Intro PE Test:
How should teachers conduct fitness tests? Will students give their best efforts during testing?
Research shows students have little understanding of why they had to participate in fitness testing Furthermore, they viewed testing as a painful, negative experience, of little fun
Why is fitness testing done? Are they educational? Do they motivate students?
Research shows students have little understanding of why they had to participate in fitness testing Furthermore, they viewed testing as a painful, negative experience, of little fun
Most common fitness testing program
- Fitness Gram
Biomechanics
- how we move
Health Related Fitness Quiz question: Name 4 examples of Health Related Fitness measures in Physical Education
-5 components- 1. muscular strength 2. muscular endurance 3. flexibility 4. aerobic fitness 5. body composition -can also predict sports performance
Physiology
-function
Libel
A defamatory communication published in a written form, such as commentary, photographs, cartoons or signs. (See also: Defamation)
Assumption of Risk*(On previous quiz)
A legal doctrine relieving the defendant of any duty he or she may have otherwise owed the plaintiff, and which bars the plaintiff from recovering for any injury received. In order for assumption of risk to apply, an injured party must have known, understood and appreciated the potential risk involved in an activity, and still voluntarily consented to participate in the activity
Plantiff* (On previous quiz)
A person who files a civil lawsuit for damages or remedial relief. In a criminal case, the plaintiff is the prosecutor or district attorney
Minor* (On previous quiz)
A person who has not yet reached the age of majority. In most states, a person reaches majority and acquires all of the rights and responsibilities of an adult when he or she turns 18 years old.
Contributory Negligence* (On previous quiz)
A principle of tort law that bars the plaintiff from recovering a damage award under negligence if the plaintiff contributed in any way, regardless of the extent, to the injury. Due to the harsh impact of contributory negligence, a number of states have adopted a form of comparative negligence.
Comparative Negligence
A principle of tort law that measures the negligence of the victim and then apportions damages based on the victim's fault or degree of responsibility. Thus, the damages allowed are either reduced (proportionate to the contribution of the victim's negligence) or barred altogether if the victim's negligence, when compared with the defendant's, is found to be equal to or greater than the defendant's negligence.
In loco parentis ("in the place of a parent") * (On previous quiz)
A principle whereby a person (coach or teacher), by undertaking the care and control of a minor child, takes on the parent's rights, duties and responsibilities.
Precedent
A prior case or decision that is based on similar facts or issues of law as the case under consideration.
Tort
A private or civil wrong, including assault, battery, negligence and reckless misconduct, for which the court will provide a remedy in the awarding of damages.
Student Teachers
A teacher who is responsible for a class of students, but who is not the regular teacher, faces special problems in ensuring their safety. Student teachers are common examples. They are education students from universities who are in schools for the purpose of practice teaching or are former students who have finished their university programs and are teaching in schools for up to a school year under the guidance of more experienced teachers
How do genetics contribute to fitness test performance?
Aerobic capacity (max VO2) is strongly influenced by genetic inheritance. Therefore, expectations that a student's effort will equate to improvements in performance may be incorrect.
Defamation
An intentionally false statement, either published (libel) or publicly spoken (slander), that injures an individual's reputation or exposes him or her to contempt or public ridicule
Hazing
Any activity that is expected of someone joining a group or team that humiliates, degrades, abuses or endangers, regardless of whether the person consents to the activity.
How coaches are expected to act?
Coaches and other professionals are expected to act as a "reasonably prudent person" would in any given situation Often coaches are even expected to stand in loco parentis, or "in the place of parents." The significance of the relationship between coaches and players increases the level of duty a coach owes his or her players according to most legal interpretations.
1. Duty to properly plan the activity
Coaches should plan out practices that are developmentally appropriate. Also, practices should include proper warmup and cool down methods. Use of the principle of progression helps to ensure safety. Start simple and build to complex.
Harassment
Conduct directed at a specific individual that is severe or pervasive enough that it creates a hostile or abusive environment and causes an individual substantial emotional distress.
Negligence* (On previous quiz)
Conduct that falls below the standard of care required of a reasonable and prudent person under similar circumstances that injures an individual's person, property or reputation. The four elements necessary to prove negligence are duty, breach of duty, proximate cause, and damage or harm.
Reckless Misconduct
Conduct that occurs when a person intentionally performs an act, or fails to perform an act, with total disregard of a known risk and dangers, when the risk is so great as to make harm highly probable. Applied in an increasing number of states in tort cases involving injuries to sports participants by other participants.
Prima fascie ("on the face of it")
Fact presumed to be true unless disproved
Fitness Testing
Grades tested- 4,6,8,10
4 questions to determine negligence:* (On quiz and test)
In order to determine negligence, four questions must be answered in the affirmative: 1. Did the coach indeed have a legal duty? 2. Did the coach fail to fulfill a legal duty? 3. Was there an injury to a player or other party to whom a duty was owed? 4. Did the coach's failure to fulfill the duty cause the injury?
Negligence Law: Student Teachers
Negligence law makes few concessions to beginners and even fewer to those who attempt an activity for which they are not qualified. [Fleming]....weighs the importance of encouraging beginners against the need to compensate accident victims and concludes that
What fitness tests are used in schools? Are they a valid measure of fitness?
P.A.C.E.R (progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run)/ Mile- aerobic endurance- district option, focus on Vo2 max 90 degree push up- upper body muscle/strength and endurance Curl up- abdominal muscle strength and endurance- adjusted for limb and neck comfort Back saver sit and reach- flexibility- adjusted for lower back -One-mile run may provide a better indicator of health status than the others
Your Legal Duties:
Regardless of the limited legal protection, coaches have at least nine documented legal duties for which they are accountable. For each legal duty, there are a number of strategies that may be implemented to meet the necessary duty of care and minimize risk.
Liability & Negligence: Summary
School boards and teachers owe a strong duty of care to pupils under their care. The school premises must be kept as safe as reasonable care and skill can make them, and teachers must supervise pupils in the manner of a careful and prudent parent. If the failure to conform to this standard results in injury to a student, the board and teacher can be held liable for the tort of negligence. They may be required to financially compensate the victim for his or her damages. Under the principle of vicarious liability, teachers who are guilty of negligence while acting within the scope of their employment will have their share of the award for damages paid by the board or its insurance company.
Do body compositions indicate health status?
Skinfold testing -Not highly accurate as a measure of health, or to measure body fat / fat distribution Body Mass Index (BMI) Not highly accurate for body composition in children
Good Samaritan Laws
State statutes enacted to protect individuals who stop and render aid to persons injured in an accident or in any kind of emergency situation. The majority of statutes only apply as long as the person rendering aid owes no duty to the injured person, does not charge a fee for the service and is not grossly negligent.
inherently risky activities - such as physical education.
Teachers are not required by negligence law to be in their classrooms at all times, but this is because classrooms, under most circumstances, are very safe places. The requirement for teacher supervision increases considerably when students are involved in inherently risky activities - such as physical education.
in loco parentis
Teachers are required to provide pupils with a level of supervision that will prevent foreseeable accidents from happening. The legal principle involved is often called "in loco parentis", which means in place of the parent and which gives the teacher responsibility similar to that of a careful and prudent parent.
Premises & Equipment safe
Teachers have an obligation to keep their premises and equipment safe and to provide reasonable supervision of pupils
Causation
The act of doing something, or the failure to do something, that causes an injury or damages. An important element in negligence and criminal cases, the conduct does not have to be the sole cause of the injury, but should be a substantial factor
Standard of Care
The degree of care that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in the same or similar circumstances. In a negligence lawsuit, if an individual's conduct falls below the required standard of care, he or she may be liable for injuries or damages resulting from such conduct.
Duty of Care
The duty of care for an activity will be satisfied if: it is suitable to the student's age and mental and physical condition; the student is progressively trained and coached to do the exercise properly and to avoid the dangers; the equipment is adequate and suitably arranged; and the performance, having regard to its inherently dangerous nature, is properly supervised
Gross Negligence
The federal law does not protect volunteer coaches against gross negligence. Some states have sport-specific statutes that apply to the liability of volunteers in sports-related settings. Similar to volunteer immunity, governmental immunity protects coaches who work for public or state schools from frivolous lawsuits The legal representatives from state schools will be able to provide specific details relative to the protection of coaches
The Verdict:
The importance of proper record keeping and documentation cannot be understated. Accountability is key when working to meet legal standards. It requires a proactive coach to take responsibility for understanding the pertinent legal issues and in turn creating a plan to successfully minimize risk and negligence. Coaches who consider potential issues before they become a reality will be better prepared to meet their legal duties with the utmost of care.
Legal Issues 101:Major issues facing todays coaches/ teachers:
The major legal issues facing today's coaches are liability, negligence, legal duties and risk management. Unfortunately, most well-meaning coaches may not be familiar with these issues at all. Legal liability refers to the responsibilities and duties between persons that enforceable in the courts. Legal issues are either criminal or civil. Within civil law, issues are either classified as tort or contractual. The area most applicable to coaches typically is tort law
Damages
The monetary compensation sought or awarded in a lawsuit as a remedy for breach of contract or tortuous acts. Typically, damages are awarded to compensate the victim for his or her economic losses, physical pain and suffering
Nonfeasance
The omission of an act that a person should perform
Student Teachers: Negligence Law
The paramount social need for compensating accident victims, however, clearly outweighs all competing considerations, and the beginner is, therefore, held to the standard of those who are reasonably skilled and proficient in that particular calling or activity. . . . A further safeguard to the public is provided by the duty resting on employers to supervise an inexperienced employee and guide him in the learning process. That duty, however, does not modify the employee's responsibility The typical school classroom is a safe place, and a beginning teacher or a substitute who has no competence in the subject matter will nevertheless be able to prevent accidents as adequately as an experienced teacher of that subject. But there are important exceptions, such as laboratories, shops, and many physical education activities wherever they are held. In these situations, an unqualified teacher has a strong obligation to avoid any risky activity regardless of what the regular teacher's lesson plan calls for
Defendent
The person being sued in a civil case, or the person accused of criminal wrongdoing in a criminal case.
Why is the physiological reason for a child's inability to improve aerobic fitness?
The physiological reason for a child's inability to improve aerobic fitness is due to their maturity level, this is due to the fact that they have not gone through puberty yet and their bodies simply don't have the blood pumping throughout to cause significant advancement or change. Therefore, testing elementary school kids on the mile run is not a true potential test of their aerobic fitness.
Proximate Cause
The primary cause of an injury or property damage, an act without which the injury would not have occurred. (See also: Causation)
Forseeable* (On previous quiz)
The reasonable anticipation that harm or injury is likely to result from certain acts or omissions. Under negligence, a plaintiff must demonstrate that a reasonable and prudent person would have foreseen or anticipated the potential danger of the defendant's conduct
Voluntary assumption of risk
The voluntary assumption of risk is a complete defense against a negligence action, by which it is shown that the victim understood that the activity was risky but willingly chose to participate. This defense can be successful when the victim is an adult who has been fully informed of the risks and has, without undue influence, accepted them. But the voluntary assumption of risk almost never succeeds as a defense against a charge of negligence in cases involving child victims
Volunteer Protection Act
There is an obvious need for coaches to manage risk in order to avoid negligence, despite immunity laws. In 1997 Congress passed the Volunteer Protection Act, a Good Samaritan law that provided volunteer coaches of nonprofit organizations with immunity against frivolous lawsuits. For the purpose of the law, volunteers were defined as those who receive less than $500 compensation, excluding reimbursement for expenses
Inherent Risks
Those risks that are a normal, integral part of the activity; risks that cannot normally be eliminated without changing the nature of the activity itself
Tort Law/ Negligence:
Tort law is concerned with determining whether or not a person has failed to fulf full a legal duty. Negligence is the term for failing to fulfill a legal duty. In order to determine negligence, four questions must be answered in the affirmative:
4. Duty to warn of inherent risks
When teaching technical skills that are more dangerous than others, coaches should warn players of the inherent risks. For example, when teaching tackling or heading, coaches should emphasize the importance of proper technique as well as the consequences of using improper methods. In a general sense, players and parents should be familiar with the risks inherent in normal soccer participation. The likelihood of bruises and strains should be discussed. Many soccer programs require parents to complete an informed consent form, often done through the state affiliation paperwork. The informed consent form describes the inherent risks of participation and asks parents to agree to the terms provided. It is typically a good idea to make extra copies of these types of documents to keep on file
What factors (other than fitness) will influence performance on a fitness test?
a. Gender b. Body fatness c. Maturity d. Motivation e. Genetics (see below)
The employer's vicarious liability
applies only while employees are acting within the course or scope of their employment. This does not include traveling to and from work in the morning and afternoon but does include the inter-school travel required of itinerant teachers, even if they are using their own vehicles. While a School Board is liable for injury suffered by a pupil owing to a teacher's negligence, this is so only if in a matter falling within the scope of employment. School-sponsored field trips and extracurricular activities are deemed to be within the scope of a teacher's employment
Employers are responsible
for the torts of their employees committed in the course of their employment. This requires that in the apportionment of negligence, the employer be held financially responsible to the victim for that portion of the award that is attributed to the negligence of the employee, in addition to the employer's own portion if any
Disadvantages
• Lack of teacher knowledge • Challenges with finding curricula time • State Department of Education does not value this type of testing
Summary of Fitness Testing Questions
Physical fitness provides many benefits Assessing physical fitness can be difficult Many factors influence test performance Teaches should be sensitive to the fitness testing environment in school physical education
Do children like fitness testing?
Research shows students have little understanding of why they had to participate in fitness testing Furthermore, they viewed testing as a painful, negative experience, of little fun
What is the a-VO2 difference?
- 5mL O2 per 100 mL blood at rest - 15mL O2 per 100 mL blood during exercise
However in HS:
- In High School, adolescents are physically ready. However, the restrictive nature of the Physical Education curriculum (inadequate training volume, inadequate intensity, inadequate duration), coupled with bad teaching practices, make it very difficult to produce changes in aerobic fitness
Lumbar spine movements
- Lumbar flexion/extension -Lumbar lateral flexion -Lumbar rotation unilaterally
Aerobic Fitness Testing
- One mile run test -PACER test
Shoulder girdle movements
- Scapula Elevation/Depression -Scapula Adduction/Abduction -Scapula Upward/ Downward Rotation
What is meant by heart rate recovery?
- The time after exercise that it takes your heart to return to its resting rate -With training, heart rate returns to resting level more quickly after exercise
Anaerobic Energy
- Training must target the metabolic improvements in specific muscle fibers, demanded by the competition EXAMPLE: IN SPRINT SWIMMING, TYPE II FIBERS OF LATISSIMUS DORSI MUST BE TRAINED TO PRODUCE HIGH LEVELS OF LACTATE)
Stoke volume is high in highly fit people (elite aerobic athletes primairly because) due to
- a greater (higher) blood volume
Age affects VO2 max by
- decreases with age
Ankle joint movements
- dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
Skill related fitness
- exercise/task related to skills balance, agility, coordination, power, reaction time, speed)
Why does a high level of aerobic fitness indicate a strong healthy cardiovascular system?
- high level of aerobic fitness- lowers risk of cardiovascular disease
Psychology
- how our minds process information
Abduction
- lateral movement away from mid line of trunk in lateral plane -raising arms or legs to side horizontally
Advantages
- may be motivating -concepts can be taught about heart rate, respiration, sport specificity, muscle specificity and environmental influences on performance
Motor Learning
- motor skills
Skeletal Muscles
- responsible for movement of body and all its joints -muscle contraction produces force that causes joint movement -provide protection and posture and support -produce a major portion of total body heat
What is stroke volume?
- the amount of blood per beat
Types of Muscle Actions- Eccentric
- the muscle lengthens under tension - the muscle controls a descending (lowering) weight or resistance - the force developed by the muscle is less than that of the resistance
Higher VO2 max values
- they have a higher cardiac output which means they have a higher stroke volume because they are accumulating more blood (higher blood volume) -people who are highly fit - are in the 80's in terms of VO2 max
Healthy and fit endurance athletes have a high VO2 max because..
- they posses higher stroke volumes- accumulate more blood -higher blood volumes
Aerobic Energy
- traditionally training is continuous - training does not require a maximal effort -ex. looks like long distance running, swimming, cycling, hiking, rowing - training conditions type I fibers primarily
Eversion
- turning sole of foot outward -standing with weight on inner edge of foot
How to Calculate Relative Strength
-1 rep max divided by body weight
How does exercise (training) affect Stroke Volume?
-Aerobic training increases stroke volume at rest and during exercise. -The increased size of the heart allows the left ventricle to stretch more and fill with more blood.
What is the difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic Fitness?
-An athlete will only be able to maintain an exercise intensity (that is producing steep rises in blood lactate) for a limited time. Both aerobic and anaerobic processes are trying to rebuild ATP (from ADP and Pi) but they are failing to do this quickly enough. -Eventually, the high exercise intensity "wins the day"--neither anaerobic nor aerobic processes can meet the demand to rebuild ATP quickly enough. The athlete must then slow down.
Cervical spine movements
-Cervical flexion/extension -Cervical lateral flexion -Cervical rotation unilaterally
Aerobic Energy:
-Continuous training or interval training can improve aerobic energy production. -It is suitable for events that continue (without a break) for more than 3 minutes
Assessing Aerobic Fitness
-During a laboratory test of aerobic fitness, a person exercises on a treadmill, exercise bike, or rowing ergometer. -The test duration usually lasts about 8-12 minutes and involves the person exercising at higher and higher intensities (a graded exercise test). For example, a person on a treadmill may run at a slow pace for 2 minutes - then the speed and/or grade is increased for the next 2 minutes - and then the speed and/or grade is increased again, and so on.
What is the difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic Fitness?
-During a treadmill test, BOTH aerobic and anaerobic metabolism contributes to energy production. - If lactate levels are not rising steadily, this means the athlete has the oxidative capacity to remove the lactate that is being produced
Elbow Movements
-Elbow flexion -Elbow extension -Wrist extension/flexion
Advantages
-Greater potential enjoyment and interest (due to variety and relevance) • Lower measurement error • Lower participant error when performing tests • Maximal effort more likely by students -Although more effort might be required to implement anaerobic testing, there are many advantages to incorporating anaerobic activities into physical education programs at all levels
Hip Movements
-Hip flexion/extension -Hip Abduction/Adduction -Hip external/internal rotation
Anaerobic Energy
-Interval training is the best means of improving anaerobic energy production. It is sports specific. -programs must be designed to capture the nature of the race, the event, the game
Knee Movements
-Knee flexion/extension - Knee external/ internal rotation
Factors Affecting VO2 Max
-Level of conditioning—the greater the level of conditioning the lower the response to training -Heredity—accounts for slightly less than 50% of the variation as well as an individual's response to training -Age—decreases with age are associated with decreases in activity levels as well as decreases in physiological function -Sex—lower in women than men (20% to 25% lower in untrained women; 10% lower in highly trained women) Specificity of training—the closer training is to the sport to be performed, the greater the improvement and performance in that sport Elite VO2 max- between 5-7 L per min Relative VO2 max- is max oxygen consumption per kg of body weight per min
Assessing Aerobic Fitness
-Physical Education Teachers estimate a student's aerobic fitness by conducting field tests (e.g., one-mile run, PACER test). The exercise physiologist assesses aerobic fitness by observing people in laboratory settings
Radioulnar Joints
-Radioulnar supination/pronation -Wrist abduction/adduction
Glenohumeral movements
-Shoulder flexion/extension -Shoulder abduction/adduction -Shoulder horizontal abduction/adduction -Shoulder external/internal rotation
Sports related fitness
-Specific exercise tasks that correlate with sporting performance would be characterized as capturing sports-related fitness. Examples are performances on agility tests, tests for power, balance, reaction time, and acceleration.
Anaerobic Fitness Training
-Speed over 20 yards to 400 yards, Horizontal Jump Distance Vertical Jump Height, Hurdle Height Jumped, Medicine Ball Throw, Agility Runs, Anaerobic Endurance Test
What happens to exercise heart rate at different speeds following a training program?
-Sub maximal- Decreases proportionately with the amount of training completed -May decrease by 10 to 30 beats/min after 6 months of training -Maximal-Remains unchanged or decreases slightly
Aerobic Energy
-The fibers trained aerobically will improve aerobically. -The metabolic capacity of important muscle fibers (within important muscle groups)may be ignored. (EXAMPLE: RUNNING DOES ABSOLUTELY NOTHING TO METABOLICALLY CONDITION MUSCLE FIBERS OF MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER, CHEST, UPPER BACK)
How does the heart adapt (become stronger) as a result of exercise training?
-The increased size of the heart allows the left ventricle to stretch more and fill with more blood. -The internal dimensions of the left ventricle increase mostly due to an increase in ventricular filling. -The wall thickness of the left ventricle increases, allowing a more forceful contraction of the left ventricle
Assessing Aerobic Fitness
-The main purpose of the test is to determine the highest amount of oxygen the athlete can use during maximal aerobic exercise. -Another purpose of this graded protocol is to observe the point at which the person is no longer capable of using OXYGEN as the primary way in which to generate energy - that is, the point at which aerobic metabolism cannot meet the needs of your exercise task. This is called the 'anaerobic threshold' or the 'lactate threshold'.
ATP
-The rate of ATP rebuilding is the key. The best metabolic athlete is the one who rebuilds ATP the fastest. -If the sport demands high breakdown of ATP, an athlete's training program must reflect this. (ATP is split into ADP and Pi. It must be rebuilt into ATP, so muscle fibers can conFnue to contract.)
Anaerobic Energy
-Training conditions the MUSCLE FIBERS (Type I, IIa, IIb) demanded in competition (Type I, IIa, Type IIb)
Anaerobic Energy
-Training is intermittent -periods of very high effort and periods of very low effort (TEAM SPORTS) -Training requires maximal effort (INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM SPORTS THAT DEMAND A 0.5 SECOND TO 2-3 MINUTE EFFORT -Training can reflect the neuromuscular and biomechanical demands of the competition (MOVEMENT PATTERNS OF COMPETITION ARE REPLICATED)
Aerobic Energy:
-With the involvement of oxygen , this process transfers energy. -It transfers energy in food - carbohydrate and fat, to the energy needed for ATP rebuilding. -It cannot rebuild energy quickly. Only anaerobic energy production can satisfy a high demand for rebuilding ATP
Describe what happens to recovery heart rate following a training program
-With training, heart rate returns to resting level more quickly after exercise -heart rate returns more quickly to resting values
Kinesiology
-Within kinesiology, some topics (or areas of study) are central to studying physical education. (Anatomy and Physiology, Motor Learning, Bio mechanics, Physical Activity)
Anaerobic Energy
-Without the involvement of oxygen, this process transfers energy. It transfers the energy in food - specifically, carbohydrate (glycogen and glucose) to the energy needed to rebuild ATP (ATP is split to ADP and Pi when a muscle contracts).
Pronation
-a combination of ankle dosiflexion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction (toe-out)
Supination
-a combination of ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction (toe-in)
Pedagogy
-art and style of teaching
Retraction
-backward movement of shoulder girdle toward spine -adduction of the scapula
Flexion
-bending movement that results in a down triangle of angle in joint by bringing bones together
Circumduction
-circular movement of a limb -combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction - when shoulder joint and hip joint move in a circular fashion around a fixed point
Altitude affects VO2 max by
-decreases as altitude increases
Disadvantages
-doesn't measure Aerobic fitness -low reliability, low validity - other factors determine performance -weather, motivation, teachers instructions, body weight, clothing -may harm motivation -social embarrassment -promotes dislike of Physical Education
Education
-encompasses teaching and learning specific skills: and the imparting of knowledge, positive judgment and well-developed wisdom
Factors increase Stroke Volume
-end diastolic volume (preload) -plasma volume -contractility
Plantar flexion
-extension movement of ankle that results in foot moving away from body
Supination
-externally rotating radius where it lies parallel to ulna, resulting in palm up position of forearm
Dorsiflexion
-flexion movement of ankle that results in top of foot moving toward anterior tibia bone
Protraction
-forward movement of shoulder girdle away from spine -abduction of the scapula
Aerobic Fitness
-has been the type of fitness most often linked to the outcomes or purposes of physical education
Nutrition
-health
Describe relationship between CO and Running Speed
-higher the running speed the higher your Cardiac Output -vice versa lower running speed lower cardiac output
Health promotion
-how to achieve optimal health
Depression
-inferior movement of shoulder girdle -returning to normal position from a shoulder shrug
Pronation
-internally rotating radius where it lies diagonally across ulna, resulting in palm-down position of forearm
Adduction
-movement medially toward mid line of trunk in lateral plane -lowering arm to side or thigh back to anatomical position
Horizontal Abduction
-movement of humerus in horizontal plane away from mid line of body - also known as horizontal extension
Horizontal Adduction
-movement of humerus in horizontal plane toward mid line of body -also known as horizontal flexion
Types of Muscle Actions- Concentric
-muscle develops tension as it shortens -occurs when muscle develops enough force to overcome applied resistance -cause movement against gravity or resistance
How is a-VO2 difference quantified?
-quantified as mls of O2 per 100 mL of blood
How is stroke volume quantified?
-quantified as the amount of blood per beat (ml)
Reduction
-return of spinal column to anatomic position from lateral flexion -adduction of spine
External Rotation
-rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone away from the mid line of body
Internal Rotation
-rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone toward mid line of body
Rotation Upward
-rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving laterally and upward
Rotation Downward
-rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving medially and downward
Once a plateau in VO2 max has been reached further improvements in performance are __________
-still seen with training
Extension
-straightening movement that results in a triangle of angle in joint by moving bones apart
How is cardiac output calculated?
-stroke volume X heart rate
Human Anatomy
-studying the body structure
Elevation
-superior movement of shoulder girdle -shrugging the shoulders
Types of Muscle Action- Isometric
-tension is developed within muscle but joint angles remain constant -static contractions -significant amount of tension may be developed in muscle to maintain joint angle in relatively static or stable position -may be used to prevent a body segment from being moved by external forces
What is hematocrit?
-the ratio of red blood cells to the total blood volume
What is Cardiac output?
-the volume of blood circulating through the heart per minute
Inversion
-turning sole of foot inward -standing with weight on outer edge of foot
The name of the two theories that explain what best determines VO2 max are:______________ & __________
-utilization and presentation
Anaerobic Energy
-• Training produces improvements in BOTH anaerobic and aerobic capacity
Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy:
...
Ankle & Foot
...
Areas of Study in PE: Question on Test was List 3 areas of study in PE
...
Fitness Testing Questions:
...
Radioulnar Joint
...
Shoulder Girdle
...
Types of Fitness:
...
Calculate Calories used from Oxygen Consumption
1 Liter of Oxygen per min= 5Kcals per min
The highest ever recorded VO2 max is ___ ml/kg/min in men and ___ ml/kg/min in women. Both were cross country skiers.
1. 94 2. 77
Classroom Management
1. Formations- important in teaching- eliminate distractions and allow spacing- 3pt perimeter, L shape or circle/semi circle 2. Getting into groups- toe/toe, body part to body part or matching by similar size 3. Time on task- key get in as much reps/touches as possible 4. Voice- loud, clear concise and precise directions- infliction in voice- not monotone- pauses in your voice- allows you to see if children are paying attention to you/listening 5. Adjusting/Changing instructions- (ex. 4 in group 1 ball- add another ball gives them a chance for more reps) 6. Move- get them moving quickly and move around once the students are engaging in the activity giving positive feedback when earned/justified and offering help to those who need assistance and continue to give constant criticism both positive and constructive 7. Technicality- competition-elevates intensity 8. Justification- for asking them to do what they are doing 9.Listen to students- best as you can- can only work if you have high knowledge to correct them 10. Fast paced- no downtime, up tempo lesson, instruction 11. Enthusiasm- passion for the game, very positive,upbeat attitude 12.Mentioned coaching mentors- look at mentors, follow what they do 13. Summarize- previous day or class lesson quickly and briefly 14. Instructions- give instructions from the Perimeter and stop and start a class well (hands on knees put equipment down) 15. Equipment- have the students help with cleanup and putting stuff away and place to begin with around the outside of the gymnasium 16.Notice- late comers and find a time to speak to them during or after class
Considerations when conducting Fitness Testing
1. Working with children demands more time and personal attention - to prevent fear, inadequate understanding and lack of motivation that can limit the exercise response 2. Effective exercise testing for children requires a warm supportive staff, sensitive to the child's concerns and limitations 3. Consideration should be given to diet and activity patterns prior to the exercise testing 4. Appropriate verbal instructions should be given to the students 5. Verbal encouragement is absolutely essential 6. Children have NEVER experienced a situation in which they are called upon to give a maximal effort
Amongst groups of people following the same training there will be _______ those who make large gains and _________
1. responders 2. non responders
How does exercise (training) affect CO?
14 to 20 L/min in untrained people 25 to 35 L/min trained people 40 L/min or more for trained athletes
Quantify the highest cardiac output prior to a training program (pre-training) and following months of training (post training)
17 Liters of blood per min before training 21 Liters of blood following a six month aerobic training program
Untrained girls and women typically have a maximal oxygen uptake _______ lower then untrained men
20-25%
Genetics plays a major role in a persons VO2 max and heredity can account for up to __________ of the variance seen between individuals
25-50%
Quantify blood volume before and after a training program
5,0 L of blood per minute before training 5.8 L of blood following post trainning
Training Response: However, this is an average and there are large individual variations with increase (in VO2 max) as wide ranging as __ to __ % reported
50 to 75% reported
The VO2 max value for male cross country (Nordic) skiers ranged from_________ mls/kg/min
55-94
Agreement to Participate
A document used to inform sports, recreation and fitness participants of the nature of an activity, the risks involved, and the behaviors expected of each participant. An agreement to participate also provides administrators with evidence that the participant was aware of the risks of the activity and that his or her participation was voluntary.
A high level of Aerobic Fitness:
A high level of aerobic fitness ... • Helps maintain recommended body weight and lean body mass • Increases resting metabolic rate • Improves the immune system • Lower risk for chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis) • Relieves tension and stress • Raises job productivity • Encourages positive lifestyle habits • Promotes psychological wellness • Helps maintain independent living • Extends longevity and slows down the aging process • Improves quality of life
Mismatching
A situation in which a smaller, younger, less skilled or less experienced person is injured while participating with someone who is larger, older, more skilled or more experienced. Questions regarding mismatching frequently arise in activities such as wrestling and football.
Battery
A tort in which a person intentionally touches another person. The elements of battery are 1) intent to touch; 2) actual touching; and 3) lack of consent by the plaintiff
Aerobic Fitness Powerpoint
AF- is the ability to use oxygen My AF is b/ween- 5-7 Liters per min- max
What is the difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic Fitness?
Aerobic Fitness -With oxygen available, carbohydrates and fats are broken down to provide energy. This energy is used to rebuild a chemical called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a substance your muscles use for generating force (muscle contraction). -A greater oxygen availability means the person relies on the oxidative breakdown of carbohydrate and fat for energy (ATP rebuilding). No lactic acid is produced from the oxidation of carbohydrates.
Role of Muscles- Agonist
Agonist Muscles - cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion when contracting concentrically -known as primary or prime movers, or muscles most involved
Building a Better Teacher: Cont (students point of view, shh statement, Cold Call, says hes a huge introvert)
All Lemov's techniques depend on his close reading of the students' point of view, which he is constantly imagining -the fundamental ambiguity of 'shh- eliminate the saying in the classroom as it confuses kids if you are asking them not to talk or to just lower their voices-talk quietly -Cold Call-Cold Call,the students don't raise their hands — the teacher picks the one who will answer the question. -info presented then any student is called on to answer the question Lemov's favorite variety has the teacher ask the question first, and then say the student's name, forcing every single student to do the work of figuring out an answer. -introvert-
Waiver* (On previous quiz)
An agreement or contract in which an individual intentionally and voluntarily relinquishes his or her legal rights. A properly constructed waiver can protect an organization or service provider from the ordinary negligence of his or her employees in at least 45 states. (See also: Agreement to Participate)
Will fitness tests motivate children to exercise?
An answer to this question is unclear. Many factors will determine whether testing will motivate students to exercise outside of school time.
A very young child cannot be guilty of contributory negligence
An older child may be; but it depends on the circumstances. A judge should only find a child guilty of contributory negligence if he or she is of such an age as reasonably to be expected to take precautions for his or her own safety; and then he or she is only to be found guilty if blame should be attached to him or her. A child has not the road sense or the experience of his or her elders.
What is the difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic Fitnes
Anaerobic Fitness - Anaerobic fitness refers to the ability of the body to generate muscle force without the presence of oxygen. Carbohydrates supply energy (needed to rebuild ATP), without oxygen being involved. When carbohydrates are broken down for energ without oxygen playing a role, this is a form of anaerobic energy production. Lactic acid will accumulate, causing the athlete to feel exercise becoming progressively harder.
Role of Muscle- Antagonist
Antagonist Muscles- -located on opposite side of joint from agonist - have the opposite concentric action -known as contralateral muscles -work in cooperation with agonist muscles by relaxing and allowing movement
6. Duty to provide adequate and proper equiptment
As with the physical environment duties, the equipment duty also involves shared responsibility. Although participants provide most of their own equipment, it is up to the coach to enforce the use of necessary safety equipment. Demand use of shin guards at practice, as well as mouth guards if required by league or conference rules. If a player is injured without protective gear, the coach may be held accountable for allowing participation without the necessary equipment. Players will take advantage by bending the rules related to shin and mouth guards. Be aware and be strict, as no coach wants avoidable injuries to occur.
8. Duty to evaluate athletes for injury and incapacity
Basic first aid is required of most coaches. All coaches should have practical first aid knowledge. In general, when in doubt err on the side of caution. There are very few, if any, lawsuits involving coaching that went above and beyond the call of duty. In the unfortunate event of an injury, it is important to have some procedures in place. Immediately stop the practice or game, check vital signs, assess the symptoms and determine if professional help is necessary. Easy access to a cell phone and emergency numbers can speed up the process of getting immediate help. Coaches should acknowledge their limitations and obtain the services of qualified professionals. If a player suffers a minor injury at practice, a follow-up phone call and email are helpful. A call to a parent to check in on the status of a player is important, especially if the child neglects to mention the injury. A follow-up email is an efficient way to document the injury and record the action taken. Coaches are recommended to use a standard injury report form. Coaches should keep accurate records of injuries and follow up efforts.
9. Duty or provide appropriate emergency assistance
Before the season begins, coaches should have a health history and physical form, as well as a medical waiver signed by parents for each player. It is important to be aware of special medical conditions, such as allergies and asthma. Also, these intake forms usually request emergency contact information. Make copies of these forms, one set to file, another to carry with the head coach and an extra set for a team manager or assistant coach to keep. If an emergency occurs, it will be essential to have the forms easily accessible. All coaches should carry a well stocked first aid kit. Extra ice packs are helpful, as well. Players should know where the first aid kit is in the event the coach needs assistance. Keep the necessary emergency phone numbers in the first aid kit and programmed into a cell phone. Follow up with any emergency is essential.
VO2 max is usually expressed relative to _____________ because oxygen and energy needs differ relative to size
Body Weight
Maximum Heart Rates
College Aged: 180-200 beats per min Max Elite Athletes Heart Rate: Little lower than untrained 170 beats per min
Building a Better Teacher: Name of Man, & His Book What he believed in... what is view is? (student attention, classroom management, paying attention, repeating actions to students with pitch, direct/specific and positive framing)
Doug Lemov- Wrote Teach Like A Champion -believed classroom management makes great teacher -believed students couldnt learn unless you the teacher capture there attention -believed teaching is technical and that you can learn to be a good teacher -one way is by capturing students attention - another way is by standing still when giving directions- don't do two things at once -believes that students cant learn unless the teacher succeeds in capturing their attention and getting them to follow instructions (classroom management) Lemov's view is that getting students to pay attention is not only crucial but also a skill as specialized, intricate and learnable as playing guitar He mimics what he wants the students to do with a neat underhand pitch- ex. I need that piece of paper turned over and a pencil out -be direct and specific- as children do not otherwise do not follow directions because they dont know what to specifically do -positive framing- teachers correct students by not telling them what they are doing wrong but what they are doing right- narrate the positives
7. Duty to match athletes properly
For those coaching youth soccer, the need to match players appropriately is a significant concern. At first glance, a bystander would never believe the girls of my U-12 team are all the same age. The size range is staggering. Avoid pairing the tallest players with the smallest. Players should be evenly matched by size, strength, and ability when possible. In the case of my team, my smallest player is willing and able to take on anyone. Many of the duties discussed here go back to knowing your players and your environment.
2 different sports for WOMEN with lowest VO2 max
Gymnastics, Swimming
5. Duty to provide safe physical environment
In a broad sense, coaches are responsible for protecting the basic rights of their players. Specifically, the physical environment includes safety- and weather-related issues. Coaches are responsible for making appropriate decisions relative to extreme heat, cold or other inclement weather. The safety and well-being of players should come first, regardless of competition level. Seeking fields with shelter or other indoor accommodations nearby can be helpful during unpredictable weather conditions. Many athletics departments and organizations implement a zero tolerance policy in the event of lightning. The legal literature recommends similar policies. Additionally, the field safety is, in part, the coach's responsibility. Given that many coaches are not directly responsible for the upkeep of their practice and games sites, legally there is a gray area. At a minimum, coaches should survey their field space for potential hazards and check the stability of the goals. Most soccer field-related lawsuits involve goals falling or breaking and subsequent injuries to participants. A facilities inspection checklist may be a useful tool for schools and clubs to monitor field conditions and be aware of potential issues. Report any field condition concerns to the responsible parties immediately. When in doubt, do not allow your players to participate under questionable circumstances.
Specialized knowledge of safety principles
In some cases, courts have gone beyond the careful parent standard and required teachers to have specialized knowledge of safety principles in their own subject areas. This applies particularly to physical education.
Summation of Legal Duties:
It is the obligation of coaches to understand and fulfill their legal duties, despite any protection provided by immunity laws. In order to avoid liability and meet legal duties, risk management is a critical component to any athletic program, whether it is professional or recreational. In addition to risk management, coaches are encouraged to have insurance coverage as well as familiarity with other available resources.
3. Duty to provide proper instruction
It is the responsibility of the coach to teach and explain the steps necessary to perform various soccer skills. If a player is injured in practice while making an attempt on a skill that was improperly taught, a coach may be at fault. Coaches who just roll out the ball do not provide sufficient instruction to their players. Keep the NSCAA course notebooks handy, as you plan practices and provide coaching cues.
Spine
Lateral flexion (side bending) - movement of head/or trunk laterally away from midline -abduction of spine
2. Duty to closely supervise the activity
Most negligence suits arise from the lack of supervision. Be sure that a coach or another responsible adult is able to supervise the entire practice. For head coaches who do not have the luxury of an assistant, it may be advisable to have at least one parent or another adult at practices in case of emergency. On a related note, do not leave children unattended after practices or games. Even at the high school level, it behooves coaches to wait for players to be picked up, or at least make arrangements for supervision. Although waiting may be inconvenient at the time, it is often the ethical option. A parent from my team makes a business card size list of all the parents' names and cell phone numbers, which has been a convenient solution for us.
Movement Terminology
Movement in Joints -terms are used to describe actual change in position of bones relative to each other -angles between bones change - movement occurs between articular surfaces of joints
Muscle Terminology- Orgin/Insertion
Origin -the proximal attachment of a muscle -the part that attaches closest to the midline of the body - it is the least moveable part of the muscle Insertion- the distal attachment of a muscle -the part of the muscle that attaches to the freely moving bone of its joint
The point at which oxygen consumption____________ defines the VO2 max or an individual's maximal aerobic capacity
Plateaus
_____________ training and intense 'burst type' anaerobic training have little effect on VO2 max
Resistance
3 different sports for MEN have athletes with highest VO2 max
Swimming, Skiing, Bicycling
Standard of Care
Teaching is the only profession for which the required standard of care to clients is an extrapolation of parental behavior. 1. Students must be informed of the dangers inherent in the activity and must be instructed in safe practices before becoming involved in the activity. 2. The teacher must be present during the activity and must be observing it with a view to avoiding accidents. 3. The location and the equipment must be suitable for the activity and must be safe. 4. Parental consent must be obtained for activities undertaken outside the regular school program.
Muscle Terminology- Tendon
Tendon - fibrous connective tissue, often cordlike in appearance that connects muscle to bones and other structures - two muscles may share a common tendon- for example- achilles tendon- of the gastronemius and soleus muscles
Vicarious Liability
The imposition of liability on one person for the actions of another, even though the person being held liable did nothing wrong. Vicarious liability is based on the relationship of the individuals involved — for example, an employer is vicariously liable for the actions of his or her employee. Also known as Respondent Superior.
Gross Negligence* (On previous quiz)
The intentional performance, or failure to perform, of a duty with utter disregard for consequences of the act.
2 different sports for MEN with lowest VO2 max
Track and Field, Basketball
3 different sports for WOMEN have athletes with highest VO2 max
Track and Field, Skiing, Rowing
VO2 max website:
VO2 max- maximum amount of oxygen you can consume per minute
VO2 max is usually expressed relative to _________ because oxygen and energy needs differ relative to size
body weight