Integrated physics and chemistry chapter 16

Thermal expansion

Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature, through heat transfer. Temperature is a monotonic function of the average molecular kinetic energy of a substance. When a substance is heated, the kinetic energy of its molecules increases.

Melting point

The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in equilibrium.

Diffusion

Diffusion refers to the process by which molecules intermingle as a result of their kinetic energy of random motion. Consider two containers of gas A and B separated by a partition. The molecules of both gases are in constant motion and make numerous collisions with the partition.

Kinetic theory

The kinetic theory describes a gas as a large number of submicroscopic particles (atoms or molecules), all of which are in constant, random motion. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide with each other and with the walls of the container.

Pressure

Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) [a] [not in citation given] is the pressure relative to the local atmospheric or ambient pressure.

Heat of vaporization

The Heat (or Enthalpy) of Vaporization is the quantity of heat that must be absorbed if a certain quantity of liquid is vaporized at a constant temperature. In a solution with both a vaporized and liquidized states, the kinetic energy of the vapor is higher than the kinetic energy of the liquid.

Heat of fusion

The enthalpy of fusion also known as (latent) heat of fusion is the change in enthalpy resulting from heating a given quantity of a substance to change its state from a solid to a liquid. The temperature at which this occurs is the melting point.

Pascal

the SI unit of pressure, equal to one newton per square meter (approximately 0.000145 pounds per square inch, or 9.9 × 10-6 atmospheres).

Buoyancy

the ability or tendency to float in water or air or some other fluid.

Plasma

the colorless fluid part of blood, lymph, or milk, in which corpuscles or fat globules are suspended.

Viscosity

the state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency, due to internal friction.

Boiling point

the temperature at which a liquid boils and turns to vapor. the point at which anger or excitement breaks out into violent expression. "emotions had reached boiling point and could spill over into violence"