Intro Criminology Test #2
Department of Homeland Security: Strategic Goals
* Identify and understand threats, assess vulnerabilities, determine potential impacts and disseminate timely information to our homeland security partners and the American public * Detect, deter and mitigate threats to our homeland * Safeguard our people and their freedoms, critical infracstructure, property and the economy of our nation from acts of terrorism, natural disasters or other emgerncies * Lead, manage and coordinate the national response to acts of terrorism, natural disasters or other emergencies * Lead national, state, local, private sector efforts to restore services and rebuild communities after acts of terrorism, natural disasters or other emergencies * Serve the public effectively by facilitating lawful trade, travel and immigration * Value our most important resource, our people, create a culture that promotes a common identity, innovation, mutual respect, accountability and team work to acheive effciencies, effectiveness and operational synergies
Law Enforcement: #7 Federal Officers
- 105,000 non-military officers scattered throughtout 65 different agencies- the bulk of the sworn in personnel - which consists of almost 3 out of every 4 are housed in the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Justice Most federal officers assigned to Customs and Border Protection - then Federal Bureau of Prisons- then Federal Bureau of Investigations- and Immigration Law enforcement * Majority are male * 44.2% of women work in the Adminstrative offices US Courts * 28.9% of black agents found as Capital Police, 26.8 % Veterans Health Adminstration, 24.2% Bureau of Prisons, 21.6% Postal Inspection Service * 36.9% of Hispanics & Latinos in Custom and Border Protection & 22.0% in Immigration & Customs Enforcement
Department of Treasury - Federal Agency
- Secret Service- one of the oldest law enforcement agencies in the country- handle not only protection of the President, VP, diplomants but also financial crimes, computer fraud, and protecting the currency system - IRS (Internal Revenue Service- collects taxes, investigates tax evasion, rooting out tax fraud Treasury also oversees the production of coins and money for the United States - responsible for the US Mint- savings bond program is through here
American Police System Facts
- US is not based on centralized or nationalized police force - Did not want too powerful & wanted to protect rights of individuals - Best characterized as being the combination of a series of fragmented and decentralized agencies
Entrance criteria for the FBI
- Us citizen or a citizen of the Nothern Mariana Islands, at least 23 years of age but younger than 37 upon your appointment as a Special Agent- 4 year college or universitiy recognized by the US Secretary of Education (law, accounting or engineering degrees are more desirable)- must have a valid driver's license and avaiable for assignment anywhere in the FBI's jurisdiction- must meet all FBI Special Agent Qualification Requirements Vision must be 20/20 or not worse than 20/40 vision in one eye FBI does not have a job called "Profiler" - assignments come from Quantico under the NCAVC (National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime)
London Metropolitan Police Act
-Established in England under Parliament -Created as 24-hour, uniformed patrol force -Paramilitary command structure -Careful selection of personnel -Commissioners Rowan and Mayne selected to oversee police
Era of Policing: #3 Community/ Problem Solving Era PART 4 New Breed of Police Officers
1. College educated (problem solve) (makes more tolerant of diverse groups) 2. More Professional 3. Demand to be involved in decision making - want options- want to use alot more decretion 4. Less supervision 5. Want advancement opportunities 6. Very goal oreinted - goals of the individuals have to be consistant with the overall goals of the organization
Era of Policing: #3 Community/ Problem Solving Era PART 2 Tactical Elements
1. Enforcement of the Law 2. Proactive Crime Prevention - acting before the problem occurs - building competent communities a. self policing through informal social controls b. use of aggressive law enforcement c. code enforcement d. residents take pride in community then police it themselves e. opposite of broken windows 3. Problem Solving Policing - looking at the causes & prevention - S.A.R.A. Model Scanning/ Analysis/ Response/ Assessment
Era of Policing: #3 Community/ Problem Solving Era PART 3 External Elements
1. Public Involvement - can't be a closed enviroment - surveys & rate city services 2. Customize Police Service - Figure out the priority in the area 3. Government Involvement - use of other resources; help beat officer solve & deal with problems
Robert Peel's Principles for Policing
1. The police must be stable, efficient and organized along military lines 2. The police must be under government control 3. The absence of crime will best prove the efficiency of police 4. The distribution of crime news is essential 5. The deployment of police strength by time and area is essential 6. No quality is more indispensable to a policeman than a perfect command of temper; a quiet, determined manner has more effect than violent action 7. Good appearance commands respect 8. The securing and training of proper persons is at the root of efficiency 9. Public security demands that every police officer be given a number 10. Police headquarters should be centrally located and easily accessible to people 11. Policeman should be hired on probationary basis 12. Police records are necessary to the correct distribution of police strength
Era of Policing: #3 Community/ Problem Solving Era PART 5 Problems or Issues
1. Vague Terminology - What is the definition of community policing- no one knows - Assumption of the definition & difficult to agree on 2. Constitutional Issues - due process vs. crime control (Bill of Rights for Individuals) - Community policing concentrates on crime control and the rights of many outweigh the rights on individuals - example: displacement of the homeless in Dallas 3. Velvet Glove/ Iron Fist - one minute nice then enforcing the laws (close ties) then (enforcement) ******Breakdown Ties******** 4. Cost Expensive - if done right should reduce calls but calls still come in - specialist started answering calls so officers could do community policing
Patrol Functions of the Police
1. Visible 2. Maintain & restore order 3. Respond to calls for service 4. Identify & arrest- cite violations 5. Investigate accidents 6. Facilitate movement of traffic 7. Highly specialists- generalists 8. Reduce fear of crime 9. Problem solve 10. 15% of time enforcing crime
Department of Homeland Security: Background- Federal Agency
A cabinet division created in 2001 after 9/11 to combat terrorism and foreign immigration. Soon after its creation, The department was quickly created soon after this (it was a Cabinet office beforehand) and began to institute several regulations in travel, border control, and imports/exports to combat the danger of terrorism and to promote security, especially at airports across the country, where it was easiest before these changes to transport terrorists and dangerous weapons quickly. KNOWN AS DHS (DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY) 4 Divisions- 1. Border & Transportation Security (Citizen & Immigration Service) 2. Emergency Prepardness and Response (FEMA falls under this catagory) 3. Science & Technology 4. Information Analysis ans Infrastructure Protection
Gesellschaft
A large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values- secondary relationships - modern society with all its hustle & bustle
Kansas City Experiment
A study from 1973- Does random patrol actually work? Used scientific method by dividing parts of city into 3 areas- Reactive/ Normal Patrol/ Heavy Patrol Random undirected patrol is not effective People did not care during non emergency response times Most people didn't notice a change and crime did not change like during the time of the strike in Boston- when people knew the police was on strike lead to higher crime What came out of the study? -Differential Response: phone reports, volunteers, code enforecment, call screening - Directive Patrol: use of crime analysis, target locations, target offenders & repeat offender programs - Aggressive Patrols- lots of traffic stops - Strategic Problem Solving- look beyond to find the root of the cause
Conflict Perspective
Belief that a small minority of powerful persons manipulate the legal system in order to preserve their advantage the idea that society consists of different groups who struggle with one another to attain the scarce societal resources that are considered valuable, be they money, power, prestige, or the authority to impose one's values on society
Bobbies
British police force whose primary goal was the prevention of crime. Named after Sir Robert Peel, who introduced the legislation that created the force. They do not carry a gun.
Patrol
Critical funcation of Police Agency
Sociological
Current Era of Community Policing Policing seeks positive, meaningful relationships between the police and public though collaboration and engagement
Federal Law vs. State Law Enforcement
Federal Agencies enjoy a broad jurisdiction across the entire nation, and fills important interstate gap as a cordinator- border crossings, importing goods, refugees, international threats State Agencies stop at state borders; some state problems constitute national problems
Law Enforcement: #5 Special Police Departments
Federal Level / Local Level Serve a very narrow population Colleges & Universities can have their own police departments Harbor and sea ports, airports and other transit systems sometimes operate their own units too
President's Commission of Law Enforcement
Formed by President Johnson - during the 1960's Recommended each officer should have a degree- thought process- someone who could critical think and deal with issues in the country
Law Enforcement: #6 Indian Reservations
Have their own tribal law enforcement units and local law enforcement authorities may be forbidden to enter their territory
Non-Sworn Police Employee
Is a civilian whose job is located within law enforcement agency. For example: dispatchers, computer analyst, crime scene technicians, victim advocates- the underlining difference is that one does not need to be sworn in to work in these positions
Sworn Police Employee
Is a person who has the power to arrest and the authority to carry a firearm. Not all sworn in employees actually carry a firearm during the course of their duty. For example: Correctional Officers
Era of Policing: #1 Political Era
Issues- Police were answering to corrupt local ward politicans Corruption was the Major Issue during this time period 1919- Boston Police went on strike- it's against the law currently for the police or fire department to strike Time Frame: 1840-1920 Style of Policing: - Foot Patrol - There was a call box to contact police station - Intimate ties to the communities - Practice problem solving - Decentralized - police officers made decisions and use of discretion determined by them
Time Periods: 1980's
Issues: Drugs & Crime Under President Regan led "War on Drugs" this had never happened before - it became a federal crime to "car jack" conservative time period - Miranda requirements changed to public safety exceptions and emergency exceptions - allowed searches based upon anonymous tips- Rise in Police unions and officers rights - added Due Process for Officers CRIME CONTROL MODEL
Time Periods: 1960's
Issues: Drugs, Civil Rights, Vietnam, Protests lead to the call for a different type of policing Under President Johnson- established President's commission of law enforcement LEAP: Law enforcement assistance program 1970's-1980's: Police could go to school for free but no criminal justice classes DUE PROCESS MODEL
Time Periods: 1990's
Issues: Rodney King Incident 4 cops put on trial (State) - jury acquitted- Riots happened and almost burned LA down to the ground - then sent back to court under civil rights violations (Federal) - convicted of civil rights - Police Chief was forced out- Taser had just came out/ Video Cameras in all Police cars- Began the Video Vovayer age
Department of Justice - Federal Agency
KNOWN AS DOJ (DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE) - FBI- retains jurisdiction over all federal crimes that do not fall under specific agency's purview example: kidnapping, bank violations, interstate transportation, civil rights violations, organized crime, assaults against federal officers - Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)- surfaced in 1973- responsible for combating drug abuse and importation of illegal substances - US Marshall's System- provide federal courtroom security, responsible for the federal witness relocation and protection program, criminal investigations, charged with executing federal warrants and manager the federal asset forfeitures program
Formal Social Control
Law & Criminal Justice System:A formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to alleged violations of the law
Law Enforcement: #2 Sheriff
Local Level Retain's law enforcement authority throughout and over the entire county. They also usually maintain the local jail and provide security to the courts.
Law Enforcement: #1 Municipal Officers
Local Level Responsible for law enforcement activity inside the city. Their formal arrest power and authority, except in extreme situations ends at the city line
Local Level Agency
Local law enforcement personnel are employed by either a municipal police department or a county sheriff's office. Both are responsible for maintaining law and order within their geographical areas. - Highest ranking constitutional officer in the county is usually the sheriff- they are responsible for the provision of law enforcement services through the entire county. Run the local jailand provide protection for the local courts - also handle warrant division- subpoenas, court orders and summonses - 11.3% are female- more likely to encounter a them in large urban areas than in smaller areas - non white officers are more prevalent in urban areas
Folkways
Norms that lack moral significance, not strictly enforced behavorial expectations that deal with minor norms Example: Etiquette rules
Guiding Order during time of Robert Peel under England Rule
POLICE ARE PUBLIC AND PUBLIC ARE THE POLICE England drew their authority from "Central authority of the crown"
Guiding Order during time of Robert Peel in the United States
Police answered to the local ward Politicans - corruption was huge in this time which lead for a need of reform--- This Lead to the Political Era of Policing
Most important Era of time?
Reform Era - random patrols - response times - Built the "Crime Fighter"
Law Enforcement: #4 State Police Force
State Level Scaled down- verson of the FBI more specialized agencies: Lottery, Insurance and other regulatory divisions at this level
Law Enforcement: #3 Highway Patrol
State Level Responsible for highway traffic for major arties
Other Federal Agencies
Sworn Personal work in the US Mint, Department of Veteran Affairs, the Department of Defense, The Department of Energy, Role of the Inspector General, Office of the Treasury, Department of Health and Human Services
Informal Social Control
The form of control based on the approval or disapproval of those around us whose view of us we regard as important. For e.g. Family, Friends & Peer Group. It is how we are persuaded to conform most of the time through being taught and reminded about what is acceptable and what is not.
England
This is where the style of policing came from and began under Robert Peele
Era of Policing: #2 Reform Era
Time Frame: 1920- 1980 Why this reform was started? Get Politics out of Policing A need to end corruption - no Politics Civil Service begins- rules set in place for hiring, firing & promotion - began a competence test CRIME FIGHTER - Dragnet & Joe Friday kind of COP (idea to build a neutral enforcer) There was a height & weight requirement - had to handle themselves as if they were in a bar fight Public role was to call 911 Policing was a secret- crime stats hidden from public Formed the IACP- Internation Association Chiefs of Police Paramilitary - strict- clothing control Style of Policing: - professionalized - rules of regulation - control through hierachy - standardized policing- make job the same Measured Effectiveness of Police by tickets & arrests Discouraged intimate ties with the community Rapid response times & routine patrol Centralized There was a NYC scandal - muggings lead to Broken Windows theory ********* August Vollmer************ - Chief of Police in Berkley, California - Made positive changes in policing - created records division & a crime labs (solve crimes) - found science in crime - educated officers - hired 1st female officer in 1925
Era of Policing: #3 Community/ Problem Solving Era PART 1
Time Frame: 1980- PRESENT What lead to this need for reform? 1. Detached from community 2. Ineffectiveness of routine patrol 3. Lack of support from both sides 4. Mentality of us aganist them 5. Paramilitary organizations rules & regulations stiffled creativity and decision making 6. Police realized they "can't do it alone" CRIME IS NOT A POLICE PROBLEM BUT SOCIETY ISSUE - Most crime happens in doors - Engrained into the entire police department- a philosophy *****Everyone is involved and understands it***** - Decentralized- back to the beat cop not department a. innovation- think outside the box b. Beat Officer- calls hub and draws from resources c. Accountable to the beat- problems within the area- responsibility on the officer - Geographic Accountability a. form partnerships with in the community - Use of Volunteers a. citizens on patrol b. front desk of police department and take reports - Heavy use of Technology a. dispatch- information/crime analysis online b. records management c. jail system d. property room system e. facebook/ twitter/ email/ alerts- crime prevention & infor - Open Communication with Public a. crime data- put on website for awareness b. citizens police academy c. no cover ups admit mistakes and try to solve problem immediately
State Level Agency
Two important organizations charged with the protection of residents emerge at the state level 1. The State Police- smaller version of the FBI- comperized arrest histories and forensic crime labs avaiable to local levels- 49 states emplo 56,000 sworn full-time employees in this capacity 2. Highway Patrol- regulates vehicular ytraffic on the highways and byways of the state. Referred to as "Troopers" and wear a uniform that is distinct from local law enforcement
Deviant Behavior
Voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and, in so doing, threatens the well-being of the organization or its members
Broken Windows Theory
Wilson and Kelling's theory that a neighborhood in disrepair signals that criminal activity is tolerated in the area. Thus, by cracking down on quality-of-life crimes, police can reclaim the neighborhood and encourage law-abiding citizens to live and work there. led to development of community policing.... - an area by appearance can invite crime because criminals feel welcome and good people leave - written down for a business journal
Is Fear of crime a concern for the Police?
Yes
Poly Graphs
a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotions (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes.)
Common Value System
a normative structure where there would be consensus about what actions constitute conformity and what people consider to be deviant behavior
Gemeinschaft
a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness- primary relationship
Zero-Tolerance Policing
an order maintenance approach that utilizes high police visibility and presence and that focuses on disorder and minor infractions with the goal of reducing more serious criminal activity, a policing style that is rooted in the broken windows hypothesis and attempts to address small infractions that could arguably lead to larger ones; a proactive approach to policing in which officers assume that small infractions must be handled with a high level of importance
Robert Peel
known as "The Father of Modern Policing"- 1829 - Started the Metropolitan Police Department - Parliament shot down started a police department because they did not want to loose personal freedoms , -He was a British policeman who established the London police force and helped pass the Catholic Emancipation Act. He later served as prime minister.
Anomie
lack of moral standards in a society
Mores
norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance- normative standards that evoke strong reactions if violated Example: Cannibalism
National Crime Information Center
operated by the FBI through which millions of records relating to stolen property and missing persons and fugitives are instantaneously available to local, state, and federal authorities across the United States and Canada
Norms
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members- they make social interactions routine & predictable
Authorized Strength
the maximum number of sworn personnel the agency budget allows and is usually fixed at some standard ratio of officers or deputies per 1,000 population
Consensus Viewpoint
theorists who adopt this viewpoint emphasize the degree to which people agree about what is right and what is wrong; they explain that widely held beliefs or community standards guide the way in which everybody behaves
