, the demise of the Knights of Labor led to a shift away from the broadly reformist past to more limited goals. The ascendancy of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was indicative of this new direction. Identify the statements that describe the AFL.
673, 676 Rather than confronting the owners of industry head on, the AFL devoted itself to negotiating with employers for better working conditions and higher wages. The new AFL policies became known as "business unionism" in the language of the era's business culture.
What direction was the women's movement taking in the late nineteenth century?
676-677 With the rise in the employment of women card a new focus on woman suffrage. As women moved into areas that had previously only been open to men, they demanded a political voice.
Identify the statements that describe the United States on the international stage prior to 1890.
677-679 The United States was only a second-rate world power. The United States was focused on internal growth rather than international expansion.
Identify where the United States had attempted to extend its territory prior to 1890 and the age of American expansionism.
678-679 Alaska the Dominican Republic
The depression that began in 1893 heightened American nationalism and a call for a more aggressive foreign policy. Which of the following were outcomes of this hyper-patriotism?
680-681 The Pledge of Allegiance and the practice of standing for the playing of the "Star Spangled Banner" began during this period. New mass-circulation newspapers were distributed that promoted nationalistic sentiments.(Dubbed the "yellow press," these papers, with sensationalized coverage of the Spanish War in Cuba and hysterical unsubstantiated claims of Spanish treachery in the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine, would prove to be so popular and influential they all but pushed President McKinley to go to war with Spain in 1898.)
The explosion that destroyed the U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898, was proven without a doubt to have been the work of Spanish saboteurs.
681 False Subsequent investigations into the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine proved that it was an accident caused by a design flaw in the coal bunkers being too close to the magazines and the use of bituminous coal, which is ironic considering it was an important cause of the Spanish-American War.
What do they (maps) reveal about the Spanish-American conflicts in the Pacific and Caribbean?
682 America had victories in both the Pacific and the Caribbean. American forces made direct attacks on Spanish possessions.
What do they reveal about the Spanish-American conflicts in the Pacific and Caribbean?
682 America had victories in both the Pacific and the Caribbean.(The United States had now grown economically and militarily to conduct military operations over vast distances simultaneously.) American forces made direct attacks on Spanish possessions (American naval forces attacked Cuba in the Caribbean and the Philippine Islands in the Pacific.)
In 1899, Secretary of State John Hay announced the Open Door Policy with China demanding that Chinese authorities allow immigration to the United States.
683 False John Hay was demanding that the European powers that had recently divided China into commercial spheres of influence grant equal access to American exports. Even as the United States banned the immigration of Chinese into this country, Hay was insisting on access to the economy of China.
The Platt Amendment in the Cuban constitution was a guarantee from the U.S. government that it would not interfere in Cuban domestic affairs.
683 False The Platt Amendment, drafted into the Cuban constitution (written by Senator Orville H. Platt of Connecticut), authorized the United States to intervene militarily whenever it saw fit. The United States also received a permanent lease to naval bases in Cuba, including the now infamous Guantanamo Bay.
Identify the statements that describe the Philippine War.
683-684 Emilio Aguinaldo, the leader of the Filipino rebellion against the Spanish, initially welcomed U.S. forces as allies against the Spanish. The war was brutal, and both sides committed atrocities during the conflict that ultimately tarnished the reputation of the United States. McKinley justified the brutal prosecution of the war on the grounds that the United States was trying to civilize and Christianize the Filipinos. The U.S. colonial administration immediately invested in railroads and harbors, brought in American school teachers and public health officials, and sought to modernize agriculture.