International Management Module 3

Hofstede's masculinity-femininity dimension describes the ______ between the sexes. level of commitment distribution of power level of loyalty distribution of roles

distribution of roles

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's orientation for human activity classification ranges along a continuum from ______. doing to being mastery to harmony good to evil future to past

doing to being

Cultural values play key roles in motivating and evaluating employees. This statement is an example of culture affecting which business function? procurement accounting human resources marketing

human resources

Jensen was surprised to learn that the company to which she was applying hires only graduates from Ivy League schools. This example demonstrates how culture can impact ______ in business. production finance marketing human resources

human resources

Which cultural dimension suggests that society extends much energy establishing order and structure? indulgence restraint pragmatic normative

restraint

Hofstede's dimension of ______ describes a society's level of comfort in unstructured situations. uncertainty avoidance power distance masculinity versus femininity individualism

uncertainty avoidance

What three countries have a strong uncertainty avoidance culture? Sweden Greece Japan United States South Korea Canada

Greece Japan South Korea

Which of the following is the oldest of the major world religions? Judaism Buddhism Hinduism Islam

Hinduism

What are characteristics of small-power-distance cultures? (Check all that apply.) People want direction and formality. A consultative style of leadership predominates. Informality is the norm. There is equal distance among people.

A consultative style of leadership predominates. Informality is the norm. There is equal distance among people.

The sense of beauty and taste within a culture is known as its ______.

Aesthetics

What two things should be kept in mind while analyzing cultural frameworks? Managerial skills are not culturally specific. Analyzing cultural frameworks is only the beginning of understanding the complexity of cultures. Business techniques practiced in one culture can generally be practiced in multiple cultures. One's own culture functions as an implicit reference point for comparison.

Analyzing cultural frameworks is only the beginning of understanding the complexity of cultures. One's own culture functions as an implicit reference point for comparison.

______ cultures consider who a person is in terms of his or her family lineage, age, or other attributes. Multiple choice question. Monochronic Individualistic Ascription Achievement

Ascription

Which three are rules of thumb for doing business across cultures? Be prepared. Slow down. Manners are important. Don't be too trusting. Be ethnocentric.

Be prepared. Slow down. Manners are important.

The supreme being associated with Hinduism is ______. Jesus Allah Buddha Brahman

Brahman

Which of these religions believes that a continuous cycle of birth, death, and rebirth is the cause of human suffering? Buddhism Judaism Islam Hinduism

Buddhism

Which religion was founded in India and is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama? Hinduism Judaism Islam Buddhism

Buddhism

According to the tenets of ______, all who profess their faith in the Resurrection of Jesus will be received into heaven after death. Christianity Hinduism Islam Judaism

Christianity

Which religion has many denominations and shares a belief that there is one God who is revealed through human history? Christianity Hinduism Islam Judaism

Christianity

Which of the following statements are true of the command-and-control approach to accounting procedures? (Check all that apply.) There is loose control, suggesting high levels of trust. Controls are administered by formal institutions. There is heavy reliance on social norms. Compliance is gained through rules and sanctions.

Controls are administered by formal institutions.Compliance is gained through rules and sanctions.

Which three countries are examples of feminine cultures? Costa Rica Japan Sweden Denmark Italy

Costa Rica Sweden Denmark

Which of the following are examples of cultural paradoxes? (Check all that apply.) U.S. managers have low tolerance for ambiguity but they write very specific contracts. Costa Rica is a high-context culture, yet it prefers automated tellers to real tellers. U.S. culture is considered individualistic, yet the United States has the highest rate of charitable giving. Japanese have low tolerance for ambiguity, yet their contracts have ambiguous clauses.

Costa Rica is a high-context culture, yet it prefers automated tellers to real tellers. U.S. culture is considered individualistic, yet the United States has the highest rate of charitable giving. Japanese have low tolerance for ambiguity, yet their contracts have ambiguous clauses.

From an individual level, ____ can be understood as the individual worldviews, social rules, and interpersonal dynamics characterizing a group of people set in a particular time and place.

Culture

What three features are associated with the anthropologist's view of culture? Culture defines the boundaries of different groups. The various aspects of culture are interrelated. Culture is based on interpersonal dynamics. Individuals are born with a culture. Culture is shared, patterned, and mutually constructed.

Culture defines the boundaries of different groups. The various aspects of culture are interrelated. Culture is shared, patterned, and mutually constructed.

Which term refers to the belief that your own culture is superior to other cultures? Individualism Collectivism Ethnography Ethnocentricity

Ethnocentricity

True or false: Hofstede's cultural dimensions support the idea that a management technique that is appropriate in one national culture is generally appropriate in another. True False

False

True or false: In low context cultures, people use body language and facial expressions to convey meaning. True False

False

True or false: Leadership styles tend to remain constant across cultures. True False

False

True or false: Men's roles across cultures differ less than women's roles. True False

False

True or false: According to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, relationship with time in high-context cultures tends to focus on the present. True False

False Reason: According to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, relationship with time in high-context cultures tends to focus on the past.

Which three nations demonstrate a specific rather than a diffuse culture? Canada Mexico Japan Germany Australia

Germany Australia Canada

Which of the following are criticisms of Hofstede's cultural dimension framework? (Check all that apply.) His data are dated. His framework has too many dimensions. His work was done at the organizational level. His dimensions oversimplify the complexities of culture.

His data are dated. His work was done at the organizational level. His dimensions oversimplify the complexities of culture.

Which religion focuses on living a life according to God's will, which is revealed through the Qur'an? Buddhism Islam Hinduism Judaism

Islam

A culture's accounting controls directly relate to its assumptions about people's basic nature. If a firm maintains tight control over its employees throughout the organization, this suggests what about the culture? It has low levels of trust. Social norms rule behavior. It has high levels of ethocentricity. It assumes people are always honest.

It has low levels of trust.

Which of the following describe a global mind-set? (Check all that apply.) It requires the ability to view the world from a homogeneous perspective. It requires the ability to pull ideas together across boundaries created by diversity. It requires an openness to diversity. It requires a willingness to deal with complexity.

It requires the ability to pull ideas together across boundaries created by diversity. It requires an openness to diversity. It requires a willingness to deal with complexity.

Which of the following characterize indulgent cultures? (Check all that apply.) People believe they have personal control over their lives. More effort is invested in control and structure. Leisure is valued. Freedom of speech is valued.

People believe they have personal control over their lives. Leisure is valued. Freedom of speech is valued.

______ cultures tend to neither plan nor dwell on the past, and there is preference for short-term benefits and immediate results. Past-focused Sequential-focused Present-focused Future-focused

Present-focused

Which of the following are included in Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's values framework? (Check all that apply.) Relationships among people Relationship to nature Relationship with money Modes of human activity Evaluation of human nature

Relationships among people Relationship to nature Modes of human activity Evaluation of human nature

Kendrick was surprised when the vendor from a Japan-based company called him and said they were not interested in doing business with Kendrick's U.S. manufacturing facility. The vendor explained that they'd had only had one discussion with Kendrick on the phone, and it was not sufficient to establish a relationship. What rule of thumb did Kendrick fail to consider? Understand the importance of language. Treat vendors as subordinates. Slow down. Work faster.

Slow down.

Which attribute is characteristic of high-context cultures? Communication is more verbally explicit. The culture strongly distinguishes between insiders and outsiders. Decisions are made by large groups or teams. Relationships tend to be short-term.

The culture strongly distinguishes between insiders and outsiders.

Which statement is accurate regarding the effects of culture on leadership? The role and function of leaders vary by culture, but traits remain constant. The role, function, and traits of leaders vary by culture. The role and traits of leaders vary by culture, but functions remain constant. The traits and function of leaders vary by culture, but roles remain constant.

The role, function, and traits of leaders vary by culture.

Which attributes are characteristic of a low-context culture? Less knowledge is codified, public, external, and accessible. There is a division of responsibilities. People play by external rules. Knowledge is more often transferable.

There is a division of responsibilities. People play by external rules. Knowledge is more often transferable.

Select from the following those four which are considered to be cultural frameworks. Maslow's hierarchy of needs Trompenaars's seven dimensions Hofstede's six dimensions Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's cultural orientation Edward Hall's high context and low context Herzberg's two-factor theory

Trompenaars's seven dimensions Hofstede's six dimensions Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's cultural orientation Edward Hall's high context and low context

True or false: According to the anthropologist's view, culture is a learned phenomenon. True False

True

True or false: Many of the dimensions that Trompenaars uses for his framework cannot be directly observed. True False

True Reason: Trompenaars's dimensions describe behavior that results from cultural values and can be observed.

True or false: Practices related to gift giving are generally the same from one culture to the next. True False

True Reason: Practices related to gift giving are markedly different from culture to culture.

Which scenarios would be included in Edward Hall's definition of context in a culture's communication? (Check all that apply.) Tyler started his speech at the back of the room and moved toward the front as he finished. Liam slumped over the podium as he gave his presentation. Helen will do her presentation after Connor but before Jeremy. Trina will be talking to the group about recent environmental concerns.

Tyler started his speech at the back of the room and moved toward the front as he finished. Liam slumped over the podium as he gave his presentation. Helen will do her presentation after Connor but before Jeremy.

In which country does transparency and price drive the procurement process? South Korea China Japan United States

United States

According to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, which of the following are among the universal problems to which all cultures offer solutions? (Check all that apply.) What relationship should people have with nature? What is the basic nature of humans? What are the preferred forms of human activity? What sorts of relationships should exist among individuals? What is the best way to think about money?

What relationship should people have with nature? What is the basic nature of humans? What are the preferred forms of human activity? What sorts of relationships should exist among individuals?

Gavin was recently named president of a financial institution where he has worked for the past 22 years. During his career, he has developed financial strategies that helped small companies strengthen their financial holdings. He is recognized by his peers as a leader in the financial industry. This scenario exemplifies the ______ culture described by Trompenaars. achievement monochronic ascription individualistic

achievement

Individuals in ______ cultures tend to be emotional or expressive. universalist affective neutral specific

affective

Natalie planned to purchase Belgian chocolate during her visit to Brussels because Belgian chocolate has a worldwide reputation for quality. The chocolate Natalie plans to purchase is an example of a(n) ______. logistic context aesthetic artifact

artifact

What three elements are included in an anthropologist's definition of culture? interpersonal dynamics artifacts beliefs rules individual psychology

artifacts beliefs rules

What are two characteristics of a past-focused culture? anticipate change takes the short-view based on history and tradition slow to change

based on history and tradition slow to change

According to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, orientation for human activity in a high context culture values ______. hierarchy doing goodness being

being

People in highly _____ cultures belong to strong, cohesive in-groups that look after them in exchange for loyalty. Multiple choice question. individualistic normative collectivistic monochronic

collectivistic

Based on Trompenaars's framework, cultures that practice Blank______ plan their actions with reference to group benefits. communitarianism masculinity individualism restraint

communitarianism

Kylie told the marketing team that it wouldn't make sense to try and market their company's new frozen meal product line in parts of South Africa because the consumers didn't have electricity, much less refrigeration. Kylie is demonstrating ______. stereotyping cultural adaptation cultural awareness ethnocentricity

cultural awareness

Natalie knew her company could sell its bicycles in England, but she wanted her marketing team to learn more about how consumers in England use bicycles: Do they ride them to work, or do they ride bicycles just for pleasure? What aspect of marketing is Natalie concerned with? production culture bias price

culture

Jordan moved from the United States and took a job at a company based in China. He was always trying to get his co-workers in China to discuss their personal feelings regarding corporate decisions, but they were reluctant to do so because such conversations were not the "Chinese way." This reaction is a sign of ______. individualism uncertainty avoidance ethnocentricity self-actualization

ethnocentricity

In _____-direction cultures, people believe the natural world controls them.

external

Jason believes that the best way to achieve higher production levels is to reward those employees who increase their output with a bonus in their paycheck. This example demonstrates an ____ (internal or external) direction toward the environment.

external

What are the two kinds of social groups or institutions in which societies structure its social relationships? material culture free association kinship religion

free association kinship

What does anthropologist Marcel Mauss state is a way to acknowledge interrelationships and obligations within a society? exchanging artifacts practicing religion giving gifts learning another's language

giving gifts

A _____ mind-set includes an openness to diversity along with an ability to pull ideas together across boundaries created by that diversity.

global

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's evaluation of human nature classification ranges along a continuum from ______. doing to being individual to lineal good to evil present to past

good to evil

In ______ context cultures, the unspoken language is used intensively to convey significant, intentional meaning. (high/low)

high

Which of the following would be common in a normative society? (Check all that apply.) high concern for personal stability respect for tradition a strong desire to explain the absolute truth high propensity to save

high concern for personal stability respect for tradition a strong desire to explain the absolute truth

The fact that U.S. employees expect to be promoted based on their accomplishments, while in other countries, family background plays a significant role in career advancement illustrates how culture affects Blank______ contexts relate to our attitudes toward social status. marketing human resource production leadership

human resource

Trompenaars's dimension of Blank______ indicates whether people plan their actions with reference to themselves or to the group. universalism vs. particularism achievement vs. ascription specific vs. diffuse individualism vs. communitarianism

individualism vs. communitarianism

People who live in the United States are rewarded for being independent. As such, the United States is an example of a(n) ______ culture. monochronic collectivistic dependent individualistic

individualistic

According to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, relationships among individuals in a low context culture tend to focus on ______. individuals nature power distance groups

individuals

Leslie decided to hire Patricia for the job because her assistant is Patricia's aunt, and Patricia's aunt knows that Patricia will be able to do the job. Which social institution played a role in the hiring of Patricia? kinship ethnocentrism artifacts free association

kinship

The family is the basic unit of institutions based on ______. aesthetics kinship free association religion

kinship

The most obvious and distancing cultural distinction associated with newcomers to international business is ______. material culture language aesthetics religion

language

A person's age, rank, and title are taken into account more in a ____ power-distance culture. (large/small)

large

Which attributes are characteristic of high-context cultures? long-term relationships knowledge is situational or relational more verbally explicit communications with more written information more internalized understandings of what is communicated

long-term relationships knowledge is situational or relational more internalized understandings of what is communicated

A _____ context culture is task-centered and decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done. (high/low)

low

In a ______(masculine/feminine) culture, achievements are emphasized, economic growth is central, people live in order to work, and business performance is the primary goal.

masculine

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's relationship with nature classification ranges along a continuum from _____. specific to diffuse doing to being mastery to subjugation future to past

mastery to subjugation

The human-made objects created by a culture are called _____ culture, or artifacts.

material

Actions are considered _____ if they are linear and follow one another. polychronic synchronous ascriptive monochronic

monochronic

When Shawna was transferred from the U.S.-based office to the affiliate in Britain, she quickly realized that showing emotions was frowned upon. Which of Trompenaars's dimensions does Shawna's experience reflect? neutral vs. affective specific vs. diffuse masculinity vs. femininity universalism vs. particularism

neutral vs. affective

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's relationship with time classification ranges along a continuum from ______. monochronic to polychronic long-term to short-term asynchronous to synchronous past to present/future

past to present/future

In large power distance societies, ______. there is thought to be equal distance among people informality tends to be the norm a consultative style of leadership predominates people want direction

people want direction

In ______ cultures, it is common to have several different meetings happen at the same time in order to solve a problem. monochronic sequential ascriptive polychronic

polychronic

Which of Hofstede's dimensions analyzes the extent to which members of a society expect power to be distributed unequally and accept that it is? masculinity individualism uncertainty avoidance power distance

power distance

Which of Hofstede's dimensions analyzes the extent to which members of a society expect power to be distributed unequally and accept that it is? masculinity uncertainty avoidance individualism power distance

power distance

_____ _____ is the extent to which members of a society expect power to be distributed unequally and accept that it is.

power distance

Which of the following were Hofstede's original four cultural dimensions? (Check all that apply.) indulgence-restraint power distance individualism-collectivism uncertainty avoidance masculinity-femininity pragmatic-normative

power distance individualism-collectivism uncertainty avoidance masculinity-femininity

In ______ societies, the challenge is to live a virtuous life, and truth depends on context, time, and situation. monochronic diffuse pragmatic normative

pragmatic

When Nestor's U.S.-based company purchased a manufacturing facility in China, the company decided to increase the output of the facility by adding an overnight shift. The workers refused to work the overnight hours and eventually the U.S. owner agreed to return to a regular work schedule and output levels dropped. Which aspect of business is being affected by culture? human resources production finance marketing

production

Which of Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's value orientations relates to society's beliefs about the legitimate form of social structure and hierarchy? relationships with time orientation of human activity evaluation of human nature relationships among individuals

relationships among individuals

Which of Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's value orientations relates to society's beliefs about the legitimate form of social structure and hierarchy? relationships with time orientation of human activity relationships among individuals evaluation of human nature

relationships among individuals

Hofstede's masculinity-femininity dimension describes the distribution of _____ between the sexes.

roles

Sociologists state that kinship and free association are two kinds of ______. language barriers social groups material culture family structures

social groups

Sociologists state that kinship and free association are two kinds of ______. material culture social groups language barriers family structures

social groups

What is the basis for Trompenaars's seven-dimension framework for understanding culture? physical sciences religion mathematics social sciences

social sciences

The United States is considered a ____ (specific/diffuse) culture because people make distinctions between their work relationships and other relationships.

specific

According to Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, a Blank______ relationship with nature would suggest that humans cannot change nature, that forces such as fate and genetics determine the conditions of life. lineal harmonized mastery subjugated

subjugated

Islam comes from an Arabic word meaning ______. warrior birth resurrection submission

submission

In Kluckhohn and Strodbeck's evaluation of human nature, what would a Theory Y manager assume about employees? that people are creative and seek responsibility that people do not like work that people will avoid risk that people require structure

that people are creative and seek responsibility

What gives foreign sellers a competitive edge in the culture in which they are selling their goods? belonging to the same religion as the country sharing the country's ethnocentric beliefs the ability to speak the local language adopting the culture's aesthetics

the ability to speak the local language

Edward Hall's cultural framework is based upon _____. the evaluation of human nature varying time orientations the context of the communication pattern the relationship between humans and nature

the context of the communication pattern

How is meaning conveyed in high context cultures such as those found in the Middle East and in Asia? through context and unspoken language through material culture through the words themselves through aesthetics

through context and unspoken language

According to Trompenaars, which culture tends to be rule-based and applies those rules to all people in all situations? specific universalist diffuse particularist

universalist

A(n) ______ culture tends to be rule-based, while ______ cultures tend to be relationship-based. individualist, communitarian particularist, universalist universalist, particularist affective, neutral

universalist, particularist

A cultural paradox is a contradiction is a culture's ______. ethics social institutions aesthetics values

values

Hofstede developed his framework based on his interest in work ______. values relationships inputs products

values