InQuizitive: Chapter 5. Biology in the Present: Living People

How many calories per day are consumed in most human populations across the world?

Far less than 2,000

Who was the first scientist to challenge the concept of race?

Franz Boas

The following table presents three outcomes of solar/UV radiation. Which effect includes a genetic adaptation? Click on your answer.

High melanin production (dark skin)

Which of the following statements about human reaction to heat stress is/are true?

Humans depend on sweat to regulate their temperature more than other primates do. Humans sweat in order to lower their body temperature.

Bergmann's and Allen's rules differ because Bergmann's rule pertains to - and Allen's rule pertains to -.

body size limb length

Which of the following statements describe how the work of Franz Boas challenged the concept of race?

-By studying traits in immigrants, Boas showed that racial types were unstable -By studying traits in both parents and their children, Boas showed that the phenotypic characteristics associated with race can change

Which of the following are potential costs of physical activity?

-Physical activity can interrupt the reproductive cycle. -Physical activity can reduce the ability to conceive.

Which of the following is/are ways that human life histories differ from those of other primates?

-marriage between mates -socially important grandmothering role -intensely demanding infant period -long periods of survival after menopause

Although early scientists attempted to classify people into races based strictly on static -categories, we now know that human - variation is too gradual and dynamic to be categorized.

1. phenotypic 2. genotypic

Below is a graph of growth velocity during the postnatal stage. Click on the part of the graph that shows a phenomenon that happens in humans but not in other apes/primates.

12-16

Match each life history event with the approximate age at which it occurs in humans.

2-3 years: first set of teeth is present 6 years: brain growth is completed 12 years: puberty begins 15-16 years: sexual maturity is reached 24-25 years: epiphyses fuses to diaphyses

The woman in the picture, Amelie Mauresmo, has a dominant right arm, which she uses more frequently than her left arm. Which of the humerus (upper arm bone) cross-sections presented below most likely belongs to her right arm?

Bottom figure

Skin color is related to UV radiation. Drag and drop the skin color to the latitude where it is found.

Dark skin 0-20 Light skin 60-80

Functional adaptations can never be replaced by equivalent genetic adaptations.

False

There are three human races: Caucasoid, Negroid, and Mongoloid.

False

The following table presents three possible outcomes of high altitude exposure in humans. Which one can be considered a functional adaptation? Click on your answer.

Greater diameter of arteries and veins and greater relative blood flow to body tissues, greater lung volume, more efficient use of oxygen, larger chest size in some populations (reflecting greater lung volume)

Bergmann's Rule demonstrates how climate is related to body size and shape. Drag and drop the climate information to where it belongs on the graph.

Hot climate (Taller, Narrower body) Cold climate (Short, wider body)

What is the adaptive reason for low levels of melanin at higher latitudes?

Lower levels of melanin lead to higher vitamin D absorption at higher latitudes

Below is a list of traits that R. C. Lewontin and subsequent scientists used to test whether there is more genetic diversity (i.e., the difference) between populations (i.e., races) or within them. What did he find? Match each trait to the correct statement.

There is more variation within the population than between populations. Correct label: red blood cell enzyme variants Correct label: blood groups Correct label: cranial morphology Correct label: serum proteins

In both Bergmann's and Allen's rules, surface area plays a major role in how heat is conserved or dissipated. What happens in animals with greater surface area?

They are able to dissipate heat more rapidly

Human populations that engage in activities that stress the skeleton (e.g., walking, lifting, carrying) have bones with optimum density.

True

Some human groups share genetic markers that no other human population has.

True

The picture above shows B blood group frequencies across eastern Asia and far western Europe. There is a gradual change in the characteristic from one population to the next. This pattern is called a -.

cline

Variation in skin color is an example of a (mutation.)

cline

High levels of melanin are adaptive at low latitudes because it allows the body to - folate.

conserve

Match the adult stage-related terms to their definitions.

senescence the suite of biological changes that occur in later adulthood menopause the cessation of the menstrual cycle, signifying the end of a female's ability to bear children osteoporosis the loss of bone mass, often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured homeostasis the maintenance of the internal environment of an organism within an acceptable range

Match the life history stage to its description.

the postnatal stage The stage beginning with birth and involving substantial increases in height, weight, and brain growth and development until the reproductive years begin. the adult stage The stage of life involving the reproductive years and senescence. the prenatal stage The stage beginning with the zygote in utero, terminating with birth, and involving multiple mitotic events and the differentiation of the body into the appropriate segments and regions.

Put the following human life history stages in chronological order of growth and development.

the prenatal stagethe postnatal stage the adult stage