Integumentary System

Epidermal cells produce _____________ , which is converted to _______________, which aids in _____________.

Vitamin D3, Calcitriol, Calcium absorption

What does keratohyalin promote

aggregation and cross-linking of keratin fibers in neighboring cells

what does the dermis do

anchors epidermal accessory structures (hair follicles, sweat glands) and provides oxygen and nutrients to the epidermis

what are the two types of sweat glands

apocrine and merocrine (eccrine) glands

what is the hypodermis

area of loose connective tissue deep to the dermis

what does the papillary layer (outer layer) made of

areolar connective tissue

where are apocrine sweat glands found

armpits, around nipples, and groin

when do merocrine glands become active

at birth

where does hair production begin

at the base of the hair, deep in the dermis

is the epidermis vascular or avascular?

avascular - no blood vessels

what are the functions of merocrine sweat glands

cools skin, excretes water and electrolytes, flushes microorganisms and harmful chemicals from skin

are the cells on the epidermis alive or dead

dead

what does the stratum lucidum do

decreases friction on cells and tissues below

where is the hair follicle located

deep in the dermis

what type of cells does the stratum basale contain

dendritic (langerhans) cells

what is keratohyalin

dense granules that promote dehydration of cells (nucleus and most organelles are destroyed)

what is the reticular layer (deep layer) made of

dense irregular connective tissue

what projects up between epidermal ridges in the papillary layer of the dermis

dermal papillae

where are tactile corpuscles located

dermal papillae

how are the layers of keratinocytes bound together

desmosomes

where do sebaceous follicles discharge

directly onto the skins surface

how is the stratum spinous produced

division of stem cells (basal cells) in the stratum basale

what is an example of when cyanosis would occur

drowning, choking, and a severe asthma attack

what do ceruminous glands protect

eardrums

how many layers of keratinocytes are in the stratum spinosum

eight to ten layers

what type of cells produce vitamin d3

epidermal cells

where does carotene accumulate

epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis

what does the stratum basale form

epidermal ridges

what type of tissue is the hair follicle

epithelial tissue

how often is the stratum corneum replaced

every 2 weeks

what do epidermal ridges cause

fingerprints

what is dermal papillae responsible for

fingerprints

what is the stratum lucidum made of

flat, densely packed cells filled with keratin

how is hair color determined

genetics

what are ceruminous glands

glands that produce cerumen (earwax)

what are mammary glands

glands that produce milk in response to prolactin (hormone)

what can the arrestor pili produce

goose bumps

what are simple branched alveolar glands associated with

hair follicles

what does the hair bulb produce

hair matrix

where are terminal hairs located

head, eyebrows, and eyelashes and other parts of the body after puberty

how is the stratum basal attached to the basement membrane

hemidesmosomes

what type of needles are used to inject into the hypodermis

hypodermic needles

where are Merkel cells found

in hairless skin such as the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet

when do epidermal cells produce vitamin d3

in the presence of UV radiation

where is melanin located

in transport vesicles (melanosomes)

what does dermal papillae do

increase surface ares and strengthens the bonds

what is an example of something injected into the hypodermis

insulin

what is insensible perspiration

interstitial fluid lost by exasperation through the stratum corneum

where is insulin injected

into the fat - subcutaneous

what is the arrestor pili muscle

involuntary smooth muscle the is connected to the hair root

what happens when oxygen is bound to hemoglobin

it is bright red (no oxygen -deep dark, reddish, blueish color)

what does the stratum granulosum produce

keratin and keratohyalin

what are the most abundant cells found in the epidermis

keratinocytes

what can melanin be transferred to

keratinocytes

what does the reticular layer contain

larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, collagen, and elastic fibers

what does sebum (oil) contail

lipids

what does the skin store

lipids

where is cyanosis first seen

lips, and under the nails

what organs convert vitamin d3

liver and kidneys

what do sebaceous glands do

lubricate hair and control bacteria

what does sebum do

lubricates and protects the epidermis, inhibit bacteria

what does keratin do to cells

makes cells water resistant and resistant to abrasion

what does the skin produce

melanin and keratin

what is a melanocyte

melanin cell

what is hair color produced by

melanocytes near the hair papilla

why do some people have darker skin tones

melanocytes release melanosomes more superficially

what is a type of cancer that originated in melanocytes

melanoma (skin cancer)

where do sensory receptors provide information to

nervous system

what does the hair follicle produce

nonliving hairs

what is a sebaceous gland

oil gland

where does keratinization occur

on all exposed skin surfaces except the eyes

what is carotene

orange-yellow pigment found in orange vegetables

how many layers of keratinized cells are in the stratum corneum in thick skin

over 100 layers

where is thick skin present

palms of hands and soles of feet

where is hair not present on the body

palms, soles, lips, and portions of external genetalia, eyes

what is the hair shaft

part of the hair that extends past the surface (exposed)

what does the papillary layer supply

parts of the epidermis with nutrients and oxygen

What do melanocytes contain

pigment melanin (color of the skin)

what is skin color influenced by

pigments (carotene and melanin) and by blood circulation

what does a melanocyte produce and what does it protect the skin from

produces melanin; skin/tissues from sun damage

what is the function of hair

protects and insulates (from UV radiation), guards openings against particles and insects

what is keratin

protein that makes skin strong and water resistant

what do collagen and elastic fibers do

provide strength and flexibility; extent to papillary region and the hypodermis

what does the hypodermis so

provides insulation, is an energy reserve (stores fatty acids as triglycerides) and as a shock absorber and stabilizer

when do apocrine sweat glands become active

puberty

where are lamella red corpuscles located

reticular layer (deep)

what is the hypodermis connected to and by what

reticular layer of integument and by connective tissue fibers

what happens when there is an insufficient amount of vitamin D3 in the body

rickets can occur (weak bones that bow under pressure)

what does the skin get rid of

salts, water, and organic wastes (garlic, alcohol)

where are melanocytes found

scattered throughout the stratum basale

what do sebaceous glands secrete

sebum

what is the base of the hair follicle surrounded by

sensory nerves (root hair plexus)

what are lamellate corpuscles (pacinian corpuscles) used for

sensory of deep pressure and vibration

what are tactile corpuscles (Meissner's corpuscles) used for

sensory of light touch

what are the two types of sebaceous glands

simple branched alveolar glands, sebaceous follicles

what does the papillary layer contain

small capillaries (blood vessels), lymphatics, and sensory neurons

what are vellus hairs

soft, fine hairs

what is a exocrine gland

something that makes secretion

what do hemidesmosomes resemble

staple

what do apocrine sweat glands produce

sticky, cloudy secretions that break down and cause odors

what is the deepest layer of skin

stratum basale

what layer of skin do cells stop dividing, and start producing

stratum granulosum

the hypodermis is the site of what type of injections

subcutaneous

what is the hypodermis also called

subcutaneous

what happens to the skin when someone is hot

superficial blood vessels dilate causing the skin to redden

what do epidermal and dermal papillae create an increase of

surface area

what does calcitrol aid in

the absorption of calcium and phosphorous

what can damage to the epidermis increase

the amount of burn and blisters

where are merocrone (eccrine) sweat glands located

the body surface especially on the palms and soles

what are melanocytes responsible for

the brown pigment of the skin

what part of the skin is the stratum corneum

the exposed surface of the skin

what does osmosis affect

the flow through the stratum corneum in hypotonic water, water flows into the epidermis

what is keratinization

the formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin

what are dendritic (langerhans) cells active in

the immune response

what is the hair root

the lower part of the hair beneath the surface

what are the two components of the dermis

the outer papillary layer and the deep reticular layer

what is melanin

yellow-brown or black pigment produced by melanocyte in the stratum basale

what is jaundice

yellow/orange skin color caused by a build up of bilirubin

Which of the following areas give the most insulation and shock absorption and allow us to store energy reserves.

Hypodermis

what do melanocytes protect the body from

UV radiation

how much interstate fluid is evaporated a day

.5 liters (500 mL)

how long does it take for a cell to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum

15 - 30 days

how many layers of keratinized cells are in the stratum corneum in thin skin

15 - 30 layers

How many layers of keratinocytes are found in the stratum granulosum

3 - 5 layers derived from the stratum spinosum

how many layers of skin are in thin skin

4

The epidermis in thin skin has _______ layers, the epidermis in thick skin has _______ layers.

4, 5

how many layers of skin are in thick skin

5

An asthmatic patient has a severe asthma attack and is unable to oxygenate their blood. Their skin may appear __________. This is referred to as _____________.

Blue, cyanosis

what does Ultraviolet Readiatio (UV) cause

DNA mutations and burns that lead to cancer and wrinkles

A patient has severe burns covering much of their body. Why would you be concerned with dehydration?

Disrupting the integrity of the epidermis increases insensible perspiration

The hair follicle is derived from __________ tissue and is located in the ___________.

Epidermal, Dermis

Melanin is produced by ___________. It's function is to protect from_________________.

Melanocytes, UV radiation

The outer layer of the dermis is the ________________. The inner layer is the ____________.

Papillary layer, Reticular layer

Which type of gland secretes an oily substance onto the hair?

Sebacceous gland

The sensory receptors in the dermis that sense light touch and are located in the dermal papillae are the...

Tactile corpuscles (Meissner's Corpuscles)

where are sebaceous follicle found

These are concentrated on the face, back, chest, nipples, and genetalia.

What is the purpose of the basal cells of the epidermis?

To divide to replenish the more superficial cells of the epidermis

what is the hair matrix

a layer of dividing basal cells that push the hair up and out of the skin

what is hemoglobin

a pigment found in red blood cells

what is cyanosis caused by

a severe reduction in blood flow or oxygenation

what does keratin make up

a tough, fibrous protein, makes up hair, nails, and skin

what does the arrestor pili muscle do

contracts when scared or cold causing the hairs on the skin to stand up

what does the stratum basal have many of

basal cells or germinative cells

where is the hypodermis located

below the integument

where is the dermis located

between the epidermis and subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

what is hemoglobin responsible for

binding O2 and CO2 and carrying them through the blood

what do nerve fibers in the skin control

blood flow, gland secretions, sensory receptors

what happens to the skin when someone is cold

blood leaves the surface to keep the organs warm causing the skin to pale

what does the skin maintain

body temperature (insulation and evaporative cooling)

what is vitamin d3 converted into

calcitrol

what does the hair papilla contain

capillaries

how do nutrients and oxygen diffuse in the epidermis

capillaries in the dermis

what is vitamin D3 also known as

cholecalciferol

what is the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) made of

connective and adipose tissue

where are velds hairs located

the surface of the body

why does the skin darken

there is an increase in melanin production

why are some people albino

they have a normal distribution of melanocytes, but do not produce any melanin

Is stratum lucidum found in thick or thin skin?

thick

is hair not present in thick or thin skin

thick skin

what are terminal hairs

thick, possibly heavy pigmented hairs

what do Merkel cells respond to

touch (trigger nervous system when compressed)

what are Merkel cells

touch receptors

what does the skin detect

touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

what does the skin protect

underlying tissues and organs

what are dermal papillae

upward, finger-like extensions of dermis

is the dermis vascular or avascular

vascular

what can carotene be converted into

vitamin A

what does the skin synthesize

vitamin d3

what is sensible perspiration

water excreted by sweat glands

what do merocrone secretions contain

water, salts, and organic compounds (peptide with antibacterial properties)

what are sweat glands

watery secretions

when does jaundice occur

when there are issues with the liver