International Relations

Huth

- leaders are generally wary of risking war against other countries when the adversary's leadership is politically secure from domestic political opposition.

Fukuyama

- liberal democracy and free markets constitute the best regime since it satisfies the most basic human longings, and therefore can be expected to be more universal and more durable than other regimes or other principles of political organization. -western liberal democracy is the final form of human government -contradicts Marx who thought communism would supplant capitalism -democracy will become more and more prevalent in the long term

Neumayer

- strategic theory of international terrorism: if foreign countries support the government of the terrorists' home country with economic aid, arms transfers, military alliances and intervention in civil wars, then domestic terrorist leaders have a strategic incentive to attack nationals from that foreign country - In addition, Huntington's paradigm is ill-equipped to explain variation in anti-Western terrorism across the various civilizational origins of the terrorists -In line with Huntington, we conclude that there is excessive terrorism from non-Western and from Islamic countries on Western targets

Diehl

-Balance of power: National security is better when military capes is distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others, if one state becomes stronger then it will take advantage of its strength and attack others so those threatened have an incentive to form defensive coalition. This a core tenant in classical and neorealist theory.

Janis

-Bay of Pigs was an example of group-think. The invasion plan was initiated by the Eisenhower administration, but when the Kennedy administration took over, it "uncritically accepted" the plan of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). When some people, such as Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. and Senator J. William Fulbright, attempted to present their objections to the plan, the Kennedy team as a whole ignored these objections and kept believing in the morality of their plan.

Shambaugh

-China increasingly at the center of the regional web but while power is shifting towards China, its not in all realms. It is economically but less so in diplomatically and politically

Lampton

-China's economic and technical prosperity will boost its military power -realist dominion in china's foreign policy making: deal with foreign policy pragmatically (with no ideological or other biases), the PLA influences much of the policy arenas including the U.S., Japan and North Korea resulting in a more nationalistic concern over defending sovereignty and Chinese security

Ricardo

-Comparative advantage challenged the idea that the purpose of trade was merely to accumulate gold or silver (Ricardo argued in favour of industry specialisation and free trade.) national industries which were, in fact, profitable and internationally competitive should be jettisoned in favour of the most competitive industries, the assumption being that subsequent economic growth would more than offset any economic dislocation which would result from closing profitable and competitive national industries.

Wendt

-Constructivist -ways that identities and interests of states are socially constructed -anarchy is not inherent but a construct of the nation states in the system. Similarily many core aspects of IR are socially constructed -Collective action problems depend on whether actors' social identities generate self-interests or collective interests.

Lake

-Democracies are less likely to fight wars with each other. They are also more likely to prevail in wars with autocratic states. -autocracies are more war prone and more expansionist than democracies -democracies are more likely to win wars

Keck

-Faster, cheaper, reliable international info and transportation technologies have broke government monopolies of information and activists can "shop" the entire global scene to market their issues -democracies not going to war with one another then promoting democracy could be a self interest policy, not just a principled one -liberalism accounts for individuals and groups influencing their states but not individuals and groups elsewhere, even other states, which is what these authors argue for

Dahl

-Favorable conditions to polyarchy (form of government in which power is invested in multiple people) include decentralized commercial industrial economy, high equality (and dispersed inequalities), weak or temporary domination by foreign power, political activists who believe in compromise. American revolution sped up democratization in u.s. American foreign aid program has failed to produce polyarchy in other states.

Explanatory vs descriptive reserach

-Flexible to study all facets of problem, unstructured, discover ideas/thoughts, make conclusions only with extreme caution -Rigid to minimize bias, structured, describe characteristics/functions

Stiglitz

-IMF and other institutions acting against interests of impoverished developing nations -fiscal austerity, high interest rates, trade liberalization, and the liberalization of capital markets and insistence on the privatization of state assets all laissez faire government policies and he argues that these policies are essentially trickle down, which doesnt work

Chiozza

-Intercivilizational dyads are not more likely to be involved in conflict and first 8 years of post Cold War, when civilizational conflict would be more likely, do not indicate Huntington is right about clash of civilizations (states belonging to different civilizations are more likely to be engaged in conflict). -Civilizational differences are unlikely to be the dominant factor that shape relations in state relationships

Rueschemeyer

-It is a commonplace claim capitalist development and democracy go hand in hand but comparative historical studies carried out within a political economy approach argue that economic development was and is compatible with multiple political forms

Locke

-John locke believed all legitimate government rests upon "the consent of the governed" -With his assertion of natural law, Locke rebutted the claim that government, specifically monarchy, was an aspect of a divinely ordained chain of being. Natural law is identical with the law of God, Locke argued, and guarantees to all men basic rights, including the right to life, to certain liberties, and to own property and keep the fruits of one's labor. To secure these rights, Locke argued, men in civil society enter into a contract with their government. The citizen is bound to obey the law, while the government has the right to make laws and to defend the commonwealth from foreign injury -- all for the public good. Locke asserted that when any government becomes lawless and arbitrary, the citizen has the right to overthrow the regime and institute a new government. -Constitutionalism is the idea, often associated with the political theories of John Locke and the founders of the American republic, that government can and should be legally limited in its powers, and that its authority or legitimacy depends on its observing these limitations.

Nye

-Like other political institutions, international organizations reflect the interests as well as the attitudes of actors that are powerful in them - Increased opportunities for certain international organizations may in some cases lead to the fragmentation of an international effort -Nye and Keohane thus argue that the decline of military force as a policy tool and the increase in economic and other forms of interdependence should increase the probability of cooperation among states. -define interdependence as reciprocal effects among actors resulting from 'international transactions - flows of money, goods, people and messages across international boundaries' -states are dominant actors in IR -military force not exercised in which complex interdependence exists

Huntington

-Made the claim of clash of civilizations for post cold war era, in which cultural and religious identities are primary sources of conflict. Divided world into major civilizations to include western civilization and muslim world. -civilizational conflicts are particularly prevalent between Muslim and non-muslim -criticizes modernization theory (economic change and development responsible for stable democracies) and focuses on other factors like urbanization, increased literacy are responsible. Modernization actually a cause for instability because of rising expectations. -there have been three waves of democratization in history

Simon

-Marx: capitalism will be eventually replaced by socialism. In capitalism, its a struggle between working class and owners of means of production and struggle will end in revolt

Lenin

-Marxism-lenism the doctrines of Marx as interpreted and put into effect by Lenin in the former Soviet Union and (at first) by Mao Zedong in China. -Opposed capitalism, universal education, no private property, profit motive replaced by social obligation to fulfil economic plan, one party state, opposes imperialism (lenin believed that capitalisim led to imperalism, [extending power through gaining territories])

Rinehart

-Millennialism (final judgement) is a core characteristic of terrorist religious groups and provides reinforcement and motivation for drastic change

Anderson

-Nationalism difficult to define and analyze, does not have great thinkers like Marx or Hobbes

Vaisse

-Neoconservatives typically advocate the promotion of democracy and American national interest in international affairs, including by means of military force and are known for espousing disdain for communism and for political radicalism

Baldwin

-Neoliberals believe that states fear being cheated because of anarchy but realists believe that states fear being cheated AND being dominated or destroyed by others -Realists argue that states must solve the cheating and relative gains problem if states are to cooperate

Collier

-Odds are stacked against developing countries (conflict, natural resources, landlocked, poor governance) and globalization will likely lock them into natural resource dependence and international mobility will drain the little skilled labor that they have. We need to empower the reformers within these nations

Doyle

-Peacekeeping must consider three dimensions- what are the sources of unity that the UN can tap into, what are the levels of local capacity in country (what kind of economic foundations does it have), comprehensive peace agreement (outlines terms in which parties live in peace with one another)...the lower levels of all these makes it the more unlikely for peace to hold -a key UN shortcoming is not jumpstarting self sustaining economic growth -good peacebuilding tends to be expensive

Powell

-Powell argues that, in the Hobbesian environment in which states exist, a state can respond to a threat in at least three ways: (1) it can reallocate resources already under its control; (2) it can try to defuse the threat through bargaining and compromise; (3) it can try to draw on resources of other states by allying with them.

Axelrod

-Prisoner's dilemma-cooperate or defect, defect has a high payoff but only if the other does not defect as well, if both defect then each will be worse off compared to if both cooperated. In international relations, nations do not have central authority so they often have similar decision to make. Mutual cooperation can emerge in a world of egoists without central control, by starting with a cluster of individuals who rely on reciprocity. -Cooperation can emerge from small clusters of individuals so long as these individuals, to some degree, interact with one another -In a tit for tat model, retaliation discourages from persisting when defection is tried -In early days of congress, members continually lied to one another but overtime, cooperation emerged -Foundation of cooperation is not trust but durability of relationship, as in the conditions have to be right. This is evident in international relations where major powers know that they will likely be interacting with one another year after year -The longer the defections go unchallenged, the more likely that the player will conclude that defections pay

McCormick

-Rational choice theory: theory generally argues that individuals pursue their preferences in a self-interested and rational matter. (unsure if he is a proponent)

Donnelly

-Realism: Success is preserving and strengthening state, international system is anarchic, states most important actors in international system -Differences between neorealism and classical realism: neo(conflict because of anarchical system) classical (conflict because of human nature)

Hasenclever

-Regime theory: international institutions or regimes affect the behavior of states or other international actors. It assumes that cooperation is possible in the anarchic system. Cooperation in human rights (and other issues) is evidence.

Skocpol

-Skocpol advocates "bringing the state back in" to a central place in explanations of politics and policy formation -Social Revolutions are rapid and basic transformations of a society's state and class structures -Before social revolutions can occur, she says, the administrative and military power of a state has to break down

Hayek

-Society has mistakenly tried to ensure continuing economic prosperity by centralized planning, which inevitably leads to totalitarianism -Competition of a free market is superior -limited role of government but still plays a role, such as prohibiting production of poisonous substances and limit working hours and preventing fraud

Hayek

-Society has mistakenly tried to ensure economic prosperity by centralized planning, which inevitably leads to totalitarianism -Competition of free market is superior -limited role of government but still plays a role, such as prohibiting production poisonous substances and limit working hours and preventing fraud

Welch & Nye

-Soft power is concept developed by Nye and describes ability to co-opt and attract rather than coerce, and its currencies are culture, political values, and foreign policies. - Soft power can sometimes take years to get desired results -Nye developed complex interdependence (states and their fortunes are inextricably tied together, decline of military force as a policy tool and the increase in economic and other forms of interdependence should increase the probability of cooperation among states)

Morton

-The "balance of power" system in its ideal form is a system in which any combination of actors within alliances is possible so long as no alliance gains a marked preponderance in capabilities.

Conca

-Transnational NGO (TNGO NGO) as it is not confined to one country -An epistemic community is a transnational network of knowledge-based experts who help decision-makers to define the problems they face, identify various policy solutions and assess the policy outcome.

Ikenberry

-United States utilized its hegemony after both World Wars to shape future world order. In both cases, the U.S. attempted to institutionalize its power through the creation of a constitutional order, by which political order was organized around agreed-upon legal and political institutions that operate to allocate rights and limit the exercise of power. In the process, the United States agreed to "tame" its power by placing it within institutions and the set of rules and rights with which this came. One of the advantages for the United States in doing so was locking itself into a guaranteed position for years to come. In the event that its power waned in the future, the institutional framework it created would nonetheless remain intact. -U.S. should reestablish itself as a foremost supporter of the global system that underpins the Western order. In this view, when other countries see the U.S. using its power to strengthen the existing rules and institutions, US authority will be strengthened because they will become more inclined to work in collaboration with U.S. power. Secondly, the U.S. should update the key post-war security pacts, such as NATO and Washington's East Asian alliances. When the U.S. provides security, the U.S. allies, in return, will operate within the western order.

Truman

-With the Truman Doctrine, President Harry S. Truman established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.It was to counter the expansion of the USSR. -Deterrence is a strategy intended to dissuade an adversary from taking an action not yet started, or to prevent them from doing something that another state desires. A credible nuclear deterrent, Bernard Brodie wrote in 1959, must be always at the ready, yet never used. Gained prominence during Cold War

Strange

-advocating the necessity of studying both politics and economics for international relations scholars -most overlooked channel of power is financial access

Gowa

-alliances have large effect on trade flows -free trade more likely with bipolar alliances than multipolar alliances

Waltz

-anarchy, or the absence of central authority, is the ordering principle of the international system -aggressive expansion as promoted by offensive neorealists upsets the tendency of states to conform to the balance of power theory, thereby decreasing the primary objective of the state, which they argue is ensuring its security. Instead states take defensive and moderate policies -defensive realists assert that the second-strike capability afforded by either a state's nuclear arsenal or that of its allies, inhibits the ability of the aggressor state to conquer another. This is used as evidence that defensive capabilities ultimately trump offensive ones -waltz believed war is caused by one of three reasons: individuals (nature of political leaders or by human nature more generally), states (domestic makeup, such as lenin's theory of imperialism that capitalistic states need to continue to open up new markets to perpetuate their economic system), international system (anarchy, if a state calls 911, no one might answer so if an issue is important enough for a state, it can get a desired outcome by using force)

Kindleberger

-argued that the economic chaos between World War I and World War II that led to the Great Depression was partly attributable to the lack of a world leader with a dominant economy -stabilization function was provided by the United States in the first postwar decades, but the U.S. now has neither the will nor the international acceptance to play such a role

Weber

-believes the state is entity that possesses a monopoly on legitimate use of physical force

Sagan

-challenges the conventional wisdom that countries seek nuclear weapons when facing a security threat that they cannot meet with nonnuclear forces. He examines three alternative theoretical frameworks for explaining why states develop nuclear weapons. The first is the "security model," which embraces the conventional wisdom that states seek nuclear weapons to provide security against foreign threats. The second, the "domestic politics model," holds that nuclear weapons programs are often used to advance domestic political and bureaucratic interests. The third is the "norms model," which argues that a state's policies toward nuclear weapons often symbolize its modernity and identity -proliferation begets proliferation

Herz

-coined term security dilemma ( situation in which actions by a state intended to heighten its security, such as increasing its military strength or making alliances, can lead other states to respond with similar measures, producing increased tensions that create conflict, even when no side really desires it) and is a tenant of defense realism (security maximizers and the belief that security can be balanced, thus escaping the dilemma such as by via the second-strike capability. This inhibits the ability of the aggressor state to conquer another. This is used as evidence that defensive capabilities ultimately trump offensive ones) whereas offensive realism (aggressive power maximizers and dilemma is inescapable since states want to maximize their power in this anarchic system and since states cannot trust one another)

Haas

-constructivism: Reality is socially constructed, The notion that international relations are not only affected by power politics, but also by ideas, -neorealism: power is most important in IR, anarchical structure of international system so states do self help -neoliberalism: states should be concerned more with absolute gains rather than relative gains, cooperation can occur with building of norms and mutual trust -international regime (international processes and collection of rules).... In the face of uncertainty, a publicly recognized group with an unchallenged claim to understanding the technical nature of the regime's substantive issue-area was able to interpret for traditional decision makers facts or events in new ways and thereby lead to new forms of behavior. regimes can play a transformative role in international affairs

Russett

-correlation between democracy and peacefulness -democratic culture affects the way leaders resolve conflicts -social norm emerged toward the end of the nineteenth century; that democracies should not fight each other -Contrary to the thesis that the clash of civilizations will replace Cold War rivalries as the greatest source of conflict, militarized interstate disputes across civilizational boundaries became less common, not more so, as the Cold War waned.

Stone

-countries that enjoy strong support of U.S., IMF's largest shareholder, enjoy a substantial bargaining advantage with IMF bc IMF can't withold support from them

Yergin

-define globalization as periods when free markets predominate, and countries place few if any limits on exports, immigration, imports, or exchanges of information -countries embracing free markets have prospered on the whole, while those adhering to central planning have failed

Santos

-dependency theory favors some countries to the detriment of others

Cardoso

-dependency theory there is a financial and technological penetration by the developed capitalist centers of the countries of the periphery (poor) and semi-periphery (between core [wealthy] and periphery); -this produces an unbalanced economic structure both within the peripheral societies and between them and the centers; -this leads to limitations on self-sustained growth in the periphery; -this favors the appearance of specific patterns of class relations; -these require modifications in the role of the state to guarantee both the functioning of the economy and the political articulation of a society, which contains, within itself, foci of inarticulateness and structural imbalance -essentially resources are flowing from poor to rich, which further enriches the rich. And periphery are focusing on resources, rather than manufactured goods. These resources, if cash crop, are likely more subject to price volatility. And rich are selling these goods back to periphery.

Moore

-development of western style democracy occurs via: the "development of a balance to avoid too strong a crown or too independent a landed aristocracy, a shift toward "an appropriate form of commercial agriculture", a "weakening of the landed aristocracy", the "prevention of an aristocratic-bourgeois coalition against the peasants and workers" [which would lead to fascism], a "revolutionary break with the past"

Milner

-domestic politics are linked to negotiation and ratification of international agreements -international agreements often fail because of domestic politics and such negotations are often initiated because of domestic politics -Two level game theory: Win-sets are the possible outcomes that are likely to be accepted by the domestic interest groups who either must ratify the agreement or provide some other form of government backing. International agreements occur when there is an overlap between the win-sets of the states involved in the international negotiations.

Rostow

-economic growth characterized by five stages starting with traditional society (hunting and gathering) with final stage of beyond consumption (high economic security and high consumption)

Otteson

-economic system is automatic, and, when left with substantial freedom, able to regulate itself. This is often referred to as the "invisible hand." The ability to self-regulate and to ensure maximum efficiency, however, is threatened by monopolies, tax preferences, lobbying groups, gov regs, and other "privileges" extended to certain members of the economy at the expense of others.

Keynes

-employment is determined not by the price of labour, as in neoclassical economics, but by the spending of money (aggregate demand). Keynes argues that it is wrong to assume that competitive markets will, in the long run, deliver full employment or that full employment is the natural, self-righting, equilibrium state of a monetary economy. On the contrary, underemployment and underinvestment are likely to be the natural state unless active measures are taken. -In a depression, he argues, the government needs to kick start the economy's motor by doing anything necessary

Grotius

-father of international law -actions taken within self defense are a just war -states should act prudently and justly when conducting war -fundamental human right to life, food, and medicine. -he argued for the protection of non-combatants during times of war

Sen

-free markets essential for achieving freedom -real development can only be achieved by not just bettering economy but expanding rights too

Gilpin

-hegemonic stability theory: international system more stable with when single state is dominant world power (hegemon) and fall of hegemon diminishes stability of international system. Hegemon's job is to keep the world order the way they want it with their preferences but all hegemons fail as its too difficult to remain a hegemon

Olson

-individuals in any group attempting collective action will have incentives to "free ride" on the efforts of others if the group is working to provide public goods. Individuals will not "free ride" in groups that provide benefits only to active participants. -As such, collective action by large groups can difficult to achieve even when they have interests in common

Kant

-liberal internationalism-treating other individuals as ends rather than means, republics are capable of achieving peace amongst themselves but see non-republics as a threat (since non-republics are not constrained by representation) -claims not that republics will be at peace only with each other, but are more pacific than other forms of government in general. -Kant foreshadowed democratic peace theory since he said that the majority of the people would never vote to go to war, unless in self-defense -perpetual peace could be caused by universal democracy and international cooperation

Frieden

-liberal view: freedom of markets from government control, free markets will harmonize demand and supply of resources resulting in best outcome for population -realist view: some government control for regulating markets is good

Rosecrance

-liberalism -Nations can expand and conquer territory, or they can decide to stay just within their own borders and develop their own economic strength through development at home and trade abroad.'' For the United States, the problem of balancing economic and military strategies is becoming increasingly acute.

Zagorin

-melian dialogue: in summary, the Athenian emissaries appealed to the Melians' sense of pragmatism, citing the Athenian army's overwhelming strength and their "reasonable" surrender terms, whereas the Melians appealed to the Athenians' sense of decency. Neither side was able to sway the other and the negotiations failed. This dialogue is frequently cited by political scientists and diplomats as a classic case study in political realism. It demonstrates the foolishness of pride and hope, and that selfish and pragmatic concerns drive wars.

Ruggie

-multilateralism: an institutional form which coordinates relations among three or more states on the basis of 'generalized' principles of conduct, which specify appropriate conduct for a class of actions, without regard to particularistic interests of the parties. Often took place in abscense of international orgs

Hobbes

-necessity of a strong central authority to avoid the evil of discord and civil war - sovereign must control civil, military, judicial and ecclesiastical powers, -monarchy is best form of government and only one that can guarantee peace

Krasner

-neorealist -to manage weak post conflict states: Stabilization, The root causes being addressed, The creation of laws and institutions of a market democracy -rules of sovereignty continually being broken. Four situations where international community sees normal rules of sovereignty ruled invalid and subject to intervention : religious toleration, minority rights, human rights, international stability -regime theory: international institutions or regimes affect the behavior of states or other international actors. It assumes that cooperation is possible in the anarchic system of states, as regimes are, by definition, instances of international cooperation. -In order to deal with failing or collapsed states: In a trusteeship, international actors would assume control over local functions for an indefinite period of time. They might also eliminate the international legal sovereignty of the entity or control treaty-making powers in whole or in part (e.g., in specific areas such as security or trade OR shared sovereignty contracts. These contracts would create joint authority structures in specific

nuclear optimism vs pessimism

-nukes can prevent wars and states have to act more carefully -Who is to say that one day someone might not weigh the costs and benefits differently and opt to use nuclear weapons? Even worse, nuclear weapons are always in human hands and therefore subject to human error.

Raymond

-power is concentrated in the hands of a few states, the treaties are binding tends to guide diplomatic discourse and behavior.(unsure of his he's neoliberal or neorealist)

Katzenstein

-problem with both the neoliberal and neorealist approaches, they share common constraints--they focus on the physical capabilities of states and institutions. He argues for a third analytical approach, one that loosens up the constraints and looks at a broader range of factors relating to cultural, ethnic, and national identity. -It argues that perspectives which neglect the roles of culture and identity are no longer adequate to explain the complexities of a world undergoing rapid change. -the time has come to transcend the classical debate between Realist and Liberal theories of international politics. Each has something to contribute to a research program that increases our understanding of international behavior. -For Japan, military security only a part of national security. Military security would be incredibly expensive. Economic concerns take higher priority.

Grieco

-realism: anarchy fosters competition, pessimistic for cooperation -neoliberalism: political economic cooperation by advanced democracies driven by common political, military and economic interests so less fear of conflicts with one another so more concerned with absolute gains than relative gains & if one state in alliance gains great economic gains, the other should be happy that their ally grows stronger

Walt

-realist, balance of threat modified balance of power: states' alliance behavior is determined by the threat they perceive from other states. Walt contends that states will generally balance by allying against a perceived threat (instead of power), although very weak states are more likely to bandwagon with the rising threat in order to protect their own security.

Homer-Dixon

-scarcity of renewable resources can contribute to civil violence, including insurgencies & ethnic clashes

K. Litfin

-scientific consensus (does) not automatically bring about policy consensus; rather, certain discursive strategies (help) to frame the available knowledge in ways that (define) the range of policy option -environmental policymakers do not understand the technical aspects of the issues they are regulating. This affects their ability to define state interests and develop suitable solutions within cross-boundary environmental regulation

Mansfield

-states in the early phases of transitions to democracy are more likely than other states to become involved in war. -Leaders of these countries attempt to rally support by invoking external threats and resorting to belligerent, nationalist rhetoric. -because the risk of a state's being involved in violent conflict is high until democracy is fully consolidated, Mansfield and Snyder argue, the best way to promote democracy is to begin by building the institutions that democracy requires—such as the rule of law—and only then encouraging mass political participation and elections.

Hathaway

-states with worse human rights ratify treaties at a higher rate than those who have better human rights bc some states ratify these treaties to show their commitment to human rights. It costs them nothing if they don't enforce it and other states plus NGOs reward them by reducing pressure on them.

Migdal

-the emergence of a strong, capable state can occur only with a tremendous concentration of social control (to the state) in third world

Friedman

-two assumptions of neoclassical economics: people have rational preferences, which can be identified in values, people maximize utility and firms maximize profits, -critics of neoclassical economics have said that mathematical models too complex but theories should be judged by their ability to predict events rather than by the realism of their assumption said friedman -central banks are responsible for inflation, deflation and major recessions -the price system (component of any economic system that uses prices expressed in any form of money for the valuation and distribution of goods and services and the factors of production) works well to allocate resources and maintain macroeconomic stability -believed in free market and government should stay out of matters that do not need and should only involve itself when absolutely necessary for the survival of its people and the country.

Qualitative versus quantitative

-useful during the early stages of a study when the researcher may be unsure of exactly what will be studied or what to focus on, this type of research does not need a strict design plan before it begins.he researcher of a study using qualitative research is heavily involved in the process, which gives the researcher a subjective view of the study and its participants. The researcher interprets the research according to his or her own biased view, which skews the data gathered. Another disadvantage is that this research method is very time consuming -quantitative research allows the researcher to measure and analyze data. researcher is more objective about the findings of the research. Quantitative research can be used to test hypotheses in experiments because of its ability to measure data using statistics.Quantitative research does not study things in a natural setting or discuss the meaning things have for different people as qualitative research does. Another disadvantage is that a large sample of the population must be studied; the larger the sample of people researched, the more statistically accurate the results will be.

President Wilson

-wilsonianism (spread of democracy, capitalism, pro-imperalism, opposes isolationsism) -fourteen points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I

Wallerstein

-world systems theory: Core countries focus on higher skill, capital-intensive production, and the rest of the world focuses on low-skill, labor-intensive production and extraction of raw materials.[3] This constantly reinforces the dominance of the core countries -Core countries do not exploit poor countries (which is a tenant of dependency theory and this theory comes from world systems approach)

Keohane

Basic assumptions of neoliberal institutionalism (neo-liberalism) States are the main actors in international politics. The international system is characterized by interdependence. States are mainly concerned with economic gain. States cooperate to create international institutions with the goal of avoiding market failures and creating trust. International relations are peacefully driven by self-interested, economic behavior. -Interdependence in the world political economy creates conflict but disputes not resolved via the military -international institutions may facilitate cooperation on issues that were not thought about upon creation -Regimes can't enforce their rules. Why do states comply most of the time? States value the institution enough to cooperate even when they prefer not to (in a single instance) so as to maintain the institution AND Networks of issues and regimes": think tit-for-tat. States know that failure to comply now may lead to retaliation by others playing tit-for-tat. Moreover, states involved in iterated interactions worry about reputation, as it affects opportunities for future cooperation. All we need assume for these mechanisms to work is that (a) states value future interactions and (b) states keep track of who reneges (they monitor one another). -there is far more cooperation in the international system (trade, financial relations, health, environmental protection ...) then can be accounted for by the Realist perspective -multiple channels that connect societies across states. This manifests itself in many forms ranging from informal governmental ties to multinational corporations and organizations -International institutions have the potential to facilitate cooperation, and without international cooperation, I believe that the prospects for our species would be very poor indeed. Without institutions, there will be little cooperation

N. Machiavelli

Classical realism -Aims of princes—such as glory and survival—can justify the use of immoral means to achieve those ends -not explain what he thinks the best ethical or political goals are, except the control of one's own fortune, as opposed to waiting to see what chance bring liberal imperialism-people seek to rule or fear being dominated so imperial expansion is a goal

Bull

Liberal Realism (or English School) -the current system of states is anarchical in that there is no higher level of authority over states, each state having ultimate sovereignty over its citizens within its borders; and the system forms a society in that there are certain "common rules and institutions" which provides order to the international arena -Balance of power - "state of affairs such that no one power is in a position where it is preponderant and can lay down the laws to others." -Functions of mutual nuclear deterrence - preserve the nuclear peace, nuclear powers reluctant to enter directly into non-nuclear hostilities with one another for fear of expansion of the conflict, and contributed to the maintenance of a general balance of power in the international system by helping to stabilize the dominant balance - While the relationship of mutual nuclear deterrence persists, and deliberate resort to nuclear war is rendered irrational, there are still dangers of nuclear war arising by accident or miscalculation, which the relationship of mutual nuclear deterrence by itself does nothing to assuage. -Society of states (or international society) in liberal realism- "exists when a group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions.

Normative versus empirical

Normative statements are judgmental whereas empirical statements are purely informative and full of facts. Empirical is a type of data collected by observation without regards to interpretation.

Mearsheimer

Realism -Bipolarity of cold war, an equal military balance, and nuclear weapons have fostered peace in Europe over the past 45 years. Net human and economic cost of the Cold War order has been far less than the cost of the European order of 1900-45, with its vast violence and suffering. demise of the Cold War order is likely to increase the chances that war and major crises will occur in Europe. - If complete Soviet withdrawal from Eastern Europe proves unavoidable, the West faces the question of how to maintain peace in a multipolar Europe so as one solution, the United States should encourage the limited and carefully man- aged proliferation of nuclear weapons in Europe. The best hope for avoiding war in post-Cold War Europe is nuclear deterrence -institutions do not promote peace. Institutions have little independent effect they seem to have had on state behavior - Second, realism treats war as an inevitable, and indeed sometimes necessary, form of state activity. For realists, war is an extension of politics by other means. Realists are very cautious in their prescriptions about the use of force: wars should not be fought for idealistic purposes, but instead for balance-of-power reasons. (The author proposed offensive realism as a theory) -Mearsheimer posits that states are always searching for opportunities to gain power over their rivals -A state's power in international politics, Mearsheimer argues, derives from the strength of its military for two reasons with one being that land force is the dominant military power -Objective 2 (after regional hegemony) Great powers seek to maximize their share of the world's wealth because economic strength is the foundation of military strength. And objective 3 great powers seek nuclear superiority over rivals

Hasenclever

Regime theory: international institutions or regimes affect the behavior of states or other international actors. It assumes that cooperation is possible in anarchic system. Cooperation in human rights is one piece of evidence

Hathaway

States with worse human rights ratify treaties at a higher rate than those who have better human rights because some states ratify these treaties to show their commitment to human rights. It costs them nothing if they don't enforce it and other states plus NGOs reward them by reducing pressure on them.

Bretton Woods System

The chief features was an obligation for each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate (± 1 percent) by tying its currency to gold -On 15 August 1971, the United States unilaterally terminated convertibility of the US dollar to gold

Organski

The general trend is that a nation achieves hegemonic power and then is challenged by a great power. This leads to a war which, in the past, has created a transition between the two powers.

inferential statistics

With inferential statistics, you are trying to reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data alone.

Combining qualitative and quantitative

You can use qualitative research to identify the factors that affect the areas under investigation, then use that information to devise quantitative research that assesses how these factors would affect user preferences.

Statism

belief that the state should control either economic or social policy, or both, to some degree. effectively the opposite of anarchism.

Morgenthau

classical realist -Political realism avoids concerns with the motives and ideology of statesmen. Political realism avoids reinterpreting reality to fit the policy. A good foreign policy minimizes risks and maximizes benefits. -Political realism maintains that universal moral principles cannot be applied to the actions of states and successful political action comes first

Schumpter

liberal pacifism-humans are rational, individualized and democratized, interested in material goods so, as such, free peaceful trade is good so citizens are pacificistic

Jervis

neorealist -Anarchy and the security dilemma make cooperation seemingly impossible. Why would states cooperate anyway? Presumably, there must be some mechanism which allows states to bind themselves (and partners) not to "defect," or at least some mechanism by which to detect defection early enough to respond appropriately. -states calculate the expected payoffs from cooperating or defecting in order to decide what to do. These calculations involve estimating the probability that the other state will cooperate, and states often attempt to manipulate variables (such as gains from exploitation, which would have to be decreased in order for cooperation) to induce cooperation. -two reasons why a state might end up in war. "Preventive war" might take place as one state might decide to attack first when it perceives the balance of power shifting to the other side creating an advantage in attacking sooner rather than later as conditions may not be as favorable in the future as in the present. "Preemptive war" might take place as a state might decide to attack another state first to prevent the other state from attacking or to obstruct the other state's attack because it fears the other state is preparing to attack -security dilemma can lead to arms races and alliance formation.

Schelling

suggested that one side in a negotiation can strengthen its position by narrowing its options, using as an example a driver in a game of chicken who rips the steering wheel from the steering column and brandishes it so his opponent can see that he no longer controls the car. -concept of the focal point, often called the Schelling point, to describe a solution that people reach without benefit of communicating, relying instead on "each person's expectation of what the other expects him to expect to be expected to do."