Intro Crim Justice 11

Which country executes more people than the rest of the world combined? Saudi Arabia China The United States Russia

China

Which of the following is a characteristic of restorative justice? Crime has individual and social dimensions of responsibility. Crime is seen as an act against the state and a violation of the law. Crime control is the responsibility of the criminal justice system. Victims tend to be peripheral in the process of resolving a crime.

Crime has individual and social dimensions of responsibility.

A sentence of "four years in prison" is an indeterminate sentence. T/F

False

Incapacitation corresponds to the just deserts model of sentencing. T/F

False

Judges are not permitted to depart from the federal sentencing guidelines. T/F

False

Presentence investigations are conducted by the court. T/F

False

Research suggests that victim-impact statements do have a significant effect on judicial sentencing decisions. T/F

False

The case of Coker v. Georgia approved a bifurcated trial procedure in capital cases. T/F

False

The death penalty clearly has a deterrent effect on society. T/F

False

The use of torture during a crime is an example of a mitigating circumstance. T/F

False

The day-fine system solves which objection to the use of fines? It is difficult to ensure proportionality when imposing fines. The collection of fines is expensive and creates administrative difficulties for the criminal justice system. Fines are unfair because more affluent offenders can buy their way out of prison while indigent offenders are unable to pay fines. Not only do fines not appear to reduce recidivism, they have been linked to increased involvement in future crime.

Fines are unfair because more affluent offenders can buy their way out of prison while indigent offenders are unable to pay fines.

Which of the following is not an advantage of fines as a serious sentencing alternative? Fines can reduce the stress placed on state resources by the use of incarceration. Fines are relatively inexpensive to administer. Fines can be made proportionate to the seriousness of the offense. Fines can reduce recidivism through incapacitation.

Fines can reduce recidivism through incapacitation.

In which case did the Supreme Court approve the separation of the determination of guilt from the determination of the sentence? Woodson v. North Carolina Wilkerson v. Utah Gregg v. Georgia Furman v. Georgia

Gregg v. Georgia

Which goal of sentencing focuses on separating offenders from society to reduce opportunities for further criminality? Incapacitation Rehabilitation Deterrence Retribution

Incapacitation

________ is a sentencing goal that focuses on preventing the offender from committing crimes by reducing his or her opportunities for crime.

Incapacitation

The protectionist argument justifying capital punishment is fairly weak because the underlying social interest can also be met by which other sentencing option? Incarceration The use of alternative sanctions Probation Severe fines

Incarceration

Which sentencing model tends to involve the greatest amount of judicial discretion? Indeterminate sentencing Presumptive sentencing Structured sentencing Determinate sentencing

Indeterminate sentencing

What is the main limitation of the Crime Victims' Rights Act? It only provide rights to victims of federal crimes. It does not give victims the legal authority necessary to assert their rights in court. The Act does not have any limitations. It does not require courts to ensure that victims are afforded their rights.

It only provide rights to victims of federal crimes.

Critics of the indeterminate model of sentencing emphasize all but which key sentencing principle? Social debt Proportionality Equity Just deserts

Just deserts

Which one of the following arguments regarding the death penalty is not an abolitionist rationale? Lack of proven deterrence Discrimination Arbitrariness Just deserts

Just deserts

________ is a type of sentencing plan that allows no leeway in the imposition of a sentence for a person convicted of a crime. Mandatory sentencing Truth in sentencing Indeterminate sentencing Presumptive sentencing

Mandatory sentencing

Based on the Supreme Court's ruling in Woodson v. North Carolina, when is a mandatory death sentence for first degree murder constitutional? When the murder was committed by a prison inmate already serving a life sentence without the possibility of parole When there are aggravating circumstances that make the crime even more serious When the victim was a police officer who was killed during the performance of his or her duty Never — mandatory application of the death penalty is unconstitutional

Never — mandatory application of the death penalty is unconstitutional

Which one of the following is not a traditional sentencing option? Death Probation Parole Fines

Parole

What is the main priority of justice reinvestment? Increasing the use of fines as a punishment to create a sustained revenue stream for the criminal justice system Developing an investment portfolio to eventually allow the criminal justice system to be self-supporting Prioritizing the use of alternatives to incarceration for nonviolent offenders Expanding the use of mandatory sentencing policies

Prioritizing the use of alternatives to incarceration for nonviolent offenders

Which of the following is not one of the main goals of contemporary sentencing? Incapacitation Rehabilitation Restitution Deterrence

Restitution

The sentencing goal of ________ involves punishment based on the need for revenge.

Retribution

What effect did the USA PATRIOT Act have on the death penalty in the U.S.? The method of imposing death was standardized throughout the U.S. The requirement of a mandatory appeal in cases involving a capital sentence was eliminated. The list of federal crimes punishable by death was expanded significantly. The death penalty was abolished for federal crimes.

The list of federal crimes punishable by death was expanded significantly.

Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance? The crime was committed for hire. The offender acted under strong provocation. The offender possessed a deadly weapon during the crime. The offender induced others to participate in the crime.

The offender acted under strong provocation.

What appears to be the most dramatic result of the recent emphasis on the use of mandatory sentencing and other get-tough policies? Offender rehabilitation programs have become increasingly successful The use of incarceration as a sentencing option has increased significantly Crime rates have fallen dramatically The average length of prison terms has decreased

The use of incarceration as a sentencing option has increased significantly

Although crime rates in the U.S. began to decline in the mid-1990s, incarceration rates continued to increase into the 2000s. T/F

True

Death penalty retentionists argue that the death penalty fails to be an effective deterrent only because of the delays produced by repeated appeals. T/F

True

Justice reinvestment emphasizes the use of alternative sanctions, rather than incarceration, for nonviolent offenders. T/F

True

Mandatory sentencing laws appear to reduce the use of plea bargaining and increase the number of cases that are brought to trial.

True

Support for the use of the death penalty in the U.S. has declined overall since the mid-1990s. T/F

True

The "nothing works" doctrine suggested that rehabilitation did not reduce recidivism. T/F

True

The Crime Victims' Rights Act only establishes statutory rights for victims of federal crimes. T/F

True

The concept of social debt would suggest that an offender with a prior criminal record should receive a more severe punishment than a first-time offender committing the same offense. T/F

True

The day-fine system takes the offender's financial resources into account. T/F

True

The death penalty retentionist claim of protection is weak because other sentences could achieve the same goal. T/F

True

The indeterminate sentencing model can result in judicial discrimination based on the offender's race or social class. T/F

True

The majority of states have passed victims' rights amendments to their state constitutions.

True

Victim restitution is a key element of the restorative justice model. T/F

True

Which of the following requires that a prison be brought before a judicial officer to determine if he or she is being lawfully imprisoned? Restorative justice Victim impact statement Writ of habeas corpus Diversion

Writ of habeas corpus

General deterrence attempts to make the victim whole again. separate offenders from the community to reduce opportunities for future criminality. discourage potential offenders from committing crimes. prevent individual offenders from engaging in future criminal acts.

discourage potential offenders from committing crimes.

If a judge requests information on a convicted defendant's background, the probation or parole office will conduct a presumptive sentencing investigation. general deterrence investigation. probation investigation. presentence investigation.

presentence investigation.

Federal sentencing guidelines provide a range of punishments for a specific crime. do not permit departures from the guidelines. tend to be uniform across states. eliminate judicial discretion completely.

provide a range of punishments for a specific crime.

The just deserts model of sentencing emphasizes the use of fines. retribution. placing offenders on probation. restitution.

retribution

Research into victim-impact statements has found that sentencing decisions are rarely affected by them. juries are not required to consider victim-impact statements. they have a significant impact on judicial sentencing decision-making. oral impact statements have more impact than written documents.

sentencing decisions are rarely affected by them.

The Supreme Court's decision in the case of Furman v. Georgia was a statement against the use of capital punishment by the criminal justice system. the disproportionality of the death penalty for crimes other than first degree murder. the manner in which statutes permitted the death penalty to be imposed. giving a jury the authority to impose a capital sentence.

the manner in which statutes permitted the death penalty to be imposed

Proportionality means that caseloads must be distributed equally among the available judges. the offender's criminal history should be objectively considered at sentencing. there should be a direct relationship between the severity of the sanction and the seriousness of the crime. similar crimes are punished with similar sentences.

there should be a direct relationship between the severity of the sanction and the seriousness of the crime.