INSY 3303 Chapter 5: Network And Transport Layers
QoS defines and assigns priorities to __________________________.
"Classes of Service"
What makes up Class A addresses?
0 - 127 (7 bit Net-ID, 24 bit Host-ID)
What is the Range for all Well-Known Ports?
0 through 1,023
What is the Range of all Registered Ports?
1,024 through 49,151
What are the steps to Packetization and Segmentation?
1.) APP layer sees a message as a block of information 2.) TCP Breaks down the large message into smaller pieces (packetization) 3.) IP - Packets are then segmented
What makes up class B addresses?
128 - 191 (14 bit Net-ID, 16 bit Host-ID)
IPv6 uses a ______ byte address.
16 Byte Address
What makes up Class C addresses?
192 - 223 (21 bit Net-ID, 8 bit Host-ID)
What is an example of a Transport layer address?
201.66.43.12
List some Examples of Well-Known Ports.
21: FTP 25: SMTP 53: DNS 443: HTTP Secure
How many Addresses does Class C contain?
2^29 = 536 Million
What is the number of addresses Class B contains?
2^30 = 1 Billion Addresses
How many Addresses does Class A contain?
2^31 = 2 Billion Addresses
Port Numbers are divided into _____ ranges, what are they?
3 Ranges 1.) Well-known Ports 2.) Registered Ports 3.) Dynamic or Private Ports
How many IPv6 addresses are available?
3.2 x 10^38 = a very large number
IPv4 Addresses are in strings of how many bits?
32 Binary Bits (4 Byte)
What is the range of all Dynamic (private) Ports?
49,152 through 65,535
What Protocols support QoS?
ATP: Asynchronous Transfer Mode RSVP: Resource Reservation Protocol RTSP: Real-Time Streaming Protocol RTP: Real-Time Transport Protocol
Each device on the path between the source and destination must have an ___________________.
Address
_______________________________________ is the translation between network layer addresses and other addresses.
Address Resolution
What does Address Resolution do?
Address resolution translates the different types of addresses so a message can travel through the different layers. (MAC, IP, URL)
What are the 2 Network Layer functions?
Addressing and Routing
What is an Application layer Address, and what is it for?
App layer address = URL For servers only, and are assigned by network managers and are placed in config files
The Transport Layer also interacts with the ____________ layer.
Application Layer
Google.com is an example of what?
Application Layer Address (URL)
What is ATM?
Asynchronous Transfer Mode: (ATM) is a high speed Data-Link layer protocol
_____________________________ is commonly used for control messages that are usually small, such as DNS, DHCP, RIP, and SNMP.
Connection-Less Session Management (UDP)
What are the 3 forms of Session Management?
Connection-Oriented Connection-less QOS
What is Connection-Oriented Session Management, and what provides it?
Connection-Oriented SM: Setting up a virtual Circuit, or TCP Connection. TCP asks IP to route all packets in a message using the same path.
What is Connection-Less Routing Session Management?
Connectionless Routing: sends packets individually without a virtual circuit. Each packet is sent independently of one another, and will be routed separately and will arrive at different times.
00-0C-00-F5-03-5A (6 bytes) is an example of what?
Data-Link Layer address (MAC address)
What is the Data-Link Layer address, and what does it do?
Data-Link Layer address: MAC Address
What is used to make IP addresses easier to understand for human readers?
Dotted Decimal Notation
What does DHCP stand for?
Dynamic Host Configuration protocol (DHCP)
The Network layer performs ___________________ at the sending end, and ______________________ at the receiving end.
Encapsulation: adds a network layer header to message segments Decapsulation: removes the network layer header from the packets and passes them up to the transport layer
What is an Application Layer Address?
Examples: FTP server, SMTP Server, Web Server
True/False: Not all of the IPv4 addresses have been used up yet.
False, the 1 Billion IPv4 spaces were used up very quickly
True/False: TCP cannot serve several Application layer protocols at the same time.
False: TCP may serve several APP. layer protocols at the same time
True/False: UDP cannot be used for applications where a packet can be lost, such as an information rich video.
False: UDP can be used for apps where a packet (such as an info rich video) can be lost.
Dotted Decimal Notation breaks an address up into ______________________ and writes the digital equivalent for each one.
Four Bytes Example: 128.192.56.1 instead of 100000000.11000000.00111000.00000001
Connection-Oriented Session Management is used by what 3 Protocols?
HTTP, SMTP, and FTP
Who maintains the list of all Registered Ports?
IANA
Internet Addresses are managed by ____________________.
ICANN - Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
ICANN manages the assignment of both ___________________ and ___________________________.
IP Address App layer name space (Domain Names)
What are the lengths of bot IPv4 and IPv6 Headers?
IPv4 = 192 bits (24 bytes) IPv6 = 320 bits (40 Bytes)
What are the 2 versions of IP in use today?
IPv4: a 192-bit (24 Byte) Header, uses 32 bit addresses IPv6: 128 bit addresses
Which form of IP has a much larger source address, Destination address, and User Data section of the frame?
IPv6
Why was IPv6 developed?
IPv6 was developed to increase IP address space due to the huge growth in internet usage with a new 128-bit address.
Where are Port Numbers located?
In TCP header fields, 1 Byte for the source and one Byte for the destination (2 bytes total)
What are the main Transport Layer Functions?
Linking to the Application Layer Segmenting Session Management
149.61.10.22 (4 bytes) is an example of?
Network Layer Address (IP address)
What is a Network Layer Address, and what is it for?
Network layer address: IP Address every network on the internet is assigned a range of possible IP addresses for use on its network
Do clients need a URL?
No, only Servers need a URL
What makes up Class D addresses?
None so far, the IP addresses in A, B, and C have not been used up yet
___________________ port numbers are possible, but requires configuration of TCP.
Nonstandard Port Numbers
What does a Small Packet Header (UDP) contain?
Only 8 Bytes - 4 fields: Source Port Destination Port Message length Header Checksum
How do you know which application layer to send a message to using TCP?
Port Numbers placed in TCP header fields (2 bytes each), contain the source and destination.
What is QoS routing?
Quality of Service Routing is a special kind of Connection-Oriented routing with special priorities.
What 3 protocols are included in the TCP/IP Suite?
RSVP: resource reservation protocol RTSP: real-time streaming protocol RTP: real-time transport protocol
Explain Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP).
RSVP: sets up virtual circuits for general purpose real-time applications
What Protocol does Real-Time Protocol use?
RTP uses UDP (because of its smaller header) as transport
QoS Routing is Provided by what?
RTP: Real-Time Transfer Protocol RTP: network protocol for delivering audio and video over IP networks
What does Real-Time Streaming Protocol do (RTSP)?
RTSP: sets up virtuial circuits for audio-video applications
What applications require Timeliness?
Real Time: voice and video frames
What are the different "Classes of service" in QoS from most highest to lowest?
Real-time Apps such as VoIP - Highest A graphical file for a web page - Lower Priority Email - lowest priority (can wait a long time before delivery)
_________________ is the process of reconstructing the original message into a single whole at the receiving end.
Reassembly
The Process of deciding what route a packet should take to get to its destination is known as?
Routing
RIP stands for what?
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Nonstandard port numbers can be used to enhance _____________ from commonly known ports.
Security
__________________ is the process of breaking a message down into smaller pieces at the sending end.
Segmenting
What is Session management?
Session management: the addressing and routing of messages (selecting the best path from computer to computer until the message reaches its destination)
SNMP stands for ______________________________.
Simple Network Management Protocol
UDP uses only a ____________________ Header.
Small Packet Header
A _________________ is a group of computers on the same LAN with IP numbers using the same prefix.
Subnet (8 bits in length)
What is the most commonly used protocol?
TCP/IP
_____________ is used in the Internet and is compatible with a variety of application layer protocols as well as with many Data-Link Layer protocols
TCP/IP
________________________ is an error free transmission, performs error checking, transmits large files with delivery assurance, and is compatible with a variety of other data link layer protocols.
TCP/IP
What does TCP do?
TCP: links the application layer to the network layer, and performs Packetization and Reassembly
For IP, the max size of the variable length data field depends on what?
The Data-Link Layer Protocol Example: Ethernet's max message size is 1,492 Bytes, so 1,492 Bytes - 24 Bytes (TCP header) - 24 Bytes (IPv4 header) = 1,444 Bytes
________________________ selects the best path from computer to computer until the message reaches its destination.
The Transport Layer
What is the Network Layer responsible for?
The addressing and routing of messages
What is required to create a Virtual Circuit?
Through a TCP request
QoS is known for its _________________.
Timeliness: the timed delivery of packets
Application, Network, and Data-Link Layer addresses must be _____________________ from one type to another for a message to travel from a sender to a receiver.
Translated
________________ breaks messages up into smaller packets, _________________ them, and then reassembles the packets at its destination.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Numbers the packets
What does TCP/IP stand for?
Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
What layer is responsible for the segmenting and reassembly of packets?
Transport Layer
True/False: In Connection Oriented Session Management, Packet Deliveries are Acknowledged.
True
True/False: ICANN authorizes private companies to become domain name registrars as well.
True!
True/False: Servers have permanent IP Addresses.
True! Only Servers have permanent IP addresses, clients do not.
Connection-less Routing session management is provided by __________________.
UDP: User Datagram Protocol
What is the purpose of UDP?
UDP: User Datagram Protocol is an alternative communications protocol to TCP, used primarily for establishing low-latency and loss tolerating connections between applications on the internet.
__________ does not use ACKs, or NAKs, and has not flow control.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Both versions of IP have a ________________ length data field.
Variable Length data field.
The Transport can also set up _________________ if needed.
Virtual Circuits
What is the Internet Protocol Responsible for?
the addressing and routing of the packets made by the Transport Layer.
What are the Transport Layer responsible for?
the end to end delivery of messages
What is a MAC address?
unique hardware addresses placed on Network Interface Cards by their manufacturers (based on a standardization scheme)
What is Real-Time Transport Protocols purpose? (RTP)
used after a virtual connection created by RSVP or RTSP, and adds a sequence # and a time stamp for helping apps synchronize delivery of packets
QoS uses Timeliness to ensure that packages are delivered ____________________________________.
within a certain period of time
