International Affairs - Militant Jihadism to International Terrorism
Why was there a strong reaction to Soviet involvement in Afghanistan?
1. Another example of a foreign power moving into the Middle East. 2. There is no love for religion under communism.
What are the similarities between Wahhabism and Deobandism?
1. reform movements 2. advocated returning to the fundamentals within a region 3. advocated for people to read the Quran for themselves
Why did bin Laden call the US the "Great Satan?"
1. support for Israel 2. oil interests and anything else that brought us into the region 3. political and economic strength
What three things are threatened by extremism?
1. the state and nation-state system 2. moderates 3. nationalists (or anyone who adhere to any other individualized identity)
What are the goals of asymmetric warfare?
1. weaken a force 2. bring a change in behavior on the part of the target
How many countries recognized the Taliban as the ruling government of Afghanistan?
3 (UAE, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia)
Fill in the blank: By 1994, the Taliban was making a move to take over the __________ government.
Afghan
Who was assassinated in 1981 by an extremist group who disagreed with his politics?
Anwar Sadat
What is an example of dissent in Islam?
Egypt and the Arab Spring
Which terrorist group has excelled in transnational terrorism?
ISIS
How did Deobandism teach an extremely conservative reform?
It had a strict interpretation of Sharia and emphasized loyalty to the community, not the state.
Why was the audience of 9/11 the people who live in the same area as the terrorists?
It is assumed they have the same grievances and shows them they are not powerless and can fight back.
What happened to the Taliban after it left Pakistan to regroup?
It was welcomed into madrasas (many deobandi) that espoused militant jihad and went through a radicalization process.
Are most terrorist organizations internationally focused?
No
Did Deobandism develop with state protection? Why?
No because the British were strengthening their hold on India.
After India gained its independence in 1947, where did Deobandism gain traction?
Pakistan
Who supported the Taliban's overthrow of the Afghan government?
Pakistan
What is an example of diversity in Islam?
Sunni-Shiite divide
Why is it difficult to respond the usual way in the War on Terror?
Terrorists intentionally hide against civilians.
After the Soviet-Afghan war ended in 1989, what was the problem with the government?
The Marxist regime was still technically in power but there was a difficulty in finding sources, leading to instability and civil war.
What caused a strong reaction and the creation of terrorist groups during the Soviet-Afghan War?
The Soviets were trying to prop up a Marxist regime.
Why are those with identities threatened by extremism?
The imposition of a caliphate on a Pan-Arab identity is threatening.
Who was the audience of 9/11?
The people who live in the same area as the terrorists
Why are nationalists threatened by extremists?
They don't want their system to be replaced with a caliphate.
Why did the Taliban flee to Pakistan during the Soviet-Afghan War?
They left (along with some of the Mujahideen) to regroup
In 1996, where did bin Laden and al-Qaeda relocate to? What did they do there?
They left to Afghanistan, where they shaped into a terrorist organization and prepared the attack on the US.
What was the reasoning behind the United States' support for the Mujahideen?
They were fighting against the Soviets.
What is asymmetrical warfare?
You have two powers but there is a significant discrepancy in military power so the weaker power (non-state entities) will use unconventional tactics against the stronger power.
Fill in the blank: By the end of the Soviet-Afghan War, bin Laden had formed ____________.
al-Qaeda
Where did Deobandism originate?
at a madrasa in India
What is the usual response to attacks from other states?
change the narrative and win the people over
What has transnational terrorism been facilitated by?
money, transportation, and communication(through globalization)
What did 9/11 call into legitimacy?
our actions in the Middle East
What is the response to asymmetric warfare?
show strength to show that the strategy failed
What is the response to the War on Terror?
show the terrorists brought it on
What is the Mujahideen?
the "freedom fighters" that rose up against the Soviets
What did bin Laden refer to the US as?
the Great Satan
What is the Soviet's "Vietnam?"
the Soviet-Afghan War
Fill in the blank: In 1996, bin Laden declared war on _____________.
the US
Fill in the blank: Originally, _________ supported the Mujahideen.
the US
What was Operation Hearts and Mind?
tried to show the people we were trying to end terrorism and care for civilians
What is the strategy behind asymmetrical warfare?
use unconventional tactics to do the most damage with the fewest resources
If we are the audience, what is the message from extremists?
we will strike you
What is the question concerning the demonstration effect?
who is the audience and what message are you trying to convey
