Interpersonal communication exam 2

Haptics

Use of touch to communicate; can be positive or negative; some cultures high-contact (lots of touching) vs. low-contact (no touching)

What are the suggestions for avoiding/minimizing debilitative emotions?

a. Monitor your emotional reactions b. Keep track of your self-talk (things you're telling yourself) c. Determine the events that trigger your response

Know the communicative features of each of the following types of nonverbal communication: Facial expression - know the 6 universal emotions

i. 1.) Surprise ii. 2.) Disgust iii. 3.) Anger iv. 4.) Fear v. 5.) Happiness vi. 6.) Sadness

Meta-emotion

i. Feeling an emotion about an emotion 1. Ex: Feeling guilty for not liking a gift for you

Territoriality

i. Fixed spaces we believe belong to us 1. Ex: seat in class, bedroom, car

Proxemics (distance) - know the different interaction distances

i. Intimate space - 0-1ft - Kids, doctor, partner ii. Personal space - 1½ - 4ft - friends iii. Social space - 4-12ft - professors, acquaintances iv. Public space - 12ft - anyone we don't know

Physical elements

i. Our environment; what surrounds us; physical appearance

Primary vs. Secondary emotions

i. Primary emotion are emotions that stand on their own 1. Ex: Universal emotions ii. Secondary emotions are emotions that are emotions combined 1. Ex: Jealously - when you feel your relationship is threatened

Chronemics

i. Time; Distance can convey a message, waiting to respond to a text

Emotion Dimensions

i. Valence - positive or negative (maybe neutral) ii. Intensity - magnitude/ strength of emotion (low vs. high)

What are the components/stages of the listening process?

1) Hearing: physical, biological process 2) Attending: pay attention to it 3) Understanding: Comprehensive listening, do I understand? 4) Remembering: Forget 5) Interpreting: Attaching meaning to what we are listening to; what does it mean to me?; more depth than understanding 6) Evaluating: Judging, analyzing info; critical listening 7) Responding: We give a verbal/nonverbal response

Kinesics - know especially the different types of gestures

All about body movement; posture; the way we sit/stand

Paralanguage

Anything we do with our voice that aren't words

What is the difference between listening and hearing?

Listening is where we actually focus and interpret meaning to the sounds we are hearing

Olfactics

Odor, smell; smell can be good/bad, strongest sense tied to memory

How does worldview affect language? (know the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)

a. Linguistic Determinism: The language we speak affects how we see and understand the world around us b. Linguistic Relativity: Your world view is relative to the language you speak

What are the different components of emotion?

a. 1. Physiological change i. Ex: Getting cut off → blood pressure rises, sweat, tense ii. Ex: Getting good grade → changes are more hormone, muscles relax b. 2. Cognition (evaluating) i. Ex: Physical changes similar with anger/fear, look for context/cognition ii. Change in cognition change in emotion c. 3. Action readiness/nonverbal behavior i. Ex: Tailgating someone who cut you off d. 4. Verbal expression of feelings i. Telling someone you're angry at them

Errors in language choices that make it difficult for us to understand one another?

a. Assumed shared knowledge → leave other person in the dark b. Assumed shared opinion → Potentially offend someone; get ourselves in trouble c. Monopolization → Runs the convo and don't give others a change for their say; Error of using too much language d. Defense → Provoking language; put people on the defensive; people aren't going to listen i. Ex: "Okay don't get mad at me" "You... need/should/etc." "That's gay!" "That's retarded!"

What are ways that a person could improve their listening skills in the following areas in Attending, Remembering/Understanding, Empathic, Critical?

a. Attending: Eliminate distractions (cell phones0, mentally summarize the message, set listening goals b. Remembering/Understanding: Ask questions, paraphrase, use mnemonic device, watch for nonverbal cues c. Empathic: listening to make a connection, listening without judgment, acknowledge feeling (don't have to agree but acknowledge) d. Critical: Improving critical listening, think about a little more, be skeptical, ask questions (ask more challenging questions EX: Where did they get their info?)

What are the language barriers that make it difficult for us to understand one another?

a. Bypassing: A situation where using same language but don't mean the same thing i. Ex: J thinking Amanda has drugs b. Generalizations: Language not specific enough i. Allness occurs with words like always or never 1. Ex: "You never let me do what do what I want!" ii. Static evaluation describes people' - so and so is that 1. Ex: Someone is lazy a. Behavior seems lazy but person is not c. Lack of Precision: Our language goes from concrete to vague 1. Ex: "It's nice outside"

What are the reasons for listening/types of listening?

a. Comprehensive: trying to understand b. Empathic: use empathy skills- trying to make a connection and experience what they are experiencing c. Appreciative: enjoying what you're listening to d. Critical: Analyzing, judging what you are listening to

What are the suggestions you might use to improve your nonverbal communication?

a. Consider nonverbal cues in context b. Look for clusters of nonverbal cues; use more than one cue i. Ex: If someone's arms are crossed, look at their face c. Consider past experiences when interpreting nonverbal d. Consider cultural differences e. Check your perceptions

What are the functions of nonverbal communication?

a. Creating, maintain, and defining relationships i. Immediacy: closeness or liking of someone ii. Arousal: alertness, engaged and listening to what someone is saying 1. Ex: eye contact, head-nod, "mmhmm"s, gestures iii. Dominance: Communicate to someone they have power/control 1. Ex: Glaring, more likely to touch b. Regulating interaction c. Managing identity (more towards physical appearance) d. Detecting deception

What are the poor listening habits/styles?

a. Defensive Listeners: always on the defensive; someone is always out to get them b. Ambushing: Listen to info to use it to attack people c. Stage Hogging: They don't listen because they're doing all the talking; not listening at all d. Insulated Listening: Advanced version of select listening; want to protect themselves from info

What are debilitative emotions? What are the thought processes that could lead to debilitative emotions?

a. Emotions that hinder or prevent effective interactions or performance i. Ex: PTSD, Anxiety, Depression, Rage, Extreme happiness or excitement b. Fallacy of Perfection i. Where we expect ourselves to be perfect ii. Ex: If I were really a good boyfriend, we would never have conflict and we would always agree on everything c. Fallacy of Should i. Someone telling themselves they should ii. Ex: My boss should like me more and be nicer to me. If only my life worked that way d. Fallacy of Overgeneralization i. Takes one example of something and blows it out of proportion ii. Ex: I forgot to turn that assignment in for class. I am the worst student ever! e. Fallacy Causation i. When one believes they're causing someone else's emotions ii. Ex: I can't really afford to go to my cousins wedding, but I have to go because otherwise he'll be mad at me f. Fallacy of Helplessness i. They believe their life is control by outside influences; everything happens to them ii. Ex: I wish I had more friend, but I was born a timid person and there's nothing I can do about it g. Fallacy of Catastrophic Expectation i. Someone who goes around expecting the absolute worst at all times ii. Ex: If I apply for this internship, I won't get it and they will probably just laugh at my application

Know the terms related to uses and abuses of language.

a. Humor i. + using language as surprising (factor becomes funny) or unexpected ii. - using that humor to hurt someone iii. - don't always know humor is going to offend someone b. Euphemisms i. Words or prashes that people use t soften a difficult/harsh/awkward subject 1. Ex: "Bun in the oven" "Passed away" ii. - Glossing over seriousness of the subject 1. Ex. "Friendly Fire" iii. + Make people more comfortable c. Slang i. Particular language phrases used in a particular group 1. Ex: "The Quad" "I.S.I.S." "BOLT" ii. + feeling of belonging iii. - feeling of exclusion d. Profanity i. Terms or word of phrases that are rude/offensive in a situation ii. + Effectively conveys emotion iii. - Don't want to use in church e. Hate Speech i. Use of profanity to demean a specific group of people; rude/offensive language ii. Some states have laws against it (First Amendment Right → freedom of speech) iii. - Always negative

What does it mean to say that language is symbolic and arbitrary? Know the semantic triangle of meaning.

a. Language is symbolic (represents) and often arbitrary (someone somewhere) b. No real relationship/ connection besides our thought process c. We are the one who assigns the meaning to the word i. Eagles → football team? Band? Reference (thought) (Triangle Diagram) Symbol (word) Referent (meaning)

What are the various ways in which language influences and functions in our lives (know the relevant terms from the chapter as well as the issues discussed in the lecture).

a. Naming i. Names or labels onto things ii. Most important function because we feel better when something has a label = identity b. Persuasion i. Logos (evidence; logic), Pathos (emotion), Ethos (credibility) c. Affections i. Can use words to communication affection ii. Tell someone how you feel about them; support

What are the challenges that make listening difficult?

a. Noise - affects hearing b. Pseudo-listening - acting like we are listening but we aren't c. Trigger words - words that catch our attention d. Selective Listening - Choosing to listen to what we want to listen to e. Information Overload - a lot of detailed, new info = overload i. 3 hr lecture f. Rebuttal Tendency - when listening thinking about what you're going to say next g. Competitive Interrupting - Just so important talk over someone i. Can be un beneficial h. Glazing over- ½ listening; still listening but day dreaming at the same time i. Filling in gaps - Assumes we know what the other person is going to say

Be able to identify the characteristics of nonverbal communication

a. Often unconscious b. Primarily relational i. We use nonverbal to convey how we feel (emotion, attitude) c. Often convey more info with nonverbal behavior i. More available channels than verbal d. Is believed more because it's unconscious e. Shaped more by biology or culture? Something about us as humans we communicate nonverbal. See difference in communication because people learn from their culture

What are the different listening styles?

a. People Oriented: comfortable listening to people's feeling, oriented toward other people, good at empathy b. Action Oriented: Not a fan of long stories; just give them info - direct, straight forward; often problem solvers c. Content Oriented: Good at analytical; looking for evidence; can get long list of directions, good with complex details d. Time Oriented: Prefer message brief and to the point; not interested in "chitchat"

What are the influences on emotional experience and expression?

a. Personality b. Culture c. Gender d. Social Convention (display rule) "Not okay in public.." e. Social Roles f. Emotional Contagion - "contagions emotions"

What are the guidelines for effectively managing/expressing emotion?

a. Recognize and identify emotions b. Accept responsibility for ones emotions c. Emotion reappraisal (rethinking the even that triggered... later) d. Separate emotion from action e. Choose the right language f. Choose when and where to share emotion g. Share multiple emotions

What are the different types of rules (different levels of meaning) that govern language?

a. Semantic Meaning i. Level at the word - meaning ii. 2 types: 1. Denotation: Objective Meaning 2. Connotation: Subjective meaning a. More personal b. Syntactic Meaning i. Grammatical sequence 1. Punctuation a. Ex: Let's eat grandma! Let's eat, Grandma! 2. Helps us understand what people mean ii. Word Order 1. Flipping order changes sentences meaning a. Ex: I hate computers! Computers hate me! c. Pragmatic meaning i. Function of language; what is it supposed to be doing 1. Ex: Voice goes up with a question a. Without clue = no idea

How can we use language more responsibly (suggestions for improving language use)?

a. Separate opinion from fact i. Fact = looking for evidence for a definite answer b. Speak at an appropriate level i. Level of vocab ii. Error when we go over or under c. Check perceptions i. If you aren't sure - ASK! ii. Verify d. Avoid Labeling People i. Don't put those "is" behaviors, instead describe e. Be aware of hurtful language f. Use "I" or "We" language i. Allows us to take more ownership

What are the different listening responses? (Be able to identify examples).

a. Silently listening (paying attention) b. Questioning (trying to understand) i. Had your instructor ever given you an indication of what she thinks of your work? c. Paraphrasing (saying back to them to verify) i. It sounds like you're worried about your grade. Is that it? d. Empathizing ("I get it") i. I've had teachers like that, and it's a lousy situation e. Supporting (Validation) i. I've had instructors like that, and I agree - it's frustrating! f. Analyzing (offering meaning) i. She's probably just trying to give everyone in the class a lot of freedom to do whatever they want to do. g. Evaluating (offering judgment in response) i. Don't take it so seriously. Most of the time in school you don't know where you stand. h. Advising (telling someone what to do) i. If I were you, I'd discuss with her

What does Equilibrium Theory explain about nonverbal communication?

a. We use nonverbal communication to manage the comfort level of interactions b. Potential responses to changes i. Compensation: what we do when we don't like the change; compensate by doing the opposite of other person ii. Reciprocate: we like that immediacy so we do the same thing