Intimate Relationships Final

The key factor for organisms in evolution is: A) reproduction. B) survival. C) relationships. D) physical advantages.

A. reproduction

Which gender is more likely to perceive sexual interest is present when it is not? A) Women B) Men C) Neither; men and women are equally likely to perceive sexual interest. D) We do not know; research has not been conclusive.

B) Men

Which of the following factors accounts for the finding that children do worse following divorce if one parent moves some distance away? A) Parental stress B) Parental loss C) Parental conflict D) Economic hardship

B) Parental loss

Identify a characteristic of a pragmatic lover. A) Possessiveness and excitement B) Practicality and carefulness C) Passion and intensity D) Altruism and dutifulness

B) Practicality and carefulness

Do men or women spend more time watching someone's eyes? A) Men B) Women C) They both watch equally. D) Neither; it is a matter of personality.

B) Women

Throughout the world, divorce rates are higher when the sex ratio is: A) high. B) low. C) even. D) not important.

B) low.

Who is likely to have friends who are "activity specialists" (friends who are good for specific activities) but are compatible in few other ways? A) Extroverts B) High self-monitors C) Low self-monitors D) Introverts

B. High self-monitors

Which of the following formulas describes how individuals evaluate a potential partner's desirability? A) His/Her Level of Extraversion + His/Her Probability of Accepting the Individual B) His/Her Physical Attractiveness × His/Her Probability of Accepting the Individual C) Amount of Time Spent So Far × His/Her Probability of Accepting the Individual D) Number of Mutual Friends + His/Her Probability of Accepting the Individual

B. His/her. Physical attractiveness x his/her probability of accepting the individual

The concept of androgyny assumes that: A) masculinity and femininity are opposites. B) masculine and feminine qualities are separate traits. C) men are inevitably masculine and women are inevitably feminine. D) biology is the source of all gender differences.

B. Masculine and feminine quality are separate traits

In the context of attraction, the instrumentality perspective proposes that: A) most people do not expect anything when they enter a relationship. B) people are attracted to others based on the extent to which they help them fulfill their goals. C) relationships and their dynamics are heavily dependent on cultural forces. D) direct rewards are more fulfilling than indirect rewards in a relationship.

B. People are attracted to others based on the extent to which they help them fulfill their goals.

Between 1960 and today, which aspect of marriage declined in the United States? A) Importance of love within marriage B) Ratio of the population that gets married C) Average age at which people get married D) Divorce rate for people with less education

B. Ratio of the population that gets married

Liking those who like us is known as: A) tit-for-tat. B) reciprocity. C) propinquity. D) similarity.

B. Recoprocity

In the context of the nature and importance of intimacy, when the need to belong is satisfied, the drive to form additional relationships is: A) increased. B) reduced. C) developed. D) lost.

B. Reduced

Impression management involves: A) narcissism. B) strategic self-presentation. C) manifesting the same (socially desirable) persona across different relationships. D) All of the answers are correct.

B. Strategic self-presentation

Which of the following is NOT an element of Sternberg's triangular theory of love? A) Passion B) Intimacy C) Attraction D) Commitment

C) Attraction

Sarah reveals to her boyfriend that she and her father are estranged. Which of the six characteristics of intimate relationships is illustrated by the preceding statement? A) Mutuality B) Care C) Knowledge D) Commitment

C. Knowledge

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of Americans in the 1960s? A) Most children were born to parents married to each other. B) Men and women married in their early 20s. C) Most of the men and women cohabited before marriage. D) Most women did not work outside the home.

C. Most of the men and women cohabited before marriage

Which of the following situations is currently ordinary within the United States? A) Two-thirds of Americans are married by age 30. B) Most preschool children have stay-at-home mothers. C) Most young adults will live with a lover before marriage. D) Most Americans rate their marriages as "not very happy."

C. Most young adults will live with a lover before marriage

The belief that in a truly good relationship, partners never disagree is a ________ belief. A) self-serving B) growth C) destiny D) true

C. destiny

Across history and cultures, love has almost universally been conceptualized as: A) a heterosexual, as opposed to a same-sex, experience. B) existing only in marriages. C) involving sexual intimacy. D) None of the answers is correct.

D) None of the answers is correct.

One of the relationship maintenance mechanisms endorsed by PREP is: A) the Michelangelo phenomenon. B) social networks. C) accommodation. D) play.

D) play.

Shari is going to a club with her friends and hopes to meet a man there. According to research, she should wear a(n) ________ outfit to increase her chances. A) yellow B) green C) orange D) red

D. Red

The goal of ________ is to get others to recognize and respect us. A) affiliation B) ingratiation C) intimidation D) self-promotion

D. Self-promotion

At which stage of a relationship are existing beliefs likely to be the most influential? A) Dating B) Commitment C) Marriage D) Every stage

D. every stage

The self-perpetuating cycle of loneliness includes all but which of the following problems? A) Inflated sense of self B) Dull, half-hearted manner of interactions C) Irritating and annoying behavior D) Negative reactions by others

A) Inflated sense of self

In the context of biases that influence sexual behavior, which of the following is a consequence of harboring the illusion of unique invulnerability? A) People get more reckless in their sexual behavior than usual. B) People become confident about their sexual identity. C) People begin to fear sexual intimacy. D) People start to compare their sex lives with those of others.

A) People get more reckless in their sexual behavior than usual.

Which of the following relational maintenance strategies proposed by Canary and Stafford is the best predictor of a happy marriage? A) Positivity B) Openness C) Understanding D) Social networks

A) Positivity

________ partners tend to stay alert for better relationship options. A) Uncommitted B) Committed C) Long-married D) Young

A) Uncommitted

In which of the following situations does loneliness occur? A) When there is a difference between the actual level and the desired level of social contact B) When there is a difference between the level of social contact that the person biologically needs and what he or she achieves C) When there is a difference between the level of social contact and one's attachment style D) All of the answers are correct.

A) When there is a difference between the actual level and the desired level of social contact

Which of the following is true of instrumentality and expressivity in relationships? A) Women value expressive communication skills more than men do. B) Women value instrumental communication skills more than men do. C) Both men and women consider instrumental communication skills as more important than expressive skills in close relationships. D) Instrumental communication skills involve the ability to convey affection and feelings in an appropriate manner.

A) Women value expressive communication skills more than men do.

In the past 10 years, there has been ________ in Americans' attitudes toward gay marriage. A) a dramatic, positive shift B) no change C) a slight positive shift D) a negative shift

A) a dramatic, positive shift

In terms of our confidence and accuracy at telling when our intimate partners are lying, we tend to have: A) a high level of confidence, but that has nothing to do with how accurate we are. B) a high level of confidence, and that gives us a good clue about our accuracy. C) a low level of confidence although we are usually quite accurate. D) a low level of confidence, and rightly so, as our accuracy is also poor.

A) a high level of confidence, but that has nothing to do with how accurate we are.

In Karney and Bradbury's vulnerability-stress-adaptation model, a long period of unemployment that a couple experiences may be described as: A) a stressor. B) an enduring vulnerability. C) an adaptive process. D) an alternative. In Karney and Bradbury's vulnerability-stress-adaptation model, a long period of unemployment that a couple experiences may be described as: A) a stressor. B) an enduring vulnerability. C) an adaptive process. D) an alternative.

A) a stressor.

Sue would like to have a discussion with her boyfriend about where their relationship is going, but she is afraid it would threaten the quality of their relationship. For Sue, talking about the relationship is: A) a taboo topic. B) a topic of self-disclosure. C) an intimate zone. D) an area of social control.

A) a taboo topic.

According to Buhrmester and Furman, during the early elementary years, the key need is for ________, and it is satisfied via relationships with ________. A) acceptance; peers B) security; primary caregivers C) intimacy; same-sex friends D) sexuality; opposite-sex partners

A) acceptance; peers

According to a study by Finkel et al., compared to their great-grandparents, young individuals today are more likely to see marriage as primarily a means to: A) achieve personal fulfillment. B) raise children. C) pay bills. D) lead a routine, practical life with a romantic partner.

A) achieve personal fulfillment.

Brian, a student who wants to get back into shape, decides to ride a bike to campus every day. A few days after getting into his new routine, he decides to ride from his afternoon lab at UC-Santa Barbara all the way to the Santa Barbara beach. Once his adrenaline is piqued by the exercise, he notices a passerby smiling at him benignly. Brian is most likely to react with a feeling of: A) arousal. B) ambivalence. C) jealousy. D) exhaustion.

A) arousal.

In a study assessing whether relationship status would influence judgment, men rated an incompetent woman ________ if they believed they'd be going out with her that weekend. A) as more competent B) as less competent C) at an appropriate level (they were accurate) D) as more competent than she was but still less competent than another competent woman

A) as more competent

A couple whose conversation goes like this: "I hate that you always leave the car with an empty gas tank;" "Well, I hate that you always park the car under the tree so it gets bird droppings on it," is engaging in: A) cross-complaining. B) mindreading. C) off-beaming. D) belligerence.

A) cross-complaining.

Over time, romantic love tends to ________ in love marriages and ________ in arranged marriages. A) decline; increase B) increase; decline C) decline; decline D) increase; increase

A) decline; increase

Cultural norms that dictate which emotions are appropriate in particular situations are known as: A) display rules. B) microexpressions. C) interpersonal distance. D) emblems.

A) display rules.

Knowing she should be excited about her friend's engagement, Jessica shows exaggerated excitement when she is told about it. This modification of Jessica's expression is likely due to: A) display rules. B) the service-task function. C) an interpersonal gap. D) microexpression.

A) display rules.

The most important deterrent to engaging in safe sex seems to be that people: A) do not believe that condoms are effective. B) enjoy sex more when they don't use condoms than when they do. C) often drink alcohol before engaging in sex. D) do not think other people engage in safe sex.

A) do not believe that condoms are effective.

The problem with conversations that drift off-beam is that couples involved in these conversations: A) do not spend enough time on a topic to resolve the problem. B) spend so much time on one problem that others are never addressed. C) keep complaining about the same things over and over again. D) tend to accuse their partners of things that are not true.

A) do not spend enough time on a topic to resolve the problem.

According to the triangular theory of love, ________ is the type of love that has a high level of commitment but low levels of intimacy and passion. A) empty love B) fatuous love C) consummate love D) nonlove

A) empty love

Although when she asks (and she asks often), her friends insist that she's important to them and that they like her, Kayla still doubts if her friends like her. Kayla is exhibiting a pattern of: A) excessive reassurance seeking. B) socioemotional selectivity. C) capitalization. D) dyadic withdrawal.

A) excessive reassurance seeking.

Relative to people engaged in an exchange relationship, those who are involved in a communal relationship: A) experience a boost in mood after helping others. B) monitor others' contributions to joint tasks. C) respond favorably to immediate repayment by others. D) perceive others' contributions as separate.

A) experience a boost in mood after helping others.

One of the effects of alcohol myopia is that it makes individuals: A) focus only on the most salient environmental cues. B) consider their partners to be less attractive. C) less likely to be able to perform sexually. D) less likely to engage in high-risk sexual behavior.

A) focus only on the most salient environmental cues.

Differences between men and women in self-disclosure have to do with: A) gender roles. B) biological sex. C) effort. D) false stereotypes—there really is no difference.

A) gender roles.

When Mara describes herself, she spends a lot of time talking about her roles as a friend, wife, and mother, and she describes a lot of nurturing and caring qualities. Mara is: A) highly relational. B) a high self-monitor. C) high in androgyny. D) high in emotional isolation.

A) highly relational.

Relationship maintenance mechanisms have been studied by researchers from two different scholarly camps. These two camps are based on ________ and ________ respectively. A) the investment model; communication research B) the attachment model; contentment C) commitment; intimacy D) credits; debits

A) the investment model; communication research

As parents, women are mothers and men are fathers. This is an example of: A) a sex difference B) a gender difference. C) singlism. D) individualism.

A. a sex difference

Differences between individuals within a given sex are usually ________ in relation to the differences between men and women. A) large B) inaccurate C) small D) vague

A. large

In the stimulus-value-role theory of attraction, agreement on parenting, careers, and life tasks become important: A) last in the development of relationships. B) first in the development of relationships. C) in the middle of the development of relationships. D) throughout the development of relationships.

A. last in the development of relationships

Romanticism is the view that: A) love should be the most important basis for choosing a mate. B) love is a loftier ideal to aim for than marriage. C) love can be found only in marriage. D) great relationships just happen and do not need much effort.

A. love should be the most important basis for choosing a mate.

With regard to self-perceptions, people typically seek all of the following reactions from other people EXCEPT which kind? A) Reactions that challenge us to reflect on who we really are B) Reactions that are complimentary C) Reactions that are self-enhancing D) Reactions that are consistent with our self-concept

A. reactions that challenge us to reflect on who we really are

When someone is searching for positive, complimentary feedback, he or she is motivated by: A) self-enhancement. B) self-verification. C) self-fulfillment. D) self-monitoring.

A. self-enhancement

Researchers have found a marriage shift where: A) self-verification motives become more important than self-enhancement motives. B) self-enhancement motives become more important than self-verification motives. C) self-fulfillment motives become more important than self-monitoring motives. D) self-monitoring motives become more important than self-fulfillment motives.

A. self-verification motives become more important than self-enhancement motives.

Which concept opposes the notion "familiarity breeds contempt"? A) The mere exposure effect B) The cohort effect C) Out-group bias D) Justification of effort

A. the mere exposure effect

People who are ________ tend to have a higher CLalt than others. A) ambivalently attached B) avoidantly attached C) securely attached D) preoccupied

B) avoidantly attached

Emotional loneliness arises because a person: A) lacks a network of friends. B) lacks a single intense relationship. C) feels sad and depressed about the state of the world. D) has fewer friends or contacts than she or he believes that she or he should.

B) lacks a single intense relationship.

The belief that good relationships are the result of hard work is an example of a: A) realistic belief. B) growth belief. C) dysfunctional belief. D) defeatist belief.

B. growth belief

Which of the following statements regarding detecting deception in intimate relationships is true? A) We are better able to detect lying in people we like because we are motivated to do so. B) Lie detection in casual relationships and intimate relationships has an equal level of accuracy. C) As relationships become more intimate, our accuracy to detect lies decreases. D) As relationships become more intimate, we get better at detecting our partners' lies.

C) As relationships become more intimate, our accuracy to detect lies decreases.

Sarah was planning to attend a meeting of a reading group on her university campus. However, when she heard that her classmate Jessica would also be there, she decided not to go. In the context of research on relational values, Sarah's degree of acceptance of Jessica can be described as that of: A) maximal inclusion. B) passive inclusion. C) active exclusion. D) maximal exclusion.

C) active exclusion.

In the textbook, the prescription for contentment is to: A) ask for help when you need it; accept with appreciation; return the favor. B) accommodate your partner; maintain your calm in all situations; expect your partner to accommodate for you. C) appreciate your partner; express your gratitude; repeat. D) argue rarely; celebrate often; keep having fun.

C) appreciate your partner; express your gratitude; repeat.

When Terri gets angry with her husband for not helping with the housework, she reacts by calling him lazy and useless rather than expressing her need for help around the house. This is an example of: A) stonewalling. B) defensiveness. C) criticism. D) kitchen-sinking.

C) criticism.

Those who lie to others can begin to perceive the recipients of the lies as less honest and trustworthy. This is called: A) the liar's lie. B) the liar's paradox. C) deceiver's distrust. D) receiver's distrust.

C) deceiver's distrust.

In forced choice questions, women report they would react more to the threat of ________ infidelity and men report they would react more to the threat of ________ infidelity. A) sexual; emotional B) sexual; social C) emotional; sexual D) social; emotional

C) emotional; sexual

As a powerful CEO of a large company, we would expect Joe to have a high visual dominance ratio, meaning he would: A) look more at his conversational partner while listening than while speaking. B) look at his conversational partner for almost the same amount of time while listening and speaking. C) look more at his conversational partner while speaking than while listening. D) look less at his conversational partner, regardless of whether he is listening or speaking.

C) look more at his conversational partner while speaking than while listening.

When you reveal personal information to a friend, you are engaging in: A) mimicry. B) self-monitoring. C) self-disclosure. D) belligerence.

C) self-disclosure.

The idea that with new experiences and roles that our partners bring to us, we learn new things about ourselves and we change is suggested in the: A) triangular theory of love. B) disclosure reciprocity model. C) self-expansion model. D) sociocultural model.

C) self-expansion model.

Who seeks partners who offer warmth and kindness, desirable personality characteristics, and acceptance? A) Men B) Women C) Both men and women D) Individuals high in self-esteem who think they can have it all

C. both men and women

Which of the following terms encompasses all of the beliefs and feelings people have about themselves? A) Self-esteem B) Self-respect C) Self-concept D) Self-pride

C. self-concept

Which of the following is an example of a statement involving a self-serving bias? A) "I did well on that test because it was easy." B) "I failed that test. I'm so stupid." C) "The instructor graded the test unfairly; that's the only reason I did poorly." D) "I was really lucky to do well on that test."

C. the instructor graded the test unfairly; that's the only reason I did poorly

The tendency of the first information we receive about others to carry special weight in shaping our overall impressions of them is known as: A) associative meaning. B) hindsight bias. C) the primacy effect. D) the priming effect.

C. the primacy effect

How do contented lovers reconstruct the memories of their relationships? A) They completely forget that they have had problems in the past. B) They acknowledge that despite being happy, the quality of their relationship is eroding. C) They feel that they are happier at present than they used to be. D) Each partner feels that he or she played a greater contribution to the success of the relationship than the other.

C. they feel that they are happier at the present than they used to be

After a divorce, social networks usually: A) increase greatly. B) increase somewhat. C) stay the same size. D) decrease in size.

D) decrease in size.

Exchange relationships are always observed in interactions between: A) husband and wife. B) father and son. C) a donor and a charity home. D) shopkeeper and customer.

D) shopkeeper and customer.

In speed dating, the most desirable people are usually: A) the most outgoing. B) the least discriminating. C) already taken. D) the choosiest and most discriminating.

D. the choosiest and most discriminating

Which of the following is true of individuals who hold positive illusions about their partners? A) They ignore their partners' faults. B) They judge their partners positively but not as much as other people do. C) Their idolization of their partner eventually causes the partner to doubt himself or herself. D) They increase their chances of being satisfied in their relationship.

D. they increase their changes of being satisfied in their relationship

Which of these is an I-statement? A) "I feel overwhelmed and anxious when you talk so much." B) "I talk a lot." C) "I think you are talking more than you need to get your point across." D) "I'm a strong-willed person."

A) "I feel overwhelmed and anxious when you talk so much."

According to research, the average age of first sexual intercourse for Americans is ________. A) 14 B) 17 C) 21 D) 24

A) 14

Research by Tafoya and Spitzberg has found that approximately 1 out of every ________ husbands and 1 out of every ________ wives have been unfaithful. A) 3; 5 B) 5; 3 C) 2; 3 D) 5; 2

A) 3; 5

According to the Framingham Heart Study, people who have a friend or relative who divorces are ________ more likely to divorce themselves. A) 75 percent B) 33 percent C) slightly D) no

A) 75 percent

According to the studies of arousal, which of the following factors fuels love in men? A) Adrenaline B) Money C) Emotional balance D) Greed

A) Adrenaline

As part of the Marital Instability Over the Life Course Project, when divorced couples were asked what caused their divorce, women were much more likely than men to cite: A) infidelity. B) that love was lost. C) communication difficulties. D) personality problems.

A) infidelity.

Social support that is subtly provided without fanfare is known as: A) invisible support. B) capitalization support. C) responsive support. D) material support.

A) invisible support.

In established romantic relationships, people are likely to end up with partners who are: A) as attractive as they are. B) more attractive than they are. C) less attractive than they are. D) in no particular pattern with respect to attractiveness.

A. as attractive as they are

Sex differences refer to ________, while gender differences refer to ________ between men and women. A) biological differences; social and psychological distinctions B) social and psychological distinctions; biological differences C) behavioral differences; biological differences D) social differences; behavioral differences

A. biological differences; social and psychological distinctions

A friend of yours meets someone, and they become romantically involved. Your friend spends more time with this person and less time with you. This example illustrates the concept of: A) capitalization. B) socioemotional selectivity. C) dyadic withdrawal. D) self-monitoring.

C) dyadic withdrawal.

According to Marshall, McGuire, and Leaper, women's friendships are characterized by ________, while men's friendships revolve around ________. A) competition; self-disclosure B) self-disclosure; emotional sharing C) emotional sharing; shared activities D) competition; emotional sharing

C) emotional sharing; shared activities

Larry and Moe are careful to pay each other back for anything they borrow. If Larry needs help and Moe says he can't, Moe doesn't feel guilty for refusing. According to Clark and Mills's proposition, Larry and Moe have a(n): A) communal relationship. B) unrealistic relationship. C) exchange relationship. D) balanced relationship.

C) exchange relationship.

Compared with romantic relationships, friendships involve: A) a greater desire for exclusivity. B) more stringent standards of conduct. C) fewer obligations. D) a lesser amount of fun.

C) fewer obligations.

Of those who get remarried after a divorce, most do so within: A) a few months. B) two years. C) four years. D) ten years.

C) four years.

According to research, the prevalence of extradyadic sex is highest among: A) heterosexual women. B) heterosexual men. C) gay men. D) lesbian women.

C) gay men.

The most common situation leading to a breakup is: A) a sudden onset of discontent. B) a shared desire between both partners to end the relationship. C) gradual dissatisfaction. D) the presence of repair attempts.

C) gradual dissatisfaction.

In Leslie Baxter's study of college student breakups, she found that: A) people broke up about half the time by directly telling their partner and half the time using indirect strategies. B) in most cases, people ended their relationships by telling their partner they wanted to break up. C) in most cases, people tried to end the relationship without ever directly saying so. D) although people wanted to use indirect strategies, they ended up using direct strategies to break up.

C) in most cases, people tried to end the relationship without ever directly saying so.

The degree to which people consider their relationships with us to be valuable to them is known as: A) relational conceptualization. B) relational inequity. C) relational value. D) relational schema.

C) relational value.

In the context of gazing behavior, our pupils dilate when we are looking at something that: A) makes us feel sorry. B) angers us. C) embarrasses us. D) interests us.

D) interests us.

In considering ending her relationship with her husband, Marie considers how they might divide their household goods and how it might impact their children and their friends. In interdependence theory terms, Marie is thinking about: A) comparison levels. B) contributions. C) outcomes. D) investments.

D) investments.

People who often perceive snubs when none are intended are high in: A) impression management. B) rejection sensitivity. C) destiny beliefs. D) romanticism.

b. rejection sensitivity

What is common to all of the marital therapies reviewed? A) All provide explanations for the difficulties couples face. B) All focus on emotional expression. C) All focus on the acceptance of incompatibility. D) All employ a psychodynamic orientation.

A) All provide explanations for the difficulties couples face.

Which of the following is a characteristic of an agapic lover? A) Altruism and dutifulness B) Practicality and carefulness C) Possessiveness and excitement D) Passion and intensity

A) Altruism and dutifulness

Many Americans ask more of their spouses than ever before because: A) Americans are less connected to their communities than past generations. B) more and more women stay at home and rely heavily on their husbands' support than earlier. C) of the collective nature of Western societies. D) of the prevalent negative perceptions of divorce.

A) Americans are less connected to their communities than past generations.

According to Gable and her colleagues, which are two distinct motivations that affect interdependence? A) Approach and avoidance B) Avoidance and dependence C) Desire and independence D) Love and hate

A) Approach and avoidance

Which attachment style best characterizes a person who views others with suspicion, assuming everyone is untrustworthy? A) Avoidant attachment style B) Dismissing attachment style C) Fearful attachment style D) Preoccupied attachment style

A) Avoidant attachment style

According to research, which of the following factors increases the likelihood of someone developing a homosexual orientation? A) Biological influences before birth B) Increased exposure to pop culture featuring gays and lesbians C) A stringent upbringing D) Friendships with gays and lesbians

A) Biological influences before birth

Kim just started dating Martin. Kim's best friend, Sandy, is mad because she is alone and wishes she had a boyfriend. She has decided to not talk to Kim for a while. Which rule of friendship is Sandy breaking? A) Don't be jealous. B) Stand up for your friend. C) Seek to repay debts and compliments. D) Volunteer in time of need.

A) Don't be jealous.

Bobbi supports her friend Charla, but she thinks that Charla is being underappreciated at her job. She thinks she is being helpful, but every time they talk, she brings it up and tells Charla to stand up for herself more. Charla is starting to get annoyed because it's all Bobbi wants to talk about. Which rule of friendship is Bobbi breaking? A) Don't nag. B) Stand up for your friend. C) Don't be jealous. D) Confide in your friend.

A) Don't nag.

Alison fell in love with Jude at their first meeting. She thought he was very attractive, and she wanted to have a relationship with him. According to Lee's love style, Alison is showing which type of love? A) Eros B) Ludus C) Storge D) Agape

A) Eros

What kinds of words are agreeable people more likely to use? A) Hug, visiting, together B) Awful, annoying, worse C) Drinks, dancing D) None of these words.

A) Hug, visiting, together

________ is the leading reason why marriages end. A) Infidelity B) Abuse C) Drug addiction D) Stress

A) Infidelity

Identify an accurate statement about companionate love. A) It is a more settled state than romantic love is. B) It scores low on intimacy. C) It depends on passion. D) It lacks a deep sense of friendship.

A) It is a more settled state than romantic love is.

Which of the following is characteristic of deception in close as opposed to less-intimate relationships? A) Lies are more likely told to promote polite, friendly interaction. B) We are not highly likely to tell lies about serious matters to close partners. C) A partner's accuracy in detecting lies is especially good. D) All of the answers are correct.

A) Lies are more likely told to promote polite, friendly interaction.

Which of the following statements about gender and loneliness is true? A) Men are lonelier on average than women. B) Women are lonelier on average than men. C) In early adulthood, men are less lonely than women, but this trend reverses with age. D) Men rely more on other men to help with their loneliness.

A) Men are lonelier on average than women.

Which of the following characteristics are likely to apply to lonely people? A) Negative attitude toward others and dull interactions B) Strong desire for friendship and too much self-disclosure C) Avoidant attachment style and frequent social contact D) High social anxiety with high self-esteem

A) Negative attitude toward others and dull interactions

Which of the following personality variables, if high, is most likely to make someone prone to jealousy? A) Neuroticism B) Agreeableness C) Conscientiousness D) Introversion

A) Neuroticism

Which of the following statements is NOT one of the suggestions for maintaining a happy, long-lasting relationship? A) Passion is a solid foundation for your relationship. B) Try to stay fresh; grab opportunities to enjoy novel adventures with your partner. C) Nurture a friendship with your lover. D) Don't be surprised or disappointed if urgent desires gradually resolve into placid affection for your beloved.

A) Passion is a solid foundation for your relationship.

In the context of research findings on friendship, which of the following statements is true? A) People who adhere to the rules of friendship have more intimate and satisfying relationships than those who don't. B) In general, men expect more loyalty and similarity in friendships than women do. C) People generally expect their friends to be dissimilar to them in attitude and interests. D) People who value their friendships show less commitment in romantic relationships than those who don't.

A) People who adhere to the rules of friendship have more intimate and satisfying relationships than those who don't.

Which of the following perceived barriers to divorce actually distinguishes couples who divorce from those who do not? A) Religious norms B) Fear of financial ruin C) Threat of losing one's children D) Worry that children will suffer

A) Religious norms

A willingness to engage in sex only in the context of an affectionate, committed relationship is considered to be which type of sociosexuality? A) Restricted B) Partially restricted C) Partially unrestricted D) Unrestricted

A) Restricted

According to interdependency theory, which of the following statements is true of how CL and CLalt are influenced by various factors? A) Rewarding relationships tend to become less satisfying with time due to an increase in CL. B) In general, relationships bring more satisfaction today than they did 50 years ago due to a decrease in CL. C) Women's greater participation in the workforce has decreased their CLalt. D) Greater access to the Internet has decreased people's CLalt.

A) Rewarding relationships tend to become less satisfying with time due to an increase in CL.

Which of the following correctly lists all three elements that predict commitment in the investment model of commitment? A) Satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size B) Quality of alternatives, attachment, and equality C) Investment size, equality, and expectations D) Satisfaction level, expectations, and attachment

A) Satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size

What constitutes cybersex? A) Sexual chat for the purpose of sexual gratification B) Visiting a pornographic Web site C) Reading online erotic fiction D) Casually flirting in a chatroom

A) Sexual chat for the purpose of sexual gratification

Which of the following statements is true of social support? A) Social support has physiological effects on people. B) With the exception of those with severe psychological disorders, people are equally skillful at offering social support to those they care about. C) Social support is always beneficial to its recipients. D) Overall, being supported by actual acts of support is more important than believing we will be supported.

A) Social support has physiological effects on people.

Of the following, who is most likely to get away with a lie? A) Someone who has less to lose B) Someone who is trying hard to make a good impression C) Someone who is a frequent liar D) Someone who is lying to attractive targets

A) Someone who has less to lose

Partners are most likely to avoid which way of determining the current or future state of romantic relationships? A) Straightforwardly asking the partner B) Endurance tests (seeing if one's partner demonstrates devotion in the face of difficulties) C) Separation tests (seeing how enthusiastically the partner welcomes one after a separation) D) Triangle tests (watching how the partner reacts to other attractive people)

A) Straightforwardly asking the partner

Which of the following countries has the highest divorce rate? A) The United States of America B) England C) Canada D) Japan

A) The United States of America

________ is evidence that American teens are being more responsible than they used to be about sex, but ________ is evidence that they are not being careful enough. A) The all-time low teen birth rate; the significant number of teenagers with sexually transmitted infections B) The decreasing rate of sexually transmitted infections; the decreasing rate of use of birth control C) The low number of female teens who are enthusiastic rather than ambivalent about having sex; the high number of teens having sex with those who are emotionally unimportant to them D) The all-time low incidence of sexually transmitted infections; the general decrease in feelings of closeness with a partner

A) The all-time low teen birth rate; the significant number of teenagers with sexually transmitted infections

Which of the following principles holds that the partner who is less dependent on a relationship has more power in it? A) The principle of lesser interest B) The principle of increasing interest C) The principle of low investment D) The principle of low cost

A) The principle of lesser interest

If people want their betrayal to do the least harm to their relationship, they should: A) admit to their wrongdoing without being asked. B) allow a third party to reveal the betrayal. C) admit to the most serious wrong they have done. D) claim to be innocent of the act of betrayal.

A) admit to their wrongdoing without being asked.

Sean hopes to convey to Beth his interest in dating her. She does not understand his hints and simply speaks to him as a friend. Sean and Beth are experiencing: A) an interpersonal gap. B) self-disclosure. C) self-monitoring. D) belligerence.

A) an interpersonal gap.

For emotions like disgust, happiness, fear, and surprise, facial expressions: A) are recognizable universally. B) vary quite a bit from culture to culture. C) vary depending on the age and level of maturity of the person. D) are unrecognizable to people beyond their own culture.

A) are recognizable universally.

Just after getting off a rollercoaster at an amusement park, you see a person who is very attractive. When the person asks you to join him or her for some cotton candy, you say yes and later report to your friends how strongly attracted you were to him or her. Your strong attraction may be because to the fact that: A) arousal from the roller coaster exaggerated your attraction to the other person. B) arousal from the roller coaster diminished your attraction to the other person. C) your strong attraction is due to passionate feelings toward the other person. D) your strong attraction is due to the instant intimacy you felt toward the other person.

A) arousal from the roller coaster exaggerated your attraction to the other person.

As suggested by Self-Determination Theory, sex is more satisfying to both members of the couple if it fulfills the needs of: A) autonomy, competence, and relatedness. B) autonomy, submission, and nurturance. C) authority, competence, and nurturance. D) authority, submission, and relatedness.

A) autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

When asked to provide comfort to a needy partner, those high in ________ behave negatively and sometimes get angry. A) avoidance B) security C) anxiety D) disorganized attachment

A) avoidance

"I wish you wouldn't open that window. It lets the pollen in and makes my allergies worse." This is a(n): A) behavior description. B) example of cross-complaining. C) example of belligerence. D) taboo topic.

A) behavior description.

Ostracizers often believe that ostracism is ________. The ostracized tend to find the ostracism ________. A) beneficial; damaging to the relationship B) useless; beneficial C) beneficial; beneficial in time D) useless; damaging to the relationship

A) beneficial; damaging to the relationship

Two important strategies for overcoming unwanted jealousy are self-reliance and: A) bolstering your sense of self-worth. B) appreciating that jealousy is a sign of true love. C) ignoring the problem. D) devaluing your partner.

A) bolstering your sense of self-worth.

According to the parental conflict model: A) children are better off going through a divorce if their homes are full of conflict. B) children are always better off staying in a home with two parents, no matter the level of conflict. C) any time parents divorce, it is better for the children because conflict is inevitably happening in those homes. D) some level of parental conflict is helpful to children as a model for effective communication.

A) children are better off going through a divorce if their homes are full of conflict.

When romantic partners break up, then reconcile and get back together, this is known as: A) churning. B) transition. C) resilience. D) adjustment.

A) churning.

In interdependence theory, the value of the outcomes that we believe we deserve in our dealings with others is our: A) comparison level. B) level of social exchange. C) outcome level. D) investment level.

A) comparison level.

Amelia expects her friends to always be supportive of her no matter what they have going on and to understand when she is too busy to help them. Lisa expects that her friends will often disappoint her and not be there for her when she needs someone to listen. From this description, we can derive that Amelia and Lisa's ________ are different. A) comparison levels B) outcomes C) investments D) commitments

A) comparison levels

In the study by Leary where two strangers were asked to converse in a noisy environment, shy people ________ when they could blame the noise for the conversation potentially not going well, and ________ when they were told the noise should not interfere with their conversation. A) did not reveal their shyness; acted shy B) acted shy; acted shy C) did not reveal their shyness; didn't show any shyness D) acted shy; didn't show any shyness

A) did not reveal their shyness; acted shy

Announcing one's dissatisfaction with a relationship but opening things up for discussion and negotiation is an example of a(n) ________ strategy. A) direct, other-oriented B) indirect, other-oriented C) direct, self-oriented D) indirect, self-oriented

A) direct, other-oriented

In their long-term study of married couples in the Processes of Adaptation in Intimate Relationships (PAIR) project, Huston and his colleagues found that the best predictor of which couples would divorce was the: A) disillusionment model. B) emergent distress model. C) enduring dynamics model. D) vulnerability-stress-adaptation model.

A) disillusionment model.

Both Aletha and her partner are getting equal amounts of outcome from their relationship. Aletha feels she is putting more into the relationship than her partner. According to equity theorists, Aletha is likely to feel: A) dissatisfied because if she is contributing more, she should also be getting more out of the relationship than her partner does. B) satisfied because both she and her partner are getting equal amounts out of the relationship. C) dissatisfied because the more one puts into a relationship, the more dissatisfied that person is with the relationship. D) satisfied because she knows she is doing all she can for the relationship.

A) dissatisfied because if she is contributing more, she should also be getting more out of the relationship than her partner does.

The Eastons had a rocky courtship. They broke up twice before getting engaged and married. There were a few differences that they didn't seem able to reconcile, but they hoped marriage would provide them with some stability. Several months into marriage, they found themselves fighting about the same things again and on the road to divorce. Their experience goes along with the: A) enduring dynamics model. B) emergent distress model. C) disillusionment model. D) reactive stress model.

A) enduring dynamics model.

Lexi and Caleb have a deep passion for one another, and after a whirlwind courtship they got married. They don't know each other very well. Lexi and Caleb are experiencing: A) fatuous love. B) infatuated love. C) empty love. D) romantic love.

A) fatuous love.

As couples engage in more self-disclosure, they tend to become: A) happier. B) distrustful of each other. C) jealous. D) bored by the relationship.

A) happier.

Jamal is in a relationship where he has a high outcome and his comparison level and comparison level for alternatives are lower than the outcome. It is likely this relationship is: A) happy and stable. B) unhappy and unstable. C) happy and unstable. D) unhappy and stable.

A) happy and stable.

Although he knows his wife can sometimes be rude and has some annoying habits, Keith thinks these are unintentional and don't happen that often. It seems Keith: A) has a positive illusion about his wife. B) has a belief in perceived superiority. C) is inattentive to alternatives. D) is experiencing the Michelangelo phenomenon.

A) has a positive illusion about his wife.

The history of love described in the textbook suggests that passionate love: A) has been around for a long time, but only recently has been seen as a reason for marriage. B) is a relatively new concept and phenomenon. C) has always been important for marriage. D) has been the marker of the potential for a strong partnership since the ancient Greeks.

A) has been around for a long time, but only recently has been seen as a reason for marriage.

Andrew feels like he has many different options in dating partners besides his current partner. According to interdependency theory, this shows that: A) his comparison level for alternatives is high. B) his comparison level for alternatives is low. C) his comparison level is nonexistent. D) his comparison level is low.

A) his comparison level for alternatives is high.

The two domains particularly sensitive to equity according to the textbook authors are: A) household tasks and child care. B) affection and money. C) hours spent at work and money. D) household tasks and affection.

A) household tasks and child care.

Unified detachment is a tactic in which partners are encouraged to view their problems: A) in an unemotional way. B) with emotional engagement. C) as nonexistent. D) through the eyes of a third party.

A) in an unemotional way.

In the last 30 years, the number of people who say they have no close confidant has ________, and the average number of intimate partners has ________. A) increased; decreased B) increased; increased C) decreased; decreased D) decreased; increased

A) increased; decreased

Couples therapy is: A) largely underutilized. Couples do not seek it as much or as soon as they should. B) largely overutilized. Couples seek it too soon and too much. C) somewhat overutilized. Although some couples do not, many couples use therapy too much. D) appropriately utilized. Couples seek it when they need it and before problems get severe.

A) largely underutilized. Couples do not seek it as much or as soon as they should.

Compared to securely attached individuals, insecurely attached individuals tend to experience: A) less intimacy, passion, and commitment in their relationships. B) about the same amount of intimacy, passion, and commitment, if they actually get into a relationship. C) more passion but less intimacy and commitment. D) more intimacy, passion, and commitment in their relationships.

A) less intimacy, passion, and commitment in their relationships.

Individuals high in avoidance (in terms of attachment) tend to be: A) more attentive to alternative relationships and less likely to pursue communal norms. B) generous with potential partners but become nervous when those individuals behave communally toward them. C) accepting of occasional neediness and likely to pursue communal norms. D) anxious to avoid conflict and get nervous if others don't expect anything from them.

A) more attentive to alternative relationships and less likely to pursue communal norms.

In problem-solving tasks, research subjects were: A) more likely to show disapproval and frustration with their spouse than with strangers. B) more polite and congenial toward their spouse than with strangers. C) less likely to show disapproval and frustration with their spouse than with strangers. D) less willing to persist at the task with their spouse than with strangers.

A) more likely to show disapproval and frustration with their spouse than with strangers.

In the context of personality traits, the "Dark Triad" comprises: A) narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. B) narcissism, sadistic personality disorder, and psychopathy. C) bipolar disorder, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. D) sadistic personality disorder, bipolar disorder, and narcissism.

A) narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy.

Research on social exclusion shows that: A) once we find out that others do not want us around, it does not matter much to us how much they dislike us. B) we are sensitive to different levels of rejection; the more people do not want us around, the more it hurts. C) we hate being excluded entirely, but if others' dislike is not too great, we feel okay. D) most people prefer ambivalence from others rather than complete rejection.

A) once we find out that others do not want us around, it does not matter much to us how much they dislike us.

According to Massar and Buunk, both men and women tend to be jealous of rivals who are: A) physically attractive. B) dominant. C) rich. D) independent.

A) physically attractive.

When people wrongly believe their feelings and beliefs are different from those of others, they are showing: A) pluralistic ignorance. B) alcohol myopia. C) the illusion of invulnerability. D) the illusion of unanimity.

A) pluralistic ignorance.

The cognitive maintenance mechanism in which a partner's faults are judged to be relatively trivial and the relationship's deficiencies are considered to be relatively unimportant is known as: A) positive illusion. B) perceived superiority. C) cognitive interdependence. D) the Michelangelo phenomenon.

A) positive illusion

According to Buhrmester and Furman, full-blown friendships characterized by extensive self-disclosure first emerge during ________. A) preadolescence B) the early elementary years C) young adulthood D) adolescence

A) preadolescence

Studies conducted by Haselton and Galperin have found that sexual selection may have favored men who were too suspicious of their partners' faithfulness over those who were not suspicious enough. This is because men face potential evolutionary costs in: A) raising children who are not their own. B) choosing a partner who will not provie for their children. C) appearing weak in front of their peers. D) appearing weak in front of their spouses.

A) raising children who are not their own.

For the first few months after they met, Jon really seemed to like Luke and enjoy his company. Jon now seems to avoid Luke. Luke heard through friends that Jon does not like him much anymore. Luke has experienced: A) relational devaluation. B) relational value. C) relational rejection. D) extreme rejection.

A) relational devaluation.

The apparent decrease in others' regard for us that results in hurt feelings is known as: A) relational devaluation. B) relational value. C) relational rejection. D) extreme rejection.

A) relational devaluation.

Josie's boyfriend called her up to say, "I like you, I care about you, I think you're a great person, but I am not in love with you." Josie's boyfriend does not feel ________ for her. A) romantic, passionate love B) compassionate love C) companionate love D) liking

A) romantic, passionate love

Research shows that most Americans are still ambivalent about: A) sex between people who are not committed to each other. B) sex between people who are engaged to be married. C) men's sex outside of marriage more than women's sex outside of marriage. D) men having sex with multiple partners more than women having sex with multiple partners.

A) sex between people who are not committed to each other.

Individuals with unrestricted sociosexual orientations: A) tend to be flirtatious. B) are more likely to be female than male. C) are less likely to engage in extradyadic sex. D) tend to be introverted.

A) tend to be flirtatious.

Ben enjoys singing and has recorded a few albums. His wife, Julia, encourages him to sing more often and promotes his albums on social media. In the context of relationship maintenance mechanisms, this is termed as: A) the Michelangelo phenomenon. B) a positive illusion. C) perceived superiority. D) cognitive interdependence.

A) the Michelangelo phenomenon.

Your best friend criticizes you and then offers you a compliment. Research suggests that: A) the compliment would soften the blow of the criticism, but the combination will still leave you distressed. B) you will be delighted with the compliment and ignore the criticism. C) the compliment and the criticism will cancel each other out, leaving you in the same state you started in. D) you will question your friend's reasons for giving the compliment but not question the reasons for the criticism.

A) the compliment would soften the blow of the criticism, but the combination will still leave you distressed.

The Coolidge effect refers to the tendency for: A) the presentation of a new female to increase arousal in male animals. B) repeated presentation of the same female to increase arousal in male animals. C) a partner with whom one shares much intimacy to continue to be exciting. D) a partner to whom one is committed to continue to be exciting.

A) the presentation of a new female to increase arousal in male animals.

According to the model of interpersonal communication, communication begins with: A) the sender's intentions. B) the decoding of a message by the receiver. C) the effect of a message on the receiver. D) the coding of a message by the sender.

A) the sender's intentions.

Commitment is best characterized as: A) the strength of one's intentions to continue a relationship. B) the kinds of future outcomes a person expects from a relationship. C) the effort a person spends searching for a meaningful relationship. D) an acceptance of positive relationships and a rejection of negative ones.

A) the strength of one's intentions to continue a relationship.

In ancient Rome, the purpose of marriage was: A) to make favorable alliances and establish a bloodline. B) to epitomize love between two men. C) to celebrate the romance shared by a couple. D) to ensure the financial independence of the bride.

A) to make favorable alliances and establish a bloodline.

The long-term effects of premarital preparation programs (PREP, etc.) are: A) uncertain. B) overwhelmingly positive; most marriages begun this way stay together for many years. C) negligible. D) actually negative; marriages that begin this way are more likely to end in divorce.

A) uncertain.

People who divorce are generally: A) unhappy for years before the divorce and start feeling better after the divorce. B) unhappy for years before the divorce and feel even worse after the divorce. C) unhappy for years before the divorce and continue to feel just as unhappy after the divorce. D) unhappy just before the divorce and start to feel unhappier after the divorce.

A) unhappy for years before the divorce and start feeling better after the divorce.

Betrayal is more common among: A) unhappy individuals than happy individuals. B) women than men. C) older individuals than younger individuals. D) those who are well-educated than those who are less educated.

A) unhappy individuals than happy individuals.

Most people divorce: A) without consulting a marital therapist. B) within a year of marriage. C) without much thought. D) out of boredom.

A) without consulting a marital therapist.

In men, the most physically attractive waist-to-hip ratio is: A) 0.9 B) 0.8 C) 0.7 D) 0.6

A. 0.9

Paternity uncertainty refers to: A) a man's uncertainty about whether a child of his partner is his. B) a woman's uncertainty about who the father of her child is. C) a child's dilemma in identifying his/her father. D) the uncertainty couples face in knowing whether a child was conceived.

A. a man's uncertainty about whether a child of his partner is his

Analisa has three brothers. Her best friend, Jordan, also has three brothers, and they bonded over this fact when they met for the first time. In this case, Analisa was most likely experiencing ________ in her relationship with Jordan. A) an indirect reward B) a direct reward C) complementarity D) reciprocity

A. an indirect reward

As a participant in a research study, Chris is asked to describe his relationship with his partner. The researchers ask him to choose a pair of overlapping circles, representing him and his partner, which best describes the closeness in their relationship. In this scenario, which of the following components of intimate relationships is being assessed by the researchers? A) Mutuality B) Knowledge C) Responsiveness D) Commitment

A. Mutuality

Alex is a strong Republican from South Dakota with a bachelor's degree in business. He enjoys fishing and snowmobiling. He's generally a happy person, with some tendencies toward an avoidant attachment style. Which of the following women is he likely to form a relationship with? A) Sally from North Dakota. She is a Republican who majored in economics in college. She enjoys snowmobiling and has an attachment style best described as avoidant. B) June from Alabama. She is a Republican who majored in art history. She's never been on a snowmobile in her life (and doesn't want to be). She tends to be a bit of a pessimist and would best be described as anxiously attached. C) Lucy from California. She is a Democrat. She did not complete college, hates fishing, and tends to be a bit of a grumpy person. D) None of these women are likely to appeal to Alex.

A. Sally from North Dakota. She is a Republican who majored in economics in college. She enjoys snowmobiling and has an attachment style best described as avoidant.

Which of the following statements is true about self-esteem? A) Self-esteem is an evolved mechanism that serves one's need to belong. B) Events that involve interpersonal rejection damage one's self-esteem in a way that other disappointments do. C) Private events affect one's self-esteem more than public events witnessed by others. D) People with high self-esteem most often sabotage their relationships by underestimating their partner's love for them.

A. Self-esteem is an evolved mechanism that serves one's need to belong

1) One primary reason why solitary confinement may be so difficult is that it interferes with the satisfaction of our: A) social needs. B) need for acceptance. C) esteem needs. D) physical needs.

A. Social Needs

Peter is very attractive. He is more likely to believe a complimentary work evaluation from: A) an off-site colleague who has never seen him before. B) a male colleague. C) a subordinate. D) an equally attractive female colleague.

A. an off-site colleague who has never seen him before

Alonzo seems to possess both well-developed emotional skills and task-oriented talents. Alonzo can be entitled as: A) androgynous. B) masculine. C) feminine. D) undifferentiated

A. androgynous

Which of the following is true of attractive people? A) They are more trusting of other people than less attractive people. B) They tend to get more dates than less attractive people. C) They tend to be more socially skilled than less attractive people. D) They are less lonely than unattractive people.

A. They are more trusting of other people than less attractive people.

What is physically attractive in men (as judged by women): A) depends partly on the woman's menstrual cycle. B) is similar to what is physically attractive in women, namely, large eyes, small nose, small chin, and full lips. C) is more dependent on culture than what is attractive in women. D) matters little to women in their choices because women don't care much about physical attractiveness.

A. depends partly on the woman's menstrual cycle

According to the Big Five personality traits, people with high scores in ________ should have more pleasant relationships. A) extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness B) neuroticism and openness to new experience C) agreeableness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness D) conscientiousness and openness to new experience

A. extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

Research on the connection between attractiveness and health has found that: A) fertility and physical health are associated with a number of markers for attractiveness. B) fertility and physical health have almost nothing to do with attractiveness. C) fertility and physical health are related to attractiveness in women but not in men. D) fertility and physical health are related to attractiveness in men but not in women.

A. fertility and physical health are associated with a number of markers for attractiveness

When we reconstruct memories, we tend to: A) forget disappointments in our relationships if we are currently happy. B) forget disappointments in our relationships if we are currently unhappy. C) always believe our relationships are getting better. D) have less vivid and detailed memories about our relationships.

A. forget disappointments in our relationships if we are currently happy

Research shows that ________ and ________ work together to shape our collective judgments about who is pretty. A) human nature; environmental conditions B) human nature; biology C) emotional love; environmental conditions D) human nature; pop culture

A. human nature; environmental conditions

In Festinger, Schachter, and Back's (1950) study of students living in campus housing at MIT, they found that those most likely to be friends were living: A) one door away from each other. B) one floor away from each other. C) one building away from each other. D) in no predictable location.

A. one door away from each other

The time, energy, and resources one must provide to one's offspring to reproduce is termed as: A) parental investment. B) reproduction. C) evolution. D) conscientiousness.

A. parental investiment

A count of the number of men for every 100 women in a population is called: A) sex ratio. B) gender ratio. C) gender schema. D) male/female count.

A. sex ratio

After encountering a single 45-year-old woman at her new job, Jonah says, "It's not normal that she's 45 and single. And I've heard it's unhealthy, too." Jonah's attitude is an example of: A) singlism. B) individualism. C) avoidance motivation. D) excessive mutuality.

A. singlism

The processes of perception and judgment by which we make sense of our social world are described by the term ________. A) social cognition B) nonverbal understanding C) social work D) expectancy theory

A. social cognition

It only takes us a(n) ________ to form an impression of someone's attractiveness. A) tenth of a second B) second C) minute D) hour

A. tenth of a second

Observation of the interaction between partners in relationships reveals: A) that relationships are more than the sum of their parts. B) the relationships that adequately capture their essence. C) the inherently positive nature of relationships. D) that there are divorce-prone people who are likely to have marital problems regardless of whom they select as a partner.

A. that relationships are more than the sum of their parts

Many would view someone described as intelligent, hardworking, and sneaky in a more positive light than someone described as sneaky, hardworking, and intelligent. This is an illustration of: A) the primacy effect. B) overconfidence. C) the fundamental attribution error. D) self-monitoring.

A. the primacy effect

We are driven to establish and maintain intimacy with others to fulfill the need: A) to belong. B) for dependency. C) for success. D) to please others.

A. to belong

When seeking long-term mates, women look for men who show ________. In short-term mates, women look for men who show ________. A) warmth, loyalty, and status; physical attractiveness B) physical attractiveness; warmth, loyalty, and status C) physical attractiveness; physical attractiveness D) popularity and vitality; loyalty and kindness

A. warmth, loyalty, and status; physical attractiveness

Cute opening lines work ________ on men and ________ on women. A) well; poorly B) well; equally well C) poorly; well D) poorly; poorly

A. well; poorly

In countries where women experience greater equality with men: A) women tend to attach less importance to wealth in a romantic partner. B) women still show an evolutionary tendency to seek a partner who can care for them economically. C) women and men show equal interest in the financial prospects of their romantic partners. D) men attach more importance to wealth in a romantic partner.

A. women tend to attach less important to wealth in a romantic partner

According to a study by Lewis, about what percentage of college students report using condoms when hooking up? A) 25 percent B) 50 percent C) 75 percent D) 90 percent

B) 50 percent

In a sample of divorced parents in the Midwestern U.S., ________ had amicable relationships and ________ had distressed relationships with ex-spouses. A) 70 percent; 30 percent B) 50 percent; 50 percent C) 20 percent; 80 percent D) 40 percent; 60 percent

B) 50 percent; 50 percent

Pauline moved from Minneapolis to Pierre, South Dakota. In Minneapolis, she had a long history of successful close relationships, and several attractive men used to ask her out. In Pierre, she started what she considers a rather poor relationship with Thomas, a man whom she found to be insensitive but better than the other options available in her new, small community. Now that she's been in Pierre for an extended time, she thinks she will continue dating Thomas. Let ">" mean "is greater than." From the perspective of interdependence theory, Pauline is in a situation in which her: A) CL > CLalt > outcome. B) CL > outcome > CLalt. C) CLalt > CL > outcome. D) CLalt > outcome > CL.

B) CL > outcome > CLalt.

Which of the following is most likely a reason for the rise in divorce rates since the 1960s? A) CL and CLalt are lower today. B) CL and CLalt are higher today. C) CLs are lower and CLalts are higher today. D) None of the answers is correct.

B) CL and CLalt are higher today.

Which type of therapy is likely to focus on instilling reasonable expectations and relationship beliefs? A) Traditional behavioral couple therapy B) Cognitive-behavioral couple therapy C) Integrative behavioral couple therapy D) Emotionally focused couple therapy

B) Cognitive-behavioral couple therapy

Which of the following was most frequently mentioned by spouses who had been married for 15 years or more, when asked about their marriages? A) Altruism: they would do anything for their spouses. B) Companionship: they have a great friendship with their spouse. C) Economic and other forms of support: they would be less well-off if they were single. D) Passion: they would be miserable without their partners.

B) Companionship: they have a great friendship with their spouse.

Which form of love involves high levels of commitment, intimacy, and passion? A) Companionate love B) Consummate love C) Fatuous love D) Romantic love

B) Consummate love

Which of the following attachment styles is least likely to make someone prone to jealousy? A) Secure B) Dismissing C) Preoccupied D) Anxious

B) Dismissing

Which of the following channels of body language shows consistent patterns across cultures? A) Gestures B) Facial expressions of several emotions C) Interpersonal distance D) All of the answers are correct.

B) Facial expressions of several emotions

Which group experiences the greatest decline in the frequency of sex after 10 years in a relationship? A) Cohabiting heterosexual couples B) Gay men C) Lesbian women D) Married heterosexual couples

B) Gay men

Which of the following is true of loneliness? A) Personality has little to do with whether someone will be lonely or not. B) Genetic influences have an effect on loneliness. C) Single women are lonelier than single men. D) Self-esteem has little to do with whether someone will be lonely or not.

B) Genetic influences have an effect on loneliness.

According to research on the sexual behavior of Americans, which of the following is true of hookups? A) Men assume that they have casual sex more frequently than their peers. B) Hookups are not as popular as most people think they are. C) Women tend to underestimate their peers' approval of hooking up. D) Both men and women overestimate how often their peers use condoms when hooking up.

B) Hookups are not as popular as most people think they are.

In the context of the consequences of commitment, which of the following is true of the "derogation of tempting alternatives"? A) It refers to the willingness of committed partners to control their impulse to engage in destructive communication. B) It is a mechanism that reduces the allure of those who might otherwise entice people away from their present partners. C) It is a coping strategy for individuals who have a highly avoidant style of attachment in their relationships. D) It is a tactic that people use to tolerate destructive behavior from their partners without fighting back.

B) It is a mechanism that reduces the allure of those who might otherwise entice people away from their present partners.

To cope with their feelings of jealousy, women sometimes try to induce jealousy in their partners. Which of the following is a primary danger in this strategy? A) It can create anger in the partner, which may erupt into acting aggressively toward the rival. B) It may drive the partner away. C) The woman may become more attracted to her new interest than to her original partner. D) None of the answers is correct; this strategy usually works.

B) It may drive the partner away.

Joan and Jim have more rewards than costs in their relationship. Jim has many potential alternative relationships. Joan's alternatives are limited. According to the principle of lesser interest: A) Joan is more dependent on the relationship and therefore has more power. B) Joan is more dependent on the relationship and therefore has less power. C) Joan is less dependent on the relationship and therefore has more power. D) Joan is less dependent on the relationship and therefore has less power.

B) Joan is more dependent on the relationship and therefore has less power.

According to the triangular theory of love, which of the following types of relationships has a high level of intimacy but low levels of passion and commitment? A) Infatuation B) Liking C) Empty love D) Nonlove

B) Liking

Shawn has a number of girlfriends. He sees romantic relationships as relationships in which he can have fun. He has no intentions of settling down with any of his girlfriends. According to Lee's love style, Shawn is showing which type of love? A) Eros B) Ludus C) Storge D) Agape

B) Ludus

Maurice receives many rewards and has few costs in his relationship with Karla. He believes he should have many more rewards. According to interdependency theory, this indicates that: A) Maurice experiences satisfaction in the relationship. B) Maurice experiences dissatisfaction in the relationship. C) Maurice is likely to be dependent on the relationship. D) Maurice is likely to be independent in the relationship.

B) Maurice experiences dissatisfaction in the relationship.

According to research on deception and lying, which of the following statements is true? A) Most lies in close relationships are easily detected by the liar's partner. B) Most of the lies people tell are small, white lies of convenience. C) Most lies are told to benefit others. D) Most lies in close relationships are greedy, consequential lies.

B) Most of the lies people tell are small, white lies of convenience.

According to research findings on sexual behavior, which of the following is true of Americans' first sexual encounter? A) Most people wait until their mid-20s to have sex for the first time. B) Most teens find their first sexual encounter to be a positive experience. C) Women enjoy their first experience of sex more than men do. D) A sizeable majority have sex for the first time with mere acquaintances.

B) Most teens find their first sexual encounter to be a positive experience.

According to a study conducted by Werking, which of the following statements is true of friendships in midlife? A) The amount of time spent with friends decreases when one gains a romantic partner, but it increases after marriage. B) People tend to see much less of friends who could be construed by a spouse to be a potential romantic rival. C) Couples tend to have less marital problems when none of their personal friendships involve their spouses. D) When romantic couples have a lot of friends in common, it increases the total number of friends they have.

B) People tend to see much less of friends who could be construed by a spouse to be a potential romantic rival.

According to a study by Jose, which of the following is true of the relationship between cohabitation and the probability of divorce? A) People who cohabit before marriage tend to have fewer problems in their marriage compared to those who do not cohabit. B) People who cohabit before they become engaged are more likely to divorce later compared to those who do not cohabit. C) People who cohabit for longer periods of time have better marriages than those who cohabit for brief periods. D) People who cohabit before they become engaged have better marriages than those who cohabit with their fiancé.

B) People who cohabit before they become engaged are more likely to divorce later compared to those who do not cohabit.

What function of nonverbal communication is most likely served by a broad smile that signifies to another that you really liked what he or she said? A) Expressing influence B) Providing information C) Regulating interaction D) Impression management

B) Providing information

In the context of relationship maintenance mechanisms, which of the following is a behavioral maintenance mechanism? A) Perceived superiority B) Rituals C) Derogation of tempting alternatives D) Positive illusions

B) Rituals

According to attachment theorists, which of the following components of attachment involves using a partner as a foundation to explore novel environments? A) Safe haven B) Secure base C) Separation protest D) Proximity seeking

B) Secure base

According to the interpersonal process model of intimacy, which of the following should be a component of an interaction so that it forges greater intimacy? A) There should be a high level of instrumentality in the conversation. B) Self-disclosure should be met with warmth and responsiveness. C) Certain taboo topics should be avoided in the conversation. D) One of the partners should have a high level of blirtatiousness.

B) Self-disclosure should be met with warmth and responsiveness.

Which of the following theories suggests that relationship development is tied to systematic changes in communication? A) Attachment theory B) Social penetration theory C) Interpersonal distance theory D) Social comparison theory

B) Social penetration theory

According to Fung and Carstensen, when people age, they become oriented more toward the present than toward the future, and they emphasize emotional fulfillment to a greater extent. Which of the following theories best supports this statement? A) Activity theory B) Socioemotional selectivity theory C) Continuity theory D) Age stratification theory

B) Socioemotional selectivity theory

With whom are people most likely to withhold criticism, swallow disapproval, and suppress signs of frustration? A) Wives B) Strangers C) Husbands D) Children

B) Strangers

Which of the following statements is true of how friendships change after college? A) The number of same-sex friendships stabilizes. B) The average intimacy level of interactions increases. C) The closeness of remaining friendships decreases. D) All of the answers are correct.

B) The average intimacy level of interactions increases.

Which model suggests that problematic behavior that destroys a couple begins after marriage? A) The enduring dynamics model B) The emergent distress model C) The disillusionment model D) The reactive stress model

B) The emergent distress model

Which of the following should be true for people to stay satisfied in a relationship? A) Their comparison levels should exceed the outcome of the relationship. B) The outcome of the relationship should exceed their comparison levels. C) Their comparison levels should exceed their partner's comparison level. D) Their comparison levels should be less than their partner's comparison level.

B) The outcome of the relationship should exceed their comparison levels.

Which therapy will work best for you? A) Insight-oriented couple therapy works best for most people, so it's likely to work best for you. B) The therapy that appeals to you the most will work best for you. C) Cognitive-behavioral couple therapy works best for most people, so it's likely to work best for you. D) The therapy that your spouse suggests is the one that will work best for you.

B) The therapy that appeals to you the most will work best for you.

According to research done by Fitch and Ruggles, which of the following is true of the correlation between the proportion of American women employed outside the home and divorce rates in the United States? A) The two factors are negatively correlated. B) The two factors are positively correlated. C) The two factors have no correlation. D) The two factors are positively correlated only in low-income families.

B) The two factors are positively correlated.

Which of the following is true of children of divorced couples? A) They are less likely to get divorced themselves. B) They are more likely to divorce when they become adults. C) They have more favorable views of marriage. D) They have higher quality marriages.

B) They are more likely to divorce when they become adults.

According to Sommer and Rubin, which of the following statements is true of how people with low self-esteem react when they are ostracized compared with people with high self-esteem? A) They are more likely to forgive the partner who ostracizes them and to forget the incident. B) They are more likely to stay with someone who ostracizes them but to carry a grudge. C) They are more likely to stop ostracizing others after the experience. D) They are relatively unlikely to put up with this treatment.

B) They are more likely to stay with someone who ostracizes them but to carry a grudge.

Which of the following types of people are most likely to forgive? A) Insecure people (in terms of attachment style) B) Those high in agreeableness C) Those high in neuroticism D) Those high in narcissism

B) Those high in agreeableness

Of the following statements regarding communal relationships, which one is NOT true? A) When we do favors for others, we prefer that they do not repay us immediately. B) When we help others, our moods and self-evaluation change only slightly if at all. C) When we are working with others on a joint project, we don't make a clear distinction between their work and our own. D) We keep track of others' needs even when they will be unable to return favors.

B) When we help others, our moods and self-evaluation change only slightly if at all.

Which of the following is true of the differences between men and women's speech? A) Women tend to talk significantly more than men. B) Women tend to speak with less forcefulness than men. C) Women are more likely to speak about impersonal matters than men. D) Women tend to speak longer than men (engage in monologues).

B) Women tend to speak with less forcefulness than men.

Are apologies helpful in forgiveness? A) No, it is better to provide an excuse. B) Yes, expressions of shame and regret are helpful. C) No, they simply open old wounds. D) Yes they are, even if they seem insincere.

B) Yes, expressions of shame and regret are helpful.

Kayla doesn't want to offend or upset anyone, so, during the few parties she attends, she tends to hang back and stay out of the way. Kayla seems to have: A) a strong approach motivation. B) a strong avoidance motivation. C) a low comparison level. D) a high investment level.

B) a strong avoidance motivation.

Roan and Paul decided to organize a reunion of all their old classmates living in and around New York City. After inviting everyone, they decided on a date and venue. A few days later, Maria, one of the invitees, informed them that she would not be able to make it on that particular day but was free the next day. They were disappointed to hear this but decided to go ahead with the plan anyway. In the context of research on relational values, their degree of acceptance of Maria can be described as that of: A) maximal inclusion. B) active inclusion. C) passive inclusion. D) ambivalence.

B) active inclusion.

People with an anxious attachment style: A) tend to get angry when called upon to console a needy partner. B) are willing to offer care to their partners, but primarily to gain approval. C) engage in caregiving for altruistic reasons. D) often become fearful when asked to care for their partner.

B) are willing to offer care to their partners, but primarily to gain approval.

Individuals low in blirtatiousness tend to: A) blurt out whatever they are thinking. B) be slower, more deliberate, and more hesitating in verbalizing feelings. C) be more difficult for everyone to get along with. D) form strong friendships easily.

B) be slower, more deliberate, and more hesitating in verbalizing feelings.

Seeing a movie that interests your partner but not you is a(n): A) unproductive strategy. B) behavioral maintenance mechanism. C) cognitive maintenance mechanism. D) form of derogation of alternatives.

B) behavioral maintenance mechanism.

A common cause of failure in friendships is: A) having friends who are too similar to us. B) being unwilling to follow the rules of friendship. C) one friend making more money than the other. D) entering into a romantic relationship with a friend.

B) being unwilling to follow the rules of friendship.

Most couples who participate in couple therapies are: A) worse off afterward. B) better off afterward. C) in about the same condition after therapy as they were before. D) better off for a few weeks but then fall back into old patterns.

B) better off afterward.

According to the social penetration theory, as relationships develop, the ________, or variety, of topics discussed between partners ________. A) breadth; decreases B) breadth; increases C) depth; decreases D) depth; increases

B) breadth; increases

Sheila is almost always nervous in social settings and is concerned that others are evaluating her negatively. She doesn't think others will want to talk to her because she does not feel good about herself. When she does interact with others, she is awkward and occasionally inappropriate. Sheila can be described as: A) high in reassurance seeking. B) chronically shy. C) low in self-monitoring. D) situationally shy.

B) chronically shy.

Janet believes that her husband does not have any interest in their relationship and that their marriage is doomed. Her marital therapist is working on getting her to make note of her husband's positive contributions to the marriage and to believe that even bad relationships can thrive with patience and effort. Janet's marital therapy is most likely: A) traditional behavioral couple therapy. B) cognitive-behavioral couple therapy. C) integrative behavioral couple therapy. D) emotionally focused couple therapy.

B) cognitive-behavioral couple therapy.

As part of the Marital Instability Over the Life Course project, when divorced couples were asked what caused their divorce, men were much more likely than women to cite: A) infidelity. B) communication difficulties. C) substance use. D) abuse.

B) communication difficulties.

The high subjective quality of sexual interactions among same-sex couples has been found to be related to: A) compatible sex drives. B) communication regarding personal desire. C) shared interests, which then lead to sexual engagement. D) greater psychological involvement than heterosexual couples.

B) communication regarding personal desire.

According to interdependence theory, people's expectations for their current relationships are incorporated in the concept of: A) alternatives. B) comparison level. C) outcome level. D) rewards.

B) comparison level.

In predicting how they would feel after a breakup, young adults: A) correctly predicted their distress would fade with time but underestimated the initial pain they would feel when the breakup occurred. B) correctly predicted their distress would fade with time but overestimated the initial pain they would feel when the breakup occurred. C) were incorrect in predicting that their distress would fade with time but correctly estimated the initial pain they would feel when the breakup occurred. D) were incorrect in both predicting that their distress would fade with time and in the amount of pain they would feel when the breakup occurred.

B) correctly predicted their distress would fade with time but overestimated the initial pain they would feel when the breakup occurred.

According to interdependence theory, punishments and undesirable experiences are known as: A) damages. B) costs. C) profit losses. D) entanglements.

B) costs.

The effect of maintenance mechanisms: A) declines slowly, so the effect of one activity can last a long time. B) declines quickly, so, if they are stopped, satisfaction begins to decline. C) is permanent, and activities need not be repeated. D) is effective only once; new maintenance mechanisms must be used to have continued satisfaction.

B) declines quickly, so, if they are stopped, satisfaction begins to decline.

XYZ statements involve: A) listing a series of pet peeves. B) describing behavior, context, and feelings. C) articulating the start, actions, and consequences of behavior. D) using restrictive communication-code characteristics of intimate couples.

B) describing behavior, context, and feelings.

In a study of friendship in freshmen class, it was found that college students were ________ with their social networks in the fall after they arrived at college and ________ with their social networks by the end of the spring semester. A) satisfied; satisfied B) dissatisfied; satisfied C) dissatisfied; dissatisfied D) satisfied; dissatisfied

B) dissatisfied; satisfied

When people see more and more of their lover and less of friends, this is known as: A) romantic gazing. B) dyadic withdrawal. C) intensity bonding. D) barriers to friendship.

B) dyadic withdrawal.

The outcomes literature suggests that premarital programs are: A) not effective. B) effective for high-risk couples. C) effective over the long term. D) yet to be studied.

B) effective for high-risk couples.

According to the triangular theory, commitment without intimacy or passion is known as: A) nonlove. B) empty love. C) infatuation. D) liking.

B) empty love.

In ________ relationships, we are governed by a desire for and expectation of immediate repayment for benefits given. A) communal B) exchange C) love D) attachment

B) exchange

Couples who participate in the PREP program are encouraged to: A) develop highly romantic and positive expectations of their future. B) express their expectations of sex clearly and openly. C) avoid seeming too eager to develop their relationship. D) live apart and do things on their own for a few weeks.

B) express their expectations of sex clearly and openly.

Individuals with preoccupied attachment styles are likely to respond to jealousy by: A) avoiding the issue. B) expressing their concerns. C) trying to make their partner jealous in response. D) breaking up.

B) expressing their concerns.

Research shows that in relationships in which the men adhere to traditional expectations, the women involved are: A) generally happier and healthier than in relationships involving men who believe in more equality of the sexes. B) generally not as happy and healthy as in relationships involving men who believe in more equality of the sexes. C) just as happy and healthy as those in relationships involving men who believe in more equality of the sexes. D) happier than those in relationships involving men who believe in more equality of the sexes but also more likely to suffer from fatigue due to overwork.

B) generally not as happy and healthy as in relationships involving men who believe in more equality of the sexes.

Forgiveness necessarily involves: A) regaining positive feelings toward the betrayer. B) giving up the right to retaliate. C) getting something tangible in return immediately. D) the possibility of asking for favors from the betrayer in the future.

B) giving up the right to retaliate.

People end up disappointed by relationships if their expectations are: A) low. B) glorified. C) tied to their self-worth. D) based on real experiences.

B) glorified.

Samantha and Sam often talk about how their relationship is better than most of their friends' relationships. They consider their 28-year-old marriage to be special and talk about other marriages that end in divorce. This is an example of how Samantha and Sam: A) are derogating alternatives to maintain their relationship. B) have a perceived superiority with regard to their relationship. C) have a willingness to sacrifice to maintain their relationship. D) are engaging in the Michelangelo phenomenon.

B) have a perceived superiority with regard to their relationship.

In the context of the good genes hypothesis, it has been found that when fertile, a woman is more likely to have sex with another man if: A) her husband has a symmetrical body. B) her husband has similar genes. C) her husband is dominant. D) her husband is assertive.

B) her husband has similar genes.

Preoccupied individuals are characterized as being: A) low in anxiety over abandonment. B) high in anxiety over abandonment. C) distant and detached. D) extremely committed to their partners.

B) high in anxiety over abandonment.

The best sex depends on all of these EXCEPT: A) each person having needs met by a partner. B) how objectively attractive a partner is. C) being devoted to a relationship. D) enjoying being with each other, in bed and out of it.

B) how objectively attractive a partner is.

Betty is in a stable marriage. Lately, her colleagues have noticed that her boss appears to be romantically interested in her. When they mentioned it to her, she told them that she hasn't noticed his advances. In the context of relationship maintenance mechanisms, Betty is displaying: A) positive illusions. B) inattention to alternatives. C) perceived superiority. D) accommodation.

B) inattention to alternatives.

Men's per capita income tends to ________ after divorce, while women's per capita income tends to ________. A) decrease; increase B) increase; decrease C) stay the same; decrease D) decrease; stay the same

B) increase; decrease

Brian is passionately attracted to Teresa. He has no strong commitment to her and doesn't feel much intimacy with her. According to the triangular theory of love Brian is feeling: A) liking. `B) infatuation. C) empty love. D) romantic love.

B) infatuation.

According to the investment model of commitment: A) investment is the primary antecedent of commitment. B) investment, alternatives, and satisfaction all contribute to commitment. C) different forces lead to women's commitment in heterosexual relationships compared with men's commitment in gay relationships. D) there are three different types of commitment: personal, constraint, and moral.

B) investment, alternatives, and satisfaction all contribute to commitment.

In marital therapy, the therapist: A) is not as important as the therapeutic approach. B) is just as important as the approach used. C) should be chosen by one partner. D) need not be researched by the couple as long as he or she is listed on a creditable website.

B) is just as important as the approach used.

Shy individuals often do well when they: A) are in relationships. B) know they cannot be blamed if the interaction goes poorly. C) are given antidepressants. D) are forced to talk in detail about their own anxieties and fears.

B) know they cannot be blamed if the interaction goes poorly.

Gender difference in sex drives: A) differs among cultures. B) leads to mismatches among some couples. C) is the most frequent cause of breakups in couples. D) is illusory.

B) leads to mismatches among some couples.

Derogation of tempting alternatives allows people to feel that other potential partners are: A) unavailable. B) less attractive than one's current partner. C) likely to reject one's advances. D) from similar backgrounds.

B) less attractive than one's current partner.

Shauna and Brent got married in June. They both have little education, Shauna's parents had a bad marriage, and Brent's social skills are not very good. According to Karney and Bradbury's vulnerability-stress-adaptation model, Shauna and Brent's marriage: A) is doomed no matter what happens. B) may make it if they do not encounter too many difficulties in life. C) should be fine as long as they don't have many alternatives to their relationship. D) has a high likelihood of succeeding no matter what happens.

B) may make it if they do not encounter too many difficulties in life.

With time (decades), our emotions toward our lover tend to become ________ and more ________. A) intense; negative B) mellow; positive C) intense; positive D) mellow; negative

B) mellow; positive

The sexual double standard refers to the asymmetry in people's sexual attitudes toward: A) heterosexuals and bisexuals. B) men and women. C) married and unmarried couples. D) younger and older couples.

B) men and women.

Older partners interact with: A) less romance and less cheer. B) more positive emotion but with less intensity. C) more negative emotion and with less intensity. D) the same levels of romance and emotion that they experienced when they were younger.

B) more positive emotion but with less intensity.

According to research done by Wolfers, divorce has become more socially acceptable than before because: A) we like to blame people for wrongdoings. B) no-fault divorces have become legal. C) fewer people today want to be coupled off. D) fewer people are having children.

B) no-fault divorces have become legal.

Loneliness has: A) very little effect on our physical health. B) noticeable effects on our physical health. C) an effect on the way we think about our health, but no real effect on our health. D) strong effects on the health of those who are temporarily lonely, but little effect on chronically lonely individuals.

B) noticeable effects on our physical health.

People who are lonely: A) make an effort to talk to others and are therefore good conversational partners. B) often have drab or dull interactions with others as they tend to have negative attitudes toward others. C) try too hard to establish intimacy and self-disclose too much. D) think that all others are open to interactions and therefore keep trying even when others don't want to converse with them.

B) often have drab or dull interactions with others as they tend to have negative attitudes toward others.

Research on derogation of tempting alternatives has shown that: A) all alternatives are derogated. B) only alternatives that are potential threats to the relationship are derogated. C) derogation only occurs if the partner will know about the alternatives. D) derogation occurs for tempting personal or professional alternatives (e.g., new job) but not relationship alternatives (e.g., attractive woman).

B) only alternatives that are potential threats to the relationship are derogated.

Insight-oriented couple therapy puts a greater emphasis on ________ than other types of couple therapy. A) openness B) partners' individual vulnerabilities C) bringing out the best in one another D) sharing tasks

B) partners' individual vulnerabilities

When betrayals occur, the: A) two parties (betrayer and the person who is betrayed) typically see the betrayal's effects on the relationship in much the same manner. B) perpetrators of betrayal are more likely to see the possible benefits of the betrayal. C) victims of betrayal are more likely to see the possible benefits of the betrayal. D) victims of betrayal are more likely to overestimate the detrimental consequences of the betrayal.

B) perpetrators of betrayal are more likely to see the possible benefits of the betrayal.

The breakup pattern most commonly found by Baxter in her study of college students was one labeled: A) direct interference. B) persevering indirectness. C) continual discontent. D) direct discontent.

B) persevering indirectness.

According to research by Steve Duc, the stage that occurs first in the dissolution of most relationships is called the: A) dyadic phase. B) personal phase. C) social phase. D) grave-dressing phase.

B) personal phase.

We interact with our friends in a region of interpersonal distance known as: A) intimate zone. B) personal zone. C) social zone. D) public zone.

B) personal zone.

Samantha and her husband, Greg, are both adventurous and often go on treks that they enjoy. They share a passion for sports and ensure they spend time every weekend playing tennis. They spend a lot of time together over these shared interests. However, they also argue frequently and put each other down during these fights. According to Reis and Gable, theirs is a ________ relationship. A) flourishing B) precarious C) boring D) distressed

B) precarious

Olivia sees her relationship with Ryan as very close and important. Ryan sees his relationship with Olivia as moderately close and not very important. It appears that Olivia and Ryan are different in terms of their: A) relational inclusion. B) relational value. C) maximal exclusion. D) maximal inclusion.

B) relational value.

Researchers of the Early Years of Marriage (EYM) Project are primarily interested in how ________ affect marital outcomes. A) genetics B) social conditions C) attachment styles D) enduring vulnerabilities

B) social conditions

Norma, a 68-year-old, has a few close friends. These friends are not a very diverse group, but they provide her with the emotional support she needs. Her grandson, in contrast, has a large group of casual friends. These patterns are consistent with: A) the dyadic withdrawal theory. B) socioemotional selectivity theory. C) capitalization. D) high self-monitoring.

B) socioemotional selectivity theory.

In reviewing the studies about young adults' relationships, the text concludes that young adults: A) have shallower relationships after college than they did before. B) tend to interact with fewer friends after college. C) manage to maintain similar frequency of interactions with same-sex friends after college graduation. D) are dissatisfied with the high level of intimacy in interpersonal relationships.

B) tend to interact with fewer friends after college.

When two people in a conversation are involved in nonconscious behavioral mimicry: A) one of the members will feel mocked, and the conversation usually falters. B) the conversation tends to flow, and the members tend to like each other. C) the conversation tends to be stilted and superficial. D) one of the members usually notices and changes his or her behavior to avoid the mimicry.

B) the conversation tends to flow, and the members tend to like each other.

According to research in which men were randomly assigned pets, the pets were most beneficial when: A) participants were ill. B) the men had few friends. C) the pets were most affectionate. D) the pets were in need of special caretaking.

B) the men had few friends.

According to interdependence theory, individuals are dependent on their partners if: A) their CLalt is lower than that of their partners. B) the outcome of the relationship is much higher than their CLalt. C) the outcome of the relationship is slightly better than their CLalt. D) the outcome of the relationship is lower than their CLalt.

B) the outcome of the relationship is much higher than their CLalt.

The comparison level for alternatives describes the outcomes people would receive if: A) they lower their expectations in their current relationship and seek alternative rewards. B) they leave the current relationship and move to the best alternative situation. C) they learn to engage in a more positive and supportive manner in their relationship. D) they discuss alternatives for a pressing problem more often than they currently do.

B) they leave the current relationship and move to the best alternative situation.

In his relationship with Andrea, Tom perceives his ratio of benefits to contributions to be 30/80, whereas he perceives Andrea's ratio to be 70/100. Tom probably experiences: A) equity. B) underbenefit. C) overbenefit. D) entrapment.

B) underbenefit.

Saying that women are often the gatekeepers of sex in relationships means that: A) women often decide whether extradyadic sex can occur for the couple. B) women decide when and how often sex occurs. C) men's desire for sex is irrelevant for couples. D) men have more power over the decisions couples make about sex than women.

B) women decide when and how often sex occurs.

What caused researchers to consider attachment styles as an important aspect of the close relationships of adults? A) Hazan and Shaver's Denver survey B) Bartholomew's ideas about four categories of attachment style C) Bowlby's interest in young children's actions toward their caregivers D) Brennan and colleagues' development of a short attachment style measure

B. Bartholomew's ideas about four categories of attachment style

What does research suggest about the phrase "absence makes the heart grow fonder"? A) True: Long-distance relationships are more costly but more rewarding. B) False: Long-distance relationships are more costly and less rewarding. C) True: Long-distance relationships are less costly but more rewarding. D) False: Long-distance relationships are less costly and less rewarding.

B. False: Long-distance relationships are more costly and less rewarding

Which of the following is true of impression management? A) We go to more trouble to maintain favorable images with our intimate partners than with strangers. B) Individuals high in self-monitoring tend to have more friends than individuals low in self-monitoring. C) Individuals high in self-monitoring are less attentive to the impression they make than individuals low in self-monitoring. D) Individuals low in self-monitoring tend to create unstable impressions.

B. Individuals high in self-monitoring tend to have more friends than individuals low in self-monitoring.

Which of the following is true of American marriages? A) Nearly one-half of them result from the spouses meeting on a dating website. B) More than one-third results from the spouses having met online. C) Those that result from an online relationship are less satisfying than those that begin offline. D) Those that result from online relationships are twice as likely to break up.

B. More than one-third results from spouses having met online

Which of the following Big Five personality traits is the most influential? A) Conscientiousness B) Neuroticism C) Extraversion D) Agreeableness

B. Neuroticism

Joe is a moderately attractive man. He is dating three women. Penelope is a very attractive woman, Susanna is moderately attractive, and Wanda is relatively unattractive. All else being equal, who is he most likely to end up with? A) Penelope. Attractive women tend to end up with men less attractive than they are. B) Susanna. People tend to end up with those who match them in attractiveness. C) Wanda. Men of moderate attractiveness tend to end up with women less attractive than they are. D) We don't know. There is no strong connection between the attractiveness of one partner and the attractiveness of the other partner.

B. Susanna. People tend to end up with those who match them in attractiveness

On average, which of the following is likely when people who have met online get together in person for the first time? A) They find each other more appealing than they did online. B) They are mildly disappointed, and their liking for each other goes down. C) Men are more likely than women to find the meeting better than their online interaction. D) Women are more likely than men to find the meeting better than their online interaction.

B. They are mildly disappointed, and their liking for each other goes down

Who among the following is most likely to be a low self-monitor? A) George, who is almost always the center of attention at parties B) Tina, who finds it hard to imitate the behavior of other people C) Nancy, who enjoys interactions of higher intimacy even with people she meets for the first time D) Ben, who has had a number of short and less-committed relationships

B. Tina, who finds it hard to imitate the behavior of other people

The "what is beautiful is good" bias is: A) true across cultures, and the characteristics that are associated with being beautiful are the same across cultures. B) true across cultures, although what characteristics are associated with being beautiful may be slightly different. C) only true in Western cultures such as in the United States. D) only true in cultures where "love" marriages occur, and it disappears in cultures where arranged marriages are the norm.

B. True across cultures, although, what characteristics are associated with being beautiful may be slightly different

Forty years from now a survey says that there are currently more men than women in a nation. What prediction will this survey make about the social climate? A) Women will be encouraged to work outside the home. B) Women will be discouraged to work outside the home. C) Unmarried motherhood will be an option and more people will get married. D) Women will be allowed or encouraged to have sex outside of marriage.

B. Women will be discouraged to work outside of the home.

Which curve best describes the relationship between attitude similarity and attraction? A) A flat line suggesting no real relationship between the two B) A straight upward-sloping line suggesting that as similarity increases, attraction increases C) A curve that initially goes up, showing that up to a point similarity enhances liking, but then becomes flat D) A curve that goes up but then turns down a bit, showing that at very high levels of similarity, liking decreases

B. a straight upward-sloping line suggesting that as similarity increases, attraction increases

Troublesome and fearful aspects of relationships: A) were reported by a few people when asked about their relationships in the last 5 years. B) affect everyone on occasion but afflict some people more than others. C) affect older people more than younger people. D) affect low self-monitors more than high self-monitors.

B. affect everyone on occasion but afflict some people more than others

Partners who are obviously dissimilar, such as an old rich man with a beautiful young woman: A) prove that sometimes opposites do attract. B) are actually matching in a broad sense by trading one asset for another. C) illustrate the fact that some people can overcome the tendency toward matching given the right incentive. D) are actually extremely rare.

B. are actually matching in a broad sense by trading one assest for another

The two themes that underlie the four attachment styles described by Bartholomew are: A) avoidance of intimacy and anxiety about abandonment. B) avoidance of intimacy and concern for the well-being of others. C) need to belong and anxiety about abandonment. D) need to belong and concern for the well-being of others.

B. avoidance of intimacy and concern for the well-being of others

On average, an American mother now has her first child: A) after she gets married. B) before she gets married. C) by the age of 40. D) by the age of 50.

B. before she gets married

According to researchers, Eberhart and Hammen, a lack of intimacy can: A) cause psychological problems only in those who are below 40 years of age. B) causes destructive behaviors, such as substance abuse. C) be fulfilled, regardless of the quality of our relationships. D) be satisfied with certain solitary pursuits if one cannot find companionship.

B. causes destructive behaviors, such as substance abuse

After breaking up with his girlfriend, Scott remarked, "I guess she wasn't my true love. I should have known it from the beginning; it took us a while to really click and we had too many things standing in the way of our relationship." It is likely Scott is high in: A) self-monitoring. B) destiny beliefs. C) growth beliefs. D) overconfidence.

B. destiny beliefs

According to Bartholomew, people with a ________ attachment style feel that intimacy with others isn't worth the trouble. A) secure B) dismissing C) fearful D) preoccupied

B. dismissing

Attachment styles are thought to be primarily the result of: A) genetic predispositions. B) early childhood experiences. C) social cognitions. D) sex differences.

B. early childhood experiences

The set of abilities that describe a person's talents in perceiving, using, understanding, and managing emotions is: A) emotional valence. B) emotional intelligence. C) self-monitoring. D) self-understanding.

B. emotional intelligence

In contrast to those who do not cohabitate, individuals who cohabitate are more likely to: A) have a long-lasting marriage. B) encounter infidelity. C) stay together. D) have a positive attitude toward marriage.

B. encounter infidelity

People tend to assume that men whose faces are wide and short are more likely to be ________ than those whose faces are narrower and taller. A) religious B) hardworking C) prejudiced D) short-tempered

B. hardworking

As described in the textbook, Victorian England had a ________ sex ratio and the Roaring Twenties a ________ sex ratio. A) low; high B) high; low C) low; low D) high; high

B. high; low

Which of the following is true about playing "hard to get"? A) Individuals who appear aloof and largely uninterested are most likely to get dates. B) Individuals who are selectively hard to get—an easy catch for a desired partner but difficult for everyone else to catch—are most attractive to their desired partner. C) Playing hard to get is always a bad strategy; those who are hard to get have few dates. D) Some individuals find those who are hard to get interesting; others don't. The success of the strategy depends on the personality of the other person.

B. individuals who are selectively hard to get-an easy catch for a desired partner but difficult for everyone else to catch are most attractive to their desired partner

What do recent studies suggest about the labels we use in describing attachment? A) The labels are widely and correctly used. B) It is better to describe people regarding their relative standing on dimensions of anxiety and avoidance. C) Labels should be thought of as describing distinct categories that have nothing in common. D) Labeling relationships is generally useless.

B. it is better to describe people regarding their relative standing on dimensions of anxiety and avoidance

Research suggests that physically attractive people are ________ complimentary, flattering evaluations than unattractive people. A) more likely to believe B) less likely to believe C) more likely to give D) less likely to give

B. less likely to believe

Within a second of meeting a stranger, people form judgments about how ________ the stranger is. A) extraverted B) likeable C) conscientious D) intelligent

B. likeable

All of the following statements are beliefs of people high in romanticism EXCEPT which one? A) One can fall in love at first sight. B) Love means knowing what your partner wants without him or her having to tell you. C) There is one "true" love. D) Love can overcome any obstacle.

B. love means knowing what you partner wants without him or her having to tell you.

Who are the best predictors of the future of a relationship? A) Both partners B) Outsiders (e.g., the partners' parents and roommates) C) Males D) Females

B. outsiders (e.g. the partners' parents and roomates)

Researchers have found that people were ________ in assessing the HIV risk status of their partner early in a relationship and they became ________ as the relationship developed. A) fairly accurate; even more accurate B) overconfident; even more overconfident C) overconfident; more accurate D) fairly accurate; erroneous

B. overconfident; even more overconfident

Dissimilarity is often particularly attractive in a partner when it: A) represents a taboo. B) relates to our ideal self. C) makes us feel attractive. D) makes us look better by contrast.

B. relates to our ideal self

Sue's husband forgot their anniversary. Sue views her husband's behavior as something he did because his boss assigned him a big project at work, and she does not think he'll do something like this in the future. Sue is making what kind of attribution? A) Distress-maintaining attribution B) Relationship-enhancing attribution C) Observer-biased attribution D) Insecure attribution

B. relationship-enhancing attribution

Over time, in a developing relationship, accuracy with regard to sexual history of the partner ________ and confidence ________. A) increases; remains the same B) remains the same; increases C) remains the same; remains the same D) increases; increases

B. remains the same; increases

Two-year-old Alice feels nervous and clingy when her mother is around and gets extremely distressed when her mother leaves. Which of the following attachment styles does Alice likely have? A) Anxious-ambivalent B) Secure C) Distressed D) Avoidant

B. secure

The physical attractiveness matching process in relationships: A) is less obvious in long-term, committed relationships. B) seems to operate as a screening mechanism whereby people end up with others who will have them in return. C) is less pronounced when one person in the couple has average looks. D) All of the answers are correct.

B. seems to operate as screening mechanism whereby people end up with others who will have them in return

Alan always ensures he tells his boss about every new client he gets for his firm and to pass along any compliments he gets from those clients. Which impression strategy is Alan using? A) Ingratiation B) Self-promotion C) Intimidation D) Supplication

B. self-promotion

Which of the following items is an example of a gender difference? A) Any difference in physical appearance between men and women B) The belief that men are assertive while women are compassionate C) Male tendency to have more intimate partners than women do D) Male preference for savory foods and female preference for sweet foods

B. the belief that men are assertive while women are compassionate

The tendency to seek out information that will support our beliefs is known as: A) overconfidence. B) the confirmation bias. C) the primacy effect. D) process loss.

B. the confirmation bias

In the classic University of Minnesota study of self-fulfilling prophecies in the physical attractiveness domain: A) before the participants began talking, the experimenter gave each male subject fake information about the female participant's socioeconomic status. B) the female target with whom the subjects interacted was selected to be attractive or unattractive depending on the experimental condition. C) the male subjects thought they knew what the female target looked like but could not see her during the conversation. D) priming was used to create a physical attractiveness stereotype.

B. the female target with whom the subjects interacted was selected to be attractive or unattractive depending on the experimental condition.

Repeated contact with someone usually increases our liking for him or her. This concept is known as ________. A) reciprocity B) the mere exposure effect C) complementarity D) reactance

B. the mere exposure effect

To predict the attachment style of a child with the greatest accuracy, it is best to assess: A) the child's temperament. B) the mother's attachment style. C) the genetic influences. D) the family structure.

B. the mother's attachment style

According to a research conducted by Anderson, most young adults now feel that it is desirable for a couple to live together before they get married so that: A) they can avoid the chances of getting divorced. B) they can spend more time together. C) they do not have to make any commitments. D) they do not have health problems.

B. they can spend more time together

We generally expect intimate relationships to be characterized by all of the following expectations EXCEPT: A) your partner will not unduly hurt you. B) your partnership will continue indefinitely. C) your partner will treat you fairly and honorably. D) your partner will stay the same.

B. your partnership will continue indefinitely

Based on the research cited in the text, during the first few years of marriage, marital satisfaction: A) goes up. B) goes up until the arrival of the first child. C) drops. D) stays the same.

C) drops.

Martin and his wife, Leane, frequently argue over housework. Leane accuses him of doing less work around the house and increasing her workload. Which of the following responses from Martin involves validation? A) "How can you say this? I do so much work around the house!" B) "I hate housework and I will not do it. I am sorry." C) "I understand why you say this. But please understand that I work longer hours than you, and I'm tired by the time I get back." D) "I feel very annoyed when you treat this as a big issue. This is a trivial issue and not one worth fighting over."

C) "I understand why you say this. But please understand that I work longer hours than you, and I'm tired by the time I get back."

All of the following are rules of friendship EXCEPT: A) "Don't nag." B) "Keep confidences." C) "Keep the friendship exclusive." D) "Volunteer to help in time of need."

C) "Keep the friendship exclusive."

According to Gottman and Levenson's research, to stay satisfied in a close relationship, it is important to maintain a reward-to-costs ratio of at least: A) 1:1. B) 2:1. C) 5:1. D) 110:1.

C) 5:1.

In Gottman and Levinson's work, they found that couples at a low risk for divorce showed a ratio of positive to negative exchanges of: A) 1:1. B) 3:1. C) 5:1. D) 10:1.

C) 5:1.

Which of the following sets of words characterize the three main attributes of friendship? A) Affection, communion, and society B) Affection, romance, and companionship C) Affection, communion, and companionship D) None of the answers is correct.

C) Affection, communion, and companionship

Which of the following statements is true of the relationship between approach goals and avoidance goals? A) The greater the fulfillment of approach goals, the greater the fulfillment of avoidance goals. B) The greater the fulfillment of approach goals, the lesser the fulfillment of avoidance goals. C) Approach goals and avoidance goals are independent of each other. D) Approach goals and avoidance goals are seldom present together in a relationship.

C) Approach goals and avoidance goals are independent of each other.

Research has found that loneliness can be prevented or reduced by all of the following activities EXCEPT which one? A) Attributing one's loneliness to unstable, short-lived influences rather than lasting deficiencies B) Expending greater effort to enhance friendships rather than focusing such effort on developing romantic attachments C) Avoiding situations that might intensify social anxiety D) Hoping that the situation will improve

C) Avoiding situations that might intensify social anxiety

In the context of research by Buhrmester and Furman on changes in interpersonal needs as children age, which of the following is likely to occur in preadolescence? A) Children start to understand their friends' points of view but largely see their friendships as serving self-interests. B) Children recognize that individual friendships cannot fulfill all emotional and psychological needs and hence spend more time by themselves. C) Children develop skills such as empathy, which form the foundation of close adult relationships. D) Children are willing to play with any other children that are available in the search for a best friend.

C) Children develop skills such as empathy, which form the foundation of close adult relationships.

According to research findings, on average, which of the following groups has sex most frequently? A) Single men B) Married adults C) Cohabiting adults D) Single women

C) Cohabiting adults

According to Meston and Buss, which of the following is NOT one of the four themes underlying an individual's motivations to have sex? A) Emotional B) Physical C) Communicative D) Pragmatic

C) Communicative

Which form of love is likely to characterize a long, happy marriage? A) Fatuous love B) Romantic love C) Companionate love D) Infatuation

C) Companionate love

Which theory views male jealousy as springing from the importance of ensuring that children are their biological offspring? A) Attachment B) Equity C) Evolutionary psychology D) Interdependence

C) Evolutionary psychology

Which of following terms refer to having sex with someone other than one's partner? A) Extramarital sex B) Extrapyramidal sex C) Extradyadic sex D) Extrapersonic sex

C) Extradyadic sex

Which of the following is true of research findings on gestures and body movement? A) The meaning of gestures is consistent across cultures. B) Men who are judged by women as good dancers in studies using 3D motion-capture technology are less agreeable than men who dance badly. C) High-status people tend to adopt open, asymmetric postures. D) A closed, compact posture indicates self-confidence.

C) High-status people tend to adopt open, asymmetric postures.

Which of the following statements is true of CLalt? A) CLalt is directly proportional to CL. B) CLalt is inversely proportional to CL. C) If someone has a lot of investments in a relationship, then he or she tends to have a lower CLalt than someone who does not have any investment in a relationship. D) If someone is doing well in his or her career and has a high self-esteem, then he or she tends to have a lower CLalt than someone who is not doing well in his or her career.

C) If someone has a lot of investments in a relationship, then he or she tends to have a lower CLalt than someone who does not have any investment in a relationship.

According to research done by Waite and Joyner, which of the following groups of individuals are most likely to have high levels of contentment in their sex lives? A) Individuals who have sex to avoid an unpleasant outcome B) Individuals who believe in traditional gender roles C) Individuals who have had only one lover in the past year D) Individuals with sexual destiny beliefs

C) Individuals who have had only one lover in the past year

Which type of therapy is likely to focus on accepting incompatibilities that partners cannot change? A) Traditional behavioral couple therapy B) Cognitive-behavioral couple therapy C) Integrative behavioral couple therapy D) Insight-oriented couple therapy

C) Integrative behavioral couple therapy

Which of the following is true about unrequited love? A) It seems to happen more to women than to men. B) People who experience it do not experience any of the elation and excitement of being in love. C) It happens more to those with preoccupied attachment styles. D) It is experienced as sweet and loving by the object. They are generally delighted to be the object of love.

C) It happens more to those with preoccupied attachment styles.

John tells his classmate Lily, "I love you, but I am not in love with you." Which of the following is an accurate statement about this scenario? A) Lily's love has been reciprocated well. B) Lily should stop meeting John. C) John is not passionately attracted toward Lily. D) John is physically aroused.

C) John is not passionately attracted toward Lily.

Which of the following best describes "platonic love"? A) Love is madness and torment. B) Love conquers all and leads to happiness. C) Love involves nonsexual adoration of the beloved. D) Love is a noble quest marked by diligence and persistence.

C) Love involves nonsexual adoration of the beloved.

Which of the following factors makes the largest contribution to differences in estimates of sexual partners between heterosexual men and women? A) Men are more likely to have sex with prostitutes. B) Men have more same-sex experiences. C) Men and women define sex differently. D) Studies have been done principally with men.

C) Men and women define sex differently.

Our enhanced well-being and enhanced relationships due to partners who encourage us to be all that we can be is named the: A) positivity phenomenon. B) enhancement phenomenon. C) Michelangelo phenomenon. D) Monet phenomenon.

C) Michelangelo phenomenon.

If the probability of getting an infection for a woman in a single unprotected sexual encounter with an infected man is 0.1, what is the probability she'll be infected if she has unprotected sex with him 10 times? A) 0.1 B) Much lower than that C) Much higher than that D) More information is needed to answer.

C) Much higher than that

According to research studies, the sensitivity and accuracy of which of the following predict how happy a couple will be? A) Verbal communication B) Paralinguistic communication C) Nonverbal communication D) None of the answers is correct.

C) Nonverbal communication

Which neuropeptide may provide a biological basis for feelings of companionate love? A) Dopamine B) Serotonin C) Oxytocin D) Epinephrine

C) Oxytocin

According to Sternberg, which of the following are the three building blocks of love? A) Intimacy, tension, and passion B) Passion, fantasy, and loss C) Passion, intimacy, and commitment D) Attraction, fantasy, and arousal

C) Passion, intimacy, and commitment

In the context of relationship maintenance mechanisms, which of the following is a cognitive maintenance mechanism? A) Forgiveness B) Accommodation C) Perceived superiority D) Self-control

C) Perceived superiority

Which of the following statements is true of the visual dominance ratio (VDR)? A) Women have a higher VDR than men. B) Children have a higher VDR than adults. C) Powerful people have a higher VDR than their less-powerful counterparts. D) Unmarried people have a higher VDR than married couples.

C) Powerful people have a higher VDR than their less-powerful counterparts.

Message decoding is a process associated with: A) sending a message. B) using secret codes to send and decipher messages. C) using mediated communication such as the Internet or voice mail. D) receiving a message.

C) Receiving a message

Which of the following statements is supported by research on peer popularity in elementary school? A) Peer popularity is not predictable in elementary school, so it is not a good measure of subsequent behavior. B) Peer popularity in elementary school predicts peer popularity toward the end of high school. C) Rejection by peers in elementary school is a risk factor for later difficulties. D) None of the answers is correct.

C) Rejection by peers in elementary school is a risk factor for later difficulties.

Rhonda is not sure if she loves her partner anymore. She gets little satisfaction from their relationship. However, she believes there are few other options for her. According to interdependence theory, what is Rhonda likely to do? A) Stay with her current partner no matter what B) Leave her current partner, even if no other options are available C) Stay with her current partner until her alternatives improve D) Stay with her current partner and try to improve the relationship

C) Stay with her current partner until her alternatives improve

In the context of the Processes of Adaptation in Intimate Relationships (PAIR) project, which of the following models will most likely recommend premarital interventions to reduce the risk of divorce? A) The disillusionment model B) The emergent distress model C) The enduring dynamics model D) The vulnerability-stress-adaptation model

C) The enduring dynamics model

In the context of the Processes of Adaptation in Intimate Relationships (or PAIR) project, which of the following models suggests that marriages that are headed for divorce are weaker than others from the very beginning? A) The disillusionment model B) The emergent distress model C) The enduring dynamics model D) The vulnerability-stress-adaptation model

C) The enduring dynamics model

Martha and George are good friends. Martha is about to move and knows she cannot carry all of her boxes herself. Which rule of friendship should George abide by? A) Don't nag. B) Trust and confide in your friend. C) Volunteer in time of need. D) Don't be jealous.

C) Volunteer in time of need.

Which of the following statements is true of facial expressions? A) Fake smiles contract the muscles around the eyes, causing them to crinkle. B) Students who display wide smiles in college tend to smile less as adults. C) We recognize the expressions of people in our cultural group better than that of people from other cultures. D) Acute recognition of others' emotions from their facial expressions takes effort and practice.

C) We recognize the expressions of people in our cultural group better than that of people from other cultures.

In the context of research on reactions to rejection, which of the following statements is true? A) Marijuana intensifies the pain one experiences due to relational devaluation. B) Constant rejection causes more negative feelings than a pattern of decreasing acceptance from someone. C) When people who experienced romantic rejection were studied in fMRI scanners, their brains responded as if they were experiencing real pain. D) Unlike people with a dismissing style of attachment, people with an avoidant style of attachment experience more pain when others withdraw or show decreasing interest with time in their relationship.

C) When people who experienced romantic rejection were studied in fMRI scanners, their brains responded as if they were experiencing real pain.

Which of the following is true of gender differences in nonverbal sensitivity? A) Women are better encoders of nonverbal messages, but poor decoders, compared with men. B) Women are better decoders of nonverbal messages, but poor encoders, compared with men. C) Women are both better encoders and decoders of nonverbal messages compared with men. D) Men are better encoders and decoders of nonverbal messages compared with men.

C) Women are both better encoders and decoders of nonverbal messages compared with men.

According to a study by Amato, compared to marriages with traditional gender roles, which of the following is true of heterosexual marriages with an equitable division of household responsibilities? A) Both men and women are a lot happier. B) Couples experience more troubles. C) Women are much happier, but men are less happy. D) Couples are happy at the beginning, but women soon begin to regret their loss of control over the house.

C) Women are much happier, but men are less happy.

Our CLalt is: A) a judgment determined solely by the attractiveness of other potential partners. B) determined by two factors, the attractiveness of other partners and the attractiveness of being by ourselves. C) a multifaceted judgment encompassing both the various costs of leaving and the enticements offered by others. D) relatively stable based on our long history of relationships.

C) a multifaceted judgment encompassing both the various costs of leaving and the enticements offered by others.

When Crystal's husband comes home from work and snaps at her over some trivial issue, she understands that he's probably had a stressful day and resists the urge to snap back. In this scenario, Crystal practices: A) the Michelangelo phenomenon. B) prayer. C) accommodation. D) willingness to sacrifice.

C) accommodation.

In forgiveness, you: A) show that you condone the behavior of the one who offended you. B) forget what the other person did to hurt you. C) acknowledge that the partner's conduct was harmful. D) reserve the right to retaliate.

C) acknowledge that the partner's conduct was harmful.

In comparison with men, women generally: A) engage in more casual romantic relationships and fall in love more quickly. B) engage in more intense relationships and fall in love more quickly. C) are more selective about whom they fall in love with and fall in love more slowly. D) are less selective about whom they fall in love with but fall in love more quickly.

C) are more selective about whom they fall in love with and fall in love more slowly.

With regard to self-help relationship books and websites, consumers should: A) avail all the information that they can from these sources. B) steer clear from these sources as they cannot be trusted. C) be wary and check the credentials of the author or site before acting on the advice provided. D) only trust books because websites are not well-monitored.

C) be wary and check the credentials of the author or site before acting on the advice provided.

Love as a necessary condition for marriage has: A) been important for all of recorded history. B) been important in the West since the Middle Ages. C) become more important in the United States since the 1960s. D) always been important for royalty or ruling classes.

C) become more important in the United States since the 1960s.

People's assumptions that their intimate partners usually tell them the truth: A) are generally accurate—we lie much less in close relationships. B) differ based on gender. C) can be explained by the truth bias. D) have to do with attachment styles.

C) can be explained by the truth bias.

Nichole shares good news about her new job with her friend Kari. Kari responds with genuine excitement and enthusiasm. This pattern of interaction is known as: A) material support. B) disclosure reciprocity. C) capitalization. D) dyadic withdrawal.

C) capitalization.

The pattern of interaction in which good friends tend to enhance our delight when we share good news with them is known as: A) respect. B) trust. C) capitalization. D) responsiveness.

C) capitalization.

The shift from thinking of oneself as an "I" to a "we" in relationships is known as: A) cognitive dissonance. B) cognitive-behavioral maintenance. C) cognitive interdependence. D) cognitive decline.

C) cognitive interdependence.

When Carla's friends ask her what she plans to do over the weekend, she includes her husband in her response. She usually says, "We will visit his farm this Sunday," or "We plan to just stay at home and watch some movies." In relationship studies, this change in self-definition is referred to as: A) positive illusion. B) perceived superiority. C) cognitive interdependence. D) the Michelangelo phenomenon.

C) cognitive interdependence.

No-fault divorce laws are an example of a ________ that undermines marital success. A) personal context B) relational context C) cultural context D) bias

C) cultural context

Research has found that on the whole, the average perceived quality of American marriages has ________ since 1970. A) increased B) stayed about the same C) declined D) increased among younger couples but decreased among older couples

C) declined

Loneliness and depression: A) are basically the same psychological condition. B) are related in that it is always loneliness that gives rise to depression. C) differ in that depression is a global state, whereas loneliness is more specific and interpersonal in nature. D) differ in that depressed people do not seek excessive reassurance from others, but lonely people do.

C) differ in that depression is a global state, whereas loneliness is more specific and interpersonal in nature.

At their wedding, the Smiths were one of the happiest couples their wedding guests had ever seen. The couple was sure they had a romance that would endure forever and expected a life together that would be wonderful. During their first year, they discovered that marriage was hard work, and they both began to doubt their relationship. By the end of their fifth year together, they were seriously considering divorce. Their experience goes along with the: A) enduring dynamics model. B) emergent distress model. C) disillusionment model. D) reactive stress model.

C) disillusionment model.

Mark feels dissatisfied in his relationship because he feels that his wife rarely spends time with him. He also feels insecure because she constantly complains about his low income. According to Reis and Gable, Mark has a ________ relationship with his wife. A) boring B) precarious C) distressed D) avoidant

C) distressed

Wes and Sandra often bicker about the unequal distribution of housework and the lack of fun in their relationship. Their marital therapist focusses on improving their communication skills during conflict and suggests that they share household chores. The therapist also works on getting them to accept that their individual ideas of fun differ fundamentally and helps them develop adaptive emotions to manage this difference. Their marital therapy is most likely: A) traditional behavioral couple therapy. B) insight-oriented couple therapy. C) integrative behavioral couple therapy. D) emotionally focused therapy.

C) integrative behavioral couple therapy.

According to Erik Erikson, the development of ________ is the central task of adulthood. A) industry versus inferiority B) initiative versus guilt C) intimacy versus isolation D) generativity versus stagnation

C) intimacy versus isolation

The number of married adults in the United States: A) is about the same today as in 1960. B) is at an all-time high. C) is at an all-time low. D) dropped from 1960 to 1980 and has climbed steadily since then.

C) is at an all-time low.

Forgiving an intimate partner: A) is a sign of weakness in a relationship. B) will only draw out an inevitable breakup. C) is less stressful than holding a grudge. D) is not recommended by most counselors.

C) is less stressful than holding a grudge.

Arousal influences attraction if: A) it is positive. B) it is negative. C) it is either positive or negative. D) it is neither positive nor negative.

C) it is either positive or negative.

The social networks of spouses tend to be: A) about the same as when they were single. B) smaller than when they were single. C) larger than when they were single. D) comparable to the networks of their teen years.

C) larger than when they were single.

The maintenance mechanism of prayer: A) is most effective when we pray for our own needs. B) is less effective than other mechanisms. C) leads to relationship satisfaction for a person who prays for his or her partner's well-being. D) has been debunked by leading scientists.

C) leads to relationship satisfaction for a person who prays for his or her partner's well-being.

Shy behavior often: A) induces empathy in others. B) facilitates the behavior of others. C) leads to unfavorable evaluations. D) leads to more stable but less emotional relationships.

C) leads to unfavorable evaluations.

Overall, research suggests that abstinence-only programs are: A) highly effective in reducing the occurrence of sexually transmitted diseases. B) generally based on the most up-to-date scientific information. C) less likely to get teens to use contraception. D) helpful in reducing the rates of teen pregnancy.

C) less likely to get teens to use contraception.

Applying interdependence theory, Peter's decision to stay in his dissatisfying relationship with Julie might best be explained by his: A) high CL. B) high costs. C) low CLalt. D) low rewards

C) low CLalt.

Social scientists believe that: A) same-sex relationships are fundamentally different from heterosexual partnerships. B) same-sex partners are actually better qualified to be parents than heterosexual partners. C) marriage is beneficial to people regardless of their sexual orientation. D) there is not enough evidence to determine whether it is fair for same-sex partners to receive the same recognition as heterosexual partners.

C) marriage is beneficial to people regardless of their sexual orientation.

When others seek us out and go out of their way to interact with us, this is known as: A) passive inclusion. B) active inclusion. C) maximal inclusion. D) active exclusion.

C) maximal inclusion.

Authentic flashes of real emotion are called: A) mimicry. B) display rules. C) microexpressions. D) belligerence.

C) microexpressions.

A(n) ________, or story that explains one's experience, is often shaped by a person's perceptions rather than the "truth" of the event. A) monologue B) explication C) narrative D) reenactment

C) narrative

In close relationships: A) positive events have greater psychological impact than negative events do. B) positive and negative events have roughly the same impact. C) negative events have greater psychological impact than positive events do. D) positive events have greater impact in the early stages of relationships, but negative events have greater impact later on.

C) negative events have greater psychological impact than positive events do.

Ostracism has been found to cause excluded people to: A) act more strategically. B) increase complex thought. C) overestimate how much time has passed. D) be better, more rational planners.

C) overestimate how much time has passed.

After listening to her husband talk about their dwindling finances, Sabrina says, "Am I correct in thinking you are feeling anxious that we are spending more than we can afford and would like us to look for ways of cutting expenses?" This illustrates: A) dysfunctional communication. B) mindreading. C) paraphrasing. D) perception checking.

C) paraphrasing.

The most common pattern of interaction in the months after a breakup is: A) partners becoming more committed to each other than when they decide to quit their romance. B) there is no change in partners' connection with each other. C) partners starting out as friends, with their commitment to each other gradually fading away entirely. D) a series of ups and downs as partners figure out a new pattern of fitting their lives together.

C) partners starting out as friends, with their commitment to each other gradually fading away entirely.

According to Hatfield and Berscheid, physiological arousal and the belief that someone is the cause of this arousal is the source of: A) romantic love. B) platonic love. C) passionate attraction. D) nonlove.

C) passionate attraction.

After telling his wife about his upcoming month-long business trip to another city, Peter says, "It looks like the news has irked you. Am I right?" Peter is engaging in: A) stonewalling B) yes-butting. C) perception checking. D) kitchen-sinking.

C) perception checking.

Carl and Janet have an agreement that if she will vacuum the house on Saturday, he will dust on Sunday. This is a(n): A) good faith contract. B) relationship belief. C) quid pro quo contract. D) attribution.

C) quid pro quo contract.

According to the model of relational turbulence, couples should expect: A) increasing intimacy and interdependence to parallel with increasing satisfaction. B) that they will experience ups and downs in their relationship from the beginning. C) satisfaction with a relationship to level off for a while as the couple adjusts to increased interdependence. D) decreasing satisfaction as intimacy and interdependence increase.

C) satisfaction with a relationship to level off for a while as the couple adjusts to increased interdependence.

According to studies conducted by Daugherty and Copen, people who hold a "permissiveness with affection standard" believe that: A) people who are open to hookups are more fun to be with. B) potential mates who are virgins are less desirable. C) sex between unmarried partners is fine as long as it occurs in the context of a committed relationship. D) gays and lesbians make for good parents, and it is important for them to have liberal marriage laws.

C) sex between unmarried partners is fine as long as it occurs in the context of a committed relationship.

Talking to his professor in her office, Jeremy sits across the desk from her, about 5 feet away. Jeremy and his professor are interacting in the ________ of interpersonal distance. A) intimate zone B) personal zone C) social zone D) public zone

C) social zone

Perceived superiority, or thinking that your relationship is better than others, is associated with: A) contempt for others. B) more relationship conflict. C) stability of the relationship. D) magical thinking.

C) stability of the relationship.

Craig has a bad day at the office. He comes home and yells at his wife, causing discord in their marriage. This is an example of: A) an enduring vulnerability. B) an alternative. C) stress spillover. D) resilience.

C) stress spillover.

Although she is innocent, Katelyn's current boyfriend accuses her of seeing her ex-boyfriend behind his back. Katelyn's current boyfriend is showing: A) reactive jealousy. B) reactionary jealousy. C) suspicious jealousy. D) superlative jealousy.

C) suspicious jealousy.

Pursuing long-term mates that contribute resources to raising offspring and meanwhile surreptitiously seeking desirable genes in order to have strong healthy children that survive is called: A) the tend and befriend hypothesis. B) the sexual double standard. C) the good genes hypothesis. D) sociosexual orientation.

C) the good genes hypothesis

Children of divorce are less affected by divorce when: A) their non-custodial parent does not interfere and visits rarely. B) their custodial parent speaks well of the other parent, whether or not the children ever see that other parent. C) they continue to have meaningful contact with both parents. D) their non-custodial parent visits occasionally but not too much (no more than once a week).

C) they continue to have meaningful contact with both parents.

People are most likely to experience favorable outcomes from marital therapy when: A) there are children involved. B) it is their last resort before divorce. C) they have positive expectations. D) they use a psychoanalytic approach.

C) they have positive expectations

In Rubin's Passionate Love Scale, the individuals that people report they love are those they: A) think are well-adjusted and likeable. B) would like to be like. C) would do anything for and would be miserable without. D) are most concerned about.

C) would do anything for and would be miserable without.

Dr. Li studies the way romantic partners think about their relationships and the perceptions they have about one another. Dr. Li is doing research in the area of: A) classical conditioning. B) associative learning. C) social cognition. D) elaboration theory.

C. Social cognition

According to the textbook, are women better judges of others than men are? A) No. Men are actually better judges. B) No. Men and women are equally good judges of others in everyday circumstances. C) Yes, but when men are motivated, they can be as good as women. D) Yes. In every circumstance, women are better judges.

C. Yes, but when men are motivated, they can be as good as women.

Hearing rumors about her new roommate, Jamilla expects this roommate to be unfriendly and conceited. Because of this expectation, Jamilla is not very warm or open. Several weeks later, Jamilla finds that her roommate is unfriendly. This may be an example of: A) a growth belief. B) overconfidence. C) a self-fulfilling prophecy. D) a positive illusion

C. a self-fulfilling prohecy

In terms of the number of sex partners, a highly active man has more in common with ________ on this trait than he does with ________. A) a low-scoring woman; an average woman B) a low-scoring man; an average woman C) an average woman; a low-scoring man D) an average man; a high-scoring woman

C. an average woman; a low-scoring man

Regarding short-term mates: A) men are less selective than women. B) women are less selective than men. C) both men and women are less selective than when choosing long-term mates. D) both men and women are quite selective because even short-term affairs contribute to happiness and fulfillment.

C. both men and women are less selective than when choosing long-term mates.

According to Marshall, married couples are likely to be the happiest when: A) each partner conforms to traditional gender roles. B) one of the partners is androgynous. C) both partners score high in expressiveness and instrumentality. D) one of the partners exhibits singlism.

C. both partners score high in expressiveness and instrumentality

Which of the following statements about heterosexual and same-sex relationships is accurate? A) The differences between the two are significant. B) Behaviors overlap so much that the distinction is not warranted. C) Both sets of relationship function similarly. D) There is not yet enough research on same-sex relationships to make any comparisons.

C. both sets of relationship function similarly

On an application, a potential employee comes across as a friendly person. While talking to references before you meet her, you ask questions that probe for information that this expectation is correct. This is an example of: A) the fundamental attribution error. B) the primacy effect. C) confirmation bias. D) self-monitoring.

C. confirmation bias

All of the following statements are examples of dysfunctional relationship beliefs EXCEPT which one? A) Men and women are different. B) People who really care about each other can read each other's minds. C) Everyone deserves a great relationship. D) Great relationships just happen.

C. everyone deserves a great relationship

Which theory considers paternity uncertainty a key factor in close relationships? A) Attachment to offspring B) Self-belonging C) Evolutionary psychology D) Agreeableness

C. evolutionary psychology

Relationship-enhancing attributions involve which of the following factors? A) Accurately identifying a partner's transgressions B) Actor/observer effects C) Giving credit for positive actions and excusing transgressions D) Identifying one's own contributions to the relationship

C. giving credit for positive actions and excusing transgressions

There is an attractive woman in Liam's sociology class whom he would like to ask out on a date. He is more likely to do so if: A) he has a secure attachment style. B) he perceives that she is more financially well-off than him. C) he thinks she'll say yes. D) she plays hard to get.

C. he thinks she'll say yes

Which of the following is true when a culture's food supply is unreliable and people are hungry? A) Short men are considered more attractive than tall men. B) Highly educated men are considered more attractive than less educated men. C) Heavy women are considered more attractive than slender women. D) Tall women are considered more attractive than short women.

C. heavy women are considered more attractive than slender women.

Which of the following is true of our conceptions of beauty? A) Young children have no conception of beauty; they respond to "beautiful" and "unattractive" faces similarly. B) There is no consensus of beauty across ethnic groups; Asians, Hispanics, and African Americans disagree about what is beautiful. C) In women, feminine and youthful features are commonly viewed as beautiful across cultures and ethnic groups. D) Computer "averages" of a number of faces are more unattractive than any single face that makes up the composite.

C. in women, feminine and youthful features are commonly viewed as beautiful across cultures and ethnic groups.

The idea of attachment styles was originally developed in work with: A) young adults. B) adolescents. C) infants and young children. D) middle-aged adults.

C. infants and young children

In the context of the nature and importance of intimacy, people with ________ in their lives are at a risk for a wide variety of health problems. A) excessive mutuality B) excessive commitment C) insufficient intimacy D) insufficient responsiveness

C. insufficient intimacy

George affects a dangerous persona so that people will do what he wants. This is the impression strategy of: A) self-promotion. B) supplication. C) intimidation. D) ingratiation.

C. intimidation

Couples in which both partners follow the traditional gender roles (i.e., the man is masculine and the woman is feminine) tend have: A) higher compassion. B) higher marital satisfaction. C) lower marital satisfaction. D) lower self-reliance.

C. lower marital satisfaction

Research on our judgments of others suggests that we: A) make fewer errors in our judgments of others than we realize. B) have a good estimate of the number of errors we make in judging others. C) make more errors in our judgments of others than we realize. D) None of the answers is correct.

C. make more errors in our judgments of others than we realize.

When cultures shift from having an approximately equal ratio of marriageable men and women to having a high sex ratio, family roles will likely become ________ traditional and sexual standards become ________ permissive. A) less; less B) less; more C) more; less D) more; more

C. more; less

The idea of complementarity shows that: A) in several cases, opposites do attract. B) assertive people often prefer submissive partners. C) partners can use their different skills to the couple's advantage. D) warm and humorous people often prefer partners who are aloof.

C. partners can use their different skills to the couple's advantage

The term used by psychologists to describe the manner in which memories are continually revised and rewritten as new information is obtained is ________. A) semantic memory B) episodic memory C) reconstructive memory D) illusory memory

C. reconstructive memory

Positive illusions in relationships have been associated with: A) isolation from those outside the relationship. B) relationship dissolution. C) relationship satisfaction. D) infidelity.

C. relationship satisfaction

Picture a client seated in a chair about 6 or 7 feet away from an insurance claims officer who is seated behind a desk. What zone of interpersonal distance does this illustrate? A) Business B) Personal C) Public D) Social

D) Social

Which of the following is a response to low trust in a relationship? A) A tendency toward greater self-disclosure B) Apathy and indifference C) Increased capitalization D) A tendency to be more guarded and cautious

D) A tendency to be more guarded and cautious

Which of the following is NOT a cognitive maintenance mechanism? A) Positive illusions B) Cognitive interdependence C) Derogation of tempting alternatives D) Accommodation

D) Accommodation

How has individualism likely influenced the divorce rate in the United States? A) We demand more of our spouses than in the past. B) We are less connected to social norms that might discourage divorce than in the past. C) We have less social support from friends and family than in the past. D) All of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

The Passionate Love Scale assesses love that is characterized by: A) preoccupation with one another. B) high desire for one another. C) strong emotions concerning one another. D) All of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

Which factors have been found to undermine the outcomes that lead to marriage? A) Lack of effort B) Unwelcome surprises C) Unrealistic expectations D) All of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following statements is true of divorce statistics in the U.S.? A) The number of children living in single-parent homes is three times higher than it was in 1965. B) More than half of married couples will divorce before their twenty-first anniversary. C) The median age at which men encounter their first divorce is about 31. D) All of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following statements relating to gender differences and love is true? A) Men fall in love faster than women. B) Men are more likely to believe that love is enough for a relationship to work. C) Men are more likely to believe in love at first sight. D) All of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

Which type of social support do friends provide? A) Emotional support B) Material support C) Advice support D) All of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following factors has the greatest effect on momentary judgments of our self-worth? A) Maximum exclusion B) Active exclusion C) Passive exclusion D) All of these have a nearly equal effect.

D) All of these have a nearly equal effect.

According to Levinger's barrier model, all of the following factors influence breakups EXCEPT which one? A) Attraction B) Alternatives C) Barriers D) Attachment

D) Attachment

Regarding attachment style and sexual behavior, which style is associated with being distant and detached so that their passion is impersonal? A) Secure B) Preoccupied C) Anxious D) Avoidant

D) Avoidant

Millie is in a relationship in which her outcomes exceed her CLalt, which in turn exceeds her CL. Josephine is in a relationship in which her CLalt is greater than her outcomes, which in turn are greater than her CL. Which of the following statements is true? A) Both Millie and Josephine are likely in stable relationships. B) Millie's relationship is most likely unstable; Josephine's is stable. C) Millie is likely to be happy in her relationship; Josephine is not. D) Both Millie and Josephine are likely in happy relationships.

D) Both Millie and Josephine are likely in happy relationships.

From an equity theory perspective, which of the following will feel distressed? A) Partners in equitable relationships B) Underbenefited partners C) Overbenefited partners D) Both underbenefited and overbenefited partners

D) Both underbenefited and overbenefited partners

With regard to the research study by Ahrons on the relationship between ex-spouses, in which category of post-marital relationship are former spouses not good friends but are civil and pleasant to each other? A) Angry Associates B) Concerned Compatriots C) Perfect Pals D) Cooperative Colleagues

D) Cooperative Colleagues

When John reacts to his partner's complaints by cross-complaining, which form of miscommunication is he manifesting? A) Belligerence B) Contempt C) Criticism D) Defensiveness

D) Defensiveness

Andrew and Betty obtain help from a family therapist to repair their relationship. After de-escalating their problematic interactional cycles, the therapist asks them to accept their own disowned needs for security, to accept their partner's evolving construction of the situation, and to create emotional engagement with each other. Lastly, the therapist tries to consolidate new patterns of attachment behavior. Which approach does this description best represent? A) Behavioral couple therapy B) Cognitive-behavioral couple therapy C) Integrative behavioral couple therapy D) Emotionally focused couple therapy

D) Emotionally focused couple therapy

Which type of therapy is likely to primarily focus on the emotions partners experience as they seek to fulfill their attachment needs? A) Behavioral couple therapy B) Cognitive-behavioral couple therapy C) Integrative behavioral couple therapy D) Emotionally focused couple therapy

D) Emotionally focused couple therapy

Daniella and her partner got into a fight before attending a party. Despite being mad at each other, they smiled and laughed together as they walked into the party. Which function of nonverbal behavior is illustrated here? A) Regulating function B) Social control C) Providing information D) Impression management

D) Impression management

With regard to the findings of the Marital Instability Over the Life Course Project, which of the following factors are divorced couples most likely to acknowledge as having played a part in their decision to divorce? A) Socioeconomic status B) Age of marriage C) Social networks D) Incompatibility

D) Incompatibility

Which type of therapy is likely to encourage participants to re-imagine their relationship histories in an effort to identify problematic patterns? A) Behavioral couple therapy B) Cognitive-behavioral couple therapy C) Integrative behavioral couple therapy D) Insight-oriented couple therapy

D) Insight-oriented couple therapy

Which of the following theories says that an unhappily married couple would stay together because the barriers for getting a divorce are high and the alternatives are few? A) Seligman's positive psychology model B) Ekman's model of facial understanding and facial mismatches C) Whitehead's social expectation model of divorce D) Levinger's barrier model

D) Levinger's barrier model

Historically, which of the following has been of least importance as a rationale for marriage? A) Politics B) Economics C) Family D) Love

D) Love

All of the following statements are true regarding gender differences in self-disclosure, EXCEPT which one? A) Women are more self-disclosing than men are. B) Women elicit more self-disclosure than men do. C) Women disclose more to other women than to men. D) Men disclose more to other men than to women.

D) Men disclose more to other men than to women.

Which of these is a drawback of adhering to display rules that dictate which emotions are appropriate in particular situations? A) There is no societal agreement on these rules. B) Facial expressions used to display basic emotions, such as anger or disgust, differ from culture to culture. C) Verbal messages are much more powerful than nonverbal sources of information, especially when verbal and nonverbal messages are incongruent. D) Microexpressions often give away momentary lapses in the control of our expressions.

D) Microexpressions often give away momentary lapses in the control of our expressions.

When researchers increased physiological arousal of men with the viewing of disgusting material or something funny, did the source of the arousal matter for their later attraction? A) Yes, men who saw the funny material were more attracted to a beautiful woman. B) Yes, men who saw the disgusting material were more attracted to a beautiful woman. C) No, no matter what they saw, their liking of the woman was the same as those who didn't see anything. D) No, both the men who saw the disgusting and those who saw the funny material were more attracted to the beautiful woman.

D) No, both the men who saw the disgusting and those who saw the funny material were more attracted to the beautiful woman.

Which of the following most often gives away liars? A) Inconsistencies in the things they say B) Nonverbal behavior C) Personal confessions D) None of the answers is correct; liars are very hard to detect.

D) None of the answers is correct; liars are very hard to detect.

Which of the following statements best describes how attachment patterns change during the teen years? A) Parents remain key figures for all four attachment components, but others can also serve these needs. B) The set of attachment components gets restructured, with sex being added as a new attachment function. C) Children begin to shift their secure base from their parents to their peers. D) Peers begin to gradually replace parents as sources of primary attachment.

D) Peers begin to gradually replace parents as sources of primary attachment.

Which of the following statements is true of how people with insecure attachment styles provide and receive social support? A) Insecurely attached people overestimate the helpfulness of favors they receive from others compared with securely attached people. B) People with an anxious style of attachment provide less help than securely attached people. C) People with an avoidant style of attachment are more controlling when they provide help compared with securely attached people. D) People who have insecure attachment styles judge the social support they receive to be less considerate compared with securely attached people.

D) People who have insecure attachment styles judge the social support they receive to be less considerate compared with securely attached people.

According to research by Rydell, which of the following statements is true of one's tendency to feel jealous? A) Men are more prone to jealousy than women are. B) Highly extraverted people are more prone to jealousy than introverted people are. C) People with a dismissing style of attachment are more prone to jealousy than those with a preoccupied style of attachment. D) People with a lower CLalt are more prone to jealousy than those with a higher CLalt.

D) People with a lower CLalt are more prone to jealousy than those with a higher CLalt.

According to Lee, which style of loving involves seeking lovers based on their statistical and demographic characteristics such as a person holding the right job, being a specific age, etc.? A) Agape B) Eros C) Ludus D) Pragma

D) Pragma

According to Buhrmester and Furman, in which of the following phases do children develop a need for intimacy? A) Toddlerhood B) The early elementary years C) Adolescence D) Preadolescence

D) Preadolescence

Joanne endorses the statement, "I want to be completely emotionally intimate with others, but I often find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I am uncomfortable being without close relationships, but sometimes worry that others don't value me as much as I value them." Which attachment style does Joanne's self-description reflect? A) Avoidant attachment style B) Dismissing attachment style C) Fearful attachment style D) Preoccupied attachment style

D) Preoccupied attachment style

After receiving a promotion at work, Sheri comes home with a big smile on her face. Her husband interprets her mood as one of happiness. What function of nonverbal behavior is illustrated here? A) Regulating function B) Social control C) Providing information D) Presentational function

D) Presentational function

Equity theory suggests that people are most satisfied in relationships that include which of the following attributes? A) Distributed justice B) Retributive justice C) Western justice D) Proportional justice

D) Proportional justice

________ people make an effort to behave in ways that are beneficial to both themselves and others. A) Independent B) Elderly C) Avoidant D) Relational

D) Relational

Grandma Helen used to have many casual friends when she was young, but now she enjoys keeping contact with her close friends and families only. Which of the following perspectives best reflects this decrease in sociability in old age? A) Attachment theory B) Disengagement theory C) Dyadic withdrawal hypothesis D) Socioemotional selectivity theory

D) Socioemotional selectivity theory

Which aspect of speech is NOT part of paralanguage? A) Loudness B) Pitch C) Speed of speaking D) Spoken words

D) Spoken words

According to Lee, which style of loving involves developing attachments that evolve slowly but lead to real commitment? A) Agape B) Ludus C) Pragma D) Storge

D) Storge

In the context of the styles of loving, which of the following scenarios reflects the mania style of love? A) Ruth is attracted to a girl in his class for her good looks. B) Sophia loves her fiancé because of his high socioeconomic status. C) Theresa is in a romantic relationship with three boys from her college. D) Susan's husband has no personal space because of her possessive nature.

D) Susan's husband has no personal space because of her possessive nature.

Which of the following statements about the course of romantic love between partners over the life span is true? A) Initially, feelings of romantic love rise dramatically and then increase gradually over time. B) The gap between ideal and experienced love widens over time. C) Romantic love is less of an issue for older Americans because they grew up in an era when love was less important for marriage. D) The fantasy, novelty, and arousal decline in committed relationships, which relates to the decline of romantic love.

D) The fantasy, novelty, and arousal decline in committed relationships, which relates to the decline of romantic love.

The Processes of Adaptation in Intimate Relationships (PAIR) project revealed that the speed of a divorce is influenced by all of the following factors EXCEPT which one? A) Degree of changes in a romance B) Speed of disillusionment in a romance C) Problems that couples bring to the marriage D) The wedding experience and the blending of extended families

D) The wedding experience and the blending of extended families

With regard to research on lie detection, which of the following statements is true? A) People always avoid eye contact and look nervous when they lie. B) People are more animated when they lie. C) People generally fidget a lot when they lie. D) There is not a single nonverbal cue that is uniquely related to deception.

D) There is not a single nonverbal cue that is uniquely related to deception.

In the context of research on sociosexual orientations, which of the following statements is true? A) Unrestricted women tend to have facial features that are more feminine than those of other women. B) Unrestricted women are less attractive than restricted women. C) Women find unrestricted men to be more feminine than restricted men. D) Women prefer the faces of restricted men for long-term mates.

D) Women prefer the faces of restricted men for long-term mates.

Regarding the effectiveness of marital therapy: A) traditional behavioral marital therapy is the most effective. B) cognitive-behavioral marital therapy is the only demonstrably effective therapy. C) emotional and insight-oriented therapies are superior to behavioral approaches. D) all types of therapy have demonstrable effectiveness.

D) all types of therapy have demonstrable effectiveness.

People with a highly relational self-construal: A) are most common in Western nations. B) display avoidant attachment styles in friendships. C) value autonomy and independence. D) are more common outside the United States.

D) are more common outside the United States.

To show that he is committed to their relationship, Cameron often engages his girlfriend in discussions about their plans for the future. He is engaging in the maintenance mechanism of: A) understanding. B) joint activities. C) sharing tasks. D) assurance.

D) assurance.

Betrayal may be inevitable when we have: A) many acquaintances. B) a particularly close relationship with our partner. C) been betrayed by someone else. D) competing loyalties among our relationships.

D) competing loyalties among our relationships.

Anton feels he needs to continue his relationship with his wife because if they broke up, it would be very costly for him financially and damage his business. Anton is showing: A) moral commitment. B) personal commitment. C) accommodative commitment. D) constraint commitment.

D) constraint commitment.

During adolescence, time spent with family: A) stays the same. B) increases for girls and decreases for boys. C) decreases, and time spent alone increases. D) decreases as time spent with peers increases.

D) decreases as time spent with peers increases

People who lie to others may begin to: A) distrust themselves. B) develop anxiety and anxiety disorders. C) develop sleep problems. D) distrust those they have lied to.

D) distrust those they have lied to.

Alan feels he does not have an intense relationship with anyone in particular although he has a large network of friends and acquaintances. Alan is most likely experiencing: A) social loneliness. B) dyadic withdrawal. C) socioemotional selectivity. D) emotional loneliness.

D) emotional loneliness.

According to Guerrero, the three feelings that best define jealousy are: A) shame, envy, and anger. B) fear, shame, and pride. C) envy, hurt, and pride. D) fear, hurt, and anger.

D) fear, hurt, and anger.

An individual with a sexual destiny belief is likely to believe that: A) sexual satisfaction is something one works for. B) sexual success is malleable. C) determination is more important than compatibility for sexual success. D) finding a sexual soulmate is crucial to having great sex.

D) finding a sexual soulmate is crucial to having great sex.

Research has found that loneliness causes all of the following EXCEPT: A) chronically higher blood pressure. B) higher levels of the stress hormone. C) poor sleep habits. D) hypersexuality.

D) hypersexuality.

Forgiveness is more likely: A) when we are dealing with strangers. B) in relationships involving acquaintances. C) in relationships involving colleagues or business partners. D) in close, committed relationships.

D) in close, committed relationships.

The sexual double standard, admiration of men with multiple sexual partners as studs, and dismissal of women with multiple partners as sluts: A) is still around, but it seems to have flipped. Men with many partners are viewed more negatively and women more positively. B) is non-existent today in any form. C) is still around today in the same form as many years ago. D) is more subtle today, but a person's sex can still influence people's evaluation of his or her sexual experiences.

D) is more subtle today, but a person's sex can still influence people's evaluation of his or her sexual experiences.

According to interdependency theory, individuals will be magnanimous and philanthropic toward people they are dependent on because: A) human beings are culturally habituated to display these traits when they are dependent. B) they would experience guilt if they did not. C) they can then become more powerful in the relationship and increase their CLalt. D) it increases their likelihood of receiving valuable rewards in return.

D) it increases their likelihood of receiving valuable rewards in return.

With regard to gender differences in attitudes toward sex, research finds that: A) men are more likely to regret their sexual actions, while women regret their sexual inactions. B) men are more likely to prefer sexual activities within a psychologically intimate relationship. C) men with STIs are judged more harshly than women with STIs. D) men have a more accepting attitude than women do toward casual nonmarital sex.

D) men have a more accepting attitude than women do toward casual nonmarital sex.

People who are high in the personality trait of ________ are more likely to divorce than those who are not. A) openness B) extraversion C) conscientiousness D) neuroticism

D) neuroticism

If two people are in a superficial and uncommitted relationship, they are in a: A) fatuous relationship. B) romantic relationship. C) companionate relationship. D) nonlove relationship.

D) nonlove relationship.

The authors point to all of the following as explanations for why marital satisfaction declines EXCEPT: A) lack of effort. B) unwelcome surprises. C) unrealistic expectations. D) overcommitment.

D) overcommitment.

Alexa and her husband, Rich, have been having sex a lot more often lately because they want to have a baby. According to Meston and Buss, this is a(n) ________ reason to have sex. A) emotional B) physical C) insecure D) pragmatic

D) pragmatic

Mike frequently abuses his pet dog but seldom feels remorseful about his actions. He often exceeds the legally permitted speed limit when he is racing on his expensive bike and can be extremely insensitive to others' feelings in his arguments and criticism. According to this description, Mike is most likely to be diagnosed with: A) narcissism. B) borderline personality disorder. C) Machiavellianism. D) psychopathy.

D) psychopathy.

Shauna and Scott feel like they know everything about one another. They are passionately attracted to each other. When they are done with college they may part ways, as they search for jobs or further education. Shauna and Scott are experiencing: A) liking. B) infatuated love. C) empty love. D) romantic love.

D) romantic love.

"Safe haven" refers to: A) making constant contact with an attachment figure. B) resisting separation from an attachment figure. C) using an attachment figure as a secure base from which to explore the world. D) seeking out an attachment figure for reassurance after a stressful event.

D) seeking out an attachment figure for reassurance after a stressful event.

Accommodation requires: A) martyrdom. B) a counselor's guidance. C) making one's partner a better person. D) self-control.

D) self-control.

Interpersonal gap refers to differences between: A) senders' intentions and senders' actions. B) senders' messages and reciprocation by receivers. C) receivers' intentions and receivers' actions. D) senders' intentions and the effect on receivers.

D) senders' intentions and the effect on receivers.

Mark knows his relationship with his partner will soon end. He is now talking with friends and family, telling them his side of the story and garnering support. Mark is in the ________ of the dissolution of his relationship. A) resurrection phase B) personal phase C) dyadic phase D) social phase

D) social phase

Trait-like collections of beliefs and behaviors that describe our feelings about sex are known as: A) sociobiological orientation. B) psychosocial orientation. C) biopsychosocial orientation. D) sociosexual orientation.

D) sociosexual orientation.

According to Buunk and Djikstra, reactive jealousy occurs when: A) someone becomes suspicious although there is no threat to the relationship. B) someone is snooping around to confirm suspicions. C) someone becomes jealous in response to another's jealousy. D) someone becomes aware of an actual threat to the relationship.

D) someone becomes aware of an actual threat to the relationship.

In the middle of a fight with his wife, Joe clams up, refusing to argue further or respond to her comments. Joe is engaging in: A) criticism. B) contempt. C) defensiveness. D) stonewalling.

D) stonewalling.

Couples who find themselves interacting in a pattern of negative affect reciprocity should: A) seriously consider ending the relationship. B) talk until they come to an agreement. C) vent their anger so they can calm down. D) take a time out.

D) take a time out.

People who seek vengeance for a betrayal: A) generally achieve their aim of making the betrayer repent. B) often have a dismissing attachment style. C) accelerate the healing process. D) tend to be high in neuroticism.

D) tend to be high in neuroticism.

Researchers have found that smiling is something: A) we learnt as babies. B) we learnt in childhood. C) that means different things in different countries. D) that is innate; we don't learn to smile, we just do it.

D) that is innate; we don't learn to smile, we just do it.

Coming out of her health class, Louise says to a friend, "I know other people get those kinds of sexually transmitted diseases, but that will not ever happen to me." Assuming Louise engages in the same kinds of sexual behaviors as others, she is demonstrating: A) an unrestricted sociosexual orientation. B) a sexual double standard. C) pluralistic ignorance. D) the illusion of unique invulnerability.

D) the illusion of unique invulnerability.

Part of the recent shift in attitudes about gay marriage can be explained by: A) the increasing belief that homosexuality is a matter of conscious choice. B) recent legislation geared toward gays and lesbians. C) pressure from the international community. D) the increased visibility of gay men and lesbians in public life.

D) the increased visibility of gay men and lesbians in public life.

Most people who seriously participate in any marital therapy are likely to be better off afterward, and (as a very rough average) about ________ of them will no longer be dissatisfied with their marriages. A) one-fourth B) one-third C) half D) two-thirds

D) two-thirds

Mary is in a relationship where her comparison level is high, her outcomes are below her comparison level, and her comparison level of alternatives is lower than the outcome. It is likely this relationship is: A) happy and stable. B) unhappy and unstable. C) happy and unstable. D) unhappy and stable.

D) unhappy and stable.

When researchers compare the percentage of time a speaker looks at a listener to the percentage of time he or she gazes at a speaker, they calculate the: A) interpersonal contact. B) interpersonal distance. C) microexpressions ratio. D) visual dominance ratio.

D) visual dominance ratio.

Jorge believes that he and his partner Suzie will be together forever. He invests a lot of time in their relationship. Which of the six characteristics of intimate relationships is illustrated the preceding statements? A) Responsiveness B) Trust C) Knowledge D) Commitment

D. Commitment

Identify the expressive trait among the following traits. A) Self-reliance B) Ambition C) Leadership D) Compassion

D. Compassion

Which of the following traits is an instrumental trait? A) Warmth B) Compassion C) Tenderness D) Decisiveness

D. Decisiveness

Donna's husband often brings her flowers, leaves her little love notes, and buys her expensive jewelry. These are all examples of ________ in her relationship with her husband. A) reciprocity B) indirect rewards C) complementarity D) direct rewards

D. Direct Rewards

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which casual relationships differ from intimate relationships? A) Interdependence B) Knowledge C) Mutuality D) Honesty

D. Honesty

________ is the pattern of people of similar levels of attractiveness establishing romantic relationships. A) Love B) Proximity C) Reciprocity D) Matching

D. Matching

In his book "Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus," Gray writes that men and women almost seem to be from different planets, speaking different languages, and needing different nourishment. Social science research suggests that: A) this statement is correct, i.e., the difference between the average man and the average woman is large, and there is almost no overlap between the sexes at all. B) this statement is correct because the range of behavior among members of a given sex is small compared to the average difference between the sexes. C) sex differences are statistically real but actual differences remain to be demonstrated. D) men and women are much more similar than different on most of the dimensions and topics of interest to relationship science.

D. Men and women are much more similar than different on most of the dimensions and topics of interest to relationship science

Pauline and Hugh begin to address themselves as "us" rather than I and he/she. This change reflects the development of: A) dependency. B) self-esteem. C) singlism. D) mutuality.

D. Mutuality

Which of the following is true of how people evaluate their similarity to others? A) Most people can tell, with a high degree of accuracy, how similar they are to a potential romantic partner within the first couple of minutes of meeting the other person. B) Even after years of marriage, people tend to think they have less in common with each other than they really do. C) The more two people overestimate their similarity, the less likely it is that they will form a long-term relationship. D) People's perceptions of how much they have in common affect their attraction to each other more than their actual similarity does.

D. People's perceptions of how much they have in common affect their attraction to each other more than their actual similarity does.

Joanne endorses the statement, "I want to be completely emotionally intimate with others, but I often find that others are reluctant to get close to me. I sometimes worry that others do not value me as much as I value them." Which of the following attachment styles does Joanne's statement reflect? A) Avoidant B) Dismissing C) Secure D) Preoccupied

D. Preoccupied

Which of the following features do men generally consider attractive in women? A) Strong jaws B) A big nose C) Small eyes D) Prominent cheekbones

D. Prominent cheekbones

Which of the following factors is not part of the self-fulfilling prophecy process? A) The person with the self-fulfilling stereotype forms an expectation about the target. B) The person with the self-fulfilling belief subtly communicates his expectations to the target. C) The target responds in a fashion that confirms the perceiver's expectation. D) The perceiver realizes his or her role in producing the target's behavior.

D. The perceiver realizes his or her role in producing the target's behavior

Which of the following is true of people with a negative self-concept? A) Negative evaluations from others threaten their self-concepts. B) They prefer their spouses to pretend that their faults do not exist. C) They do not like praises or compliments from others. D) They prefer it if their spouses support their negative self-concept.

D. They prefer it if their spouses support their negative self-concept

Which of the following factors has influenced the nature of close relationships in the United States since 1960? A) Increasing individualism B) Socioeconomic development C) Technological developments D) All the above

D. all of the above

Similarity in which of the following factors increases the chances of liking a person? A) Attitude similarity B) Demographic similarity C) Similarity in values D) All of the answers are correct.

D. all of the answers are correct

Which statement is valid regarding cross-cultural attitudes toward beauty? A) People all over the world show agreement on facial characteristics they consider attractive. B) Infants agree with adults on who is attractive. C) People who are considered attractive are likely to be more popular than people who are not considered attractive. D) All of the answers are true.

D. all of the answers are true

According to the stimulus-value-role theory, role compatibility: A) is important from the outset of the relationship. B) is important even before the relationship begins. C) becomes important after one is attracted but before values have been discussed. D) becomes important after attraction and similar beliefs have been established.

D. becomes important after attraction and similar beliefs have been established.

Which of the following Big Five personality traits represents the extent to which people are outgoing and assertive versus cautious and shy? A) Conscientiousness B) Agreeableness C) Neuroticism D) Extraversion

D. extraversion

In which of the following aspects are similarities most conducive to the long-term success of a relationship? A) Income B) Age C) Personality D) Gender roles

D. gender roles

Researchers have found that first impressions: A) have almost no effect on later feelings or behavior. B) have an effect immediately, but the influence is very short term (fades within hours). C) are always wrong; we know they are wrong so we don't tend to use them later on. D) have an effect on feelings or behavior months after the initial impression was made.

D. have an effect on feelings or behavior months after the initial impression was made.

The biggest influence on one's liking for another in speed dating is the potential partner's ________. A) wealth B) political attitude C) education level D) outward appearance

D. outward appearance

In the discussion of close relationships, the concept of "fatal attraction" has been used to refer to: A) some people's chronic tendency to pick the wrong partners. B) attraction to partners who are abusive and physically violent. C) attraction that becomes enmeshing and gets partners too involved with each other. D) qualities that are initially a source of attraction but become obnoxious and irritating with time.

D. qualities that are initially a source of attraction but become obnoxious and irritating with time.

John says, "I feel really good about myself." John can be said to possess high: A) extraversion. B) self-sufficiency. C) agreeableness. D) self-esteem.

D. self-esteem

The tendency to blame your partner for any conflict is an example of: A) a positive illusion. B) a relationship-enhancing belief. C) an overconfidence perspective. D) a self-serving bias.

D. self-serving bias

According to the text, which of the following is NOT a risk that we take in close relationships? A) Loss of autonomy and control B) Worry about abandonment C) Revealing secrets shared in confidence D) Sex differences

D. sex differences

Which theory considers self-esteem to be a subjective gauge of the quality of our relationships? A) Attachment B) Self-esteem C) Self-awareness D) Sociometer

D. sociometer

What form of impression management involves presenting oneself as inept or infirm? A) Ingratiation B) Intimidation C) Self-promotion D) Supplication

D. supplication

In making attributions for conflict in her marriage, Linda sees her own behaviors as caused by situational factors and the behaviors of her partner as caused by his dispositional characteristics. Linda's explanations have most clearly been influenced by: A) the powerlessness bias. B) the conflict in her relationships. C) gender stereotypes. D) the actor/observer effect.

D. the actor/observer effect

Which of the following factors increases the likelihood of perceiving someone accurately? A) A high level of extraversion in the person who is being perceived B) A high degree of neuroticism in the person who is being perceived C) The perceiver being a man D) The perceiver having a preoccupied style of attachment

D. the perceiver having a preoccupied style of attachment

Fearfully attached individuals are characterized as being: A) comfortable with closeness and low in anxiety about abandonment. B) comfortable with closeness and high in anxiety about abandonment. C) uncomfortable with closeness and low in anxiety about abandonment. D) uncomfortable with closeness and high in anxiety about abandonment.

D. uncomfortable with closeness and high in anxiety about abandonment

Distress-maintaining attributions include all of the following EXCEPT: A) viewing negative behaviors as deliberate. B) viewing negative behaviors as routine. C) viewing positive behaviors as unintended. D) viewing positive behaviors as habitual.

D. viewing the positive behaviors as habitual

According to the stimulus-value-role theory, which of the following are couples most likely to discover last? A) Whether they find each other physically attractive B) Whether they share the same taste in music C) Whether they like the same type of food D) Where they would like to settle down

D. where they would like to settle down