Intro to Animal Science Exam 2
passive
folding the limb and its position in flight is ______ or automatic and low or non-energy costing
indicates no hormones are used in production of any type
Any brand of chicken can be labeled raised without hormones as long as label contains a statement that indicates _______________
light horse
Arabian, oldest horse known to man
straight forward speed with endurance
As large prey animal, optimized _____ Thus ran faster and farther than predators
Leg quarters
Considered waste product 95% exported to other countries Top importer: Russua Export 2 million tons a year
Indonesia
Feathers Top importer? Strengthen plastics Prod: 1.6 million tons
19 hh
Radar
1. China 2. USA Brasil India Mexico
Top 2 countries producing animal feed
1. Iowa 2. NC 3. Minnesota 4. Illinois
Top 4 pork producing countries
1. Texas 2. California 3. Florida 4. Oklahoma 5. Kentucky
Top 5 Horse States
1. USA 2. China 3. Mexico 4. Brazil 5. Argentina
Top 5 Horse countries
1. China 2. USA 3. Germany 4. Spain 5. Brazil
Top 5 pork producing countries
Tyson foods Pilgrim's Top 5 represent 60% broilers
Top two broiler companies!!!
Butterball LLC Jennie-O Turkey
Top two turkey companies!!!
Horse Racing
Triple Crown: Kentucky Derby Belmont Stakes Preakness
250 million in US About 18lbs us percaptia consumption measured in metric tons
Turkey industry
Skeleton Nuscle and deposits of fat
Two facets
Steroid Polypeptide
Two main types of hormones
Farrow to Finish Farrow to Wean Wean to Finish
Types of Production
280 products
Tyson has...
Direct: sales, income, rec, association Indirect: vendors, medication, services, goods, economic benefits
US Equine Industry Economic Impact
About 1 million full time jobs 1 in 63 people in equine industry 1.9 billion in revenue 5 head per person, 2 million own horses 9.2 million horses 45 states with over 200000 horses
US economics statistics
yes
are horses livestock animals?
hormones
are not used today to promote poultry performance
agility and suppleness
as size, speed, and endurance increased, equids forfeited some ____ and strength (power)
Recognized breeds
associated with studbook and breeding records
Roan
base color, white hairs mixed with base color points
weight
base what we feed on weight
worldwide
basic feeding and management concepts for poultry same...
Rodeo
began as amusement for cowboys after the cattle drive while waiting for the cattle to be sold
temperment and trainability
horse perceives and responds to the world differently from humans and this affect their ____
Federal meat inspection act
horses are an amenable species cannot be shipped or sold for human consumption w/o inspection no inspection=no meat
storing energy
horses beame masters at ____
as foodd
horses first used primarily as
watch nostrils or flanks nostrils flare and contract with each breath RESPIRATION RATE SHOULD NOT EXCEED HEART RATE
how to determine respiration rate
work at floor level
how to know difference between normal and abnormal
Confinement Agriculture
how to produce more food for growing pop.
Polypeptide
human insulin, growth hormone (somatotropin)
Jersey Giant
biggest chicken, up to 250lbs
going up to great grandparent
biosecurity increases...!!!
eggs
breeder pullet
Marco Pollo Age 17 1210
brought back silk and paper money to Europe and Red Jungle Fowl
wall street
built wall to keep pigs out
ASPCA
first clinic opened in 1912, new 750 groups cross country
on one plane
flexing joints _____
filly
immature female (under 3 yrs), yet to foal
colt
immature male (under 3 yrs)
Horse doctor
important member of community
only one
joints which flex in ___ plane are very stable and able to support weight
Excellent genetics
know most about this for breeding in chickens
Feeder to finish
large lines
Black Jack
last US Army horse for US processional JFK
Stag
late castrated male
Paso Llano
lateral 4 beat
Kiwi
lays largest egg (ratio to body size)
wild horse
living symbols of historic and pioneer spirit of the west that contribute to the diversity of life forms within the nation and enrich the lives of the American people
leverage
long limbs for ___
Bars
on either side of the frog
Hand mating
one male/female increase in cost and labor decrease in safety known breeding date
single-toed
only ___ animal in the world
stride length
optimal shoulder angle gives optimal reach and length of stride shorter stride length, steeper shoulder
Line Breeding
outstanding individual companion animal
Florida Equine Thoroughbred farms
over 600, 77,000 acres Have produced: 41 national champions 6 kentucky derby winner 7 preakness winners 18 breeders cup champs 6 horses of the year
Extender
pH Buffer nutrients antibacterial protection during cooling
work
pack animals, trasportation, farming Today: Ranching police amish most replaced by tractors, cars, and trucks
color breed
palamino (color is quantitative trait) not breed true
Broiler breeder: 15% Broiler: 65% BIGGEST Table eggs: 3% smallest Turkey: 17%
percentage farms by farm type in US
arrangement of muscles, bone, and other body tissues
physical appearance of a horse due to
Recreation
pleasure, racing, show
chesnut/sorrel
reddish brown, maine tail same color
single bone column
reduced number and amound of bones and muscles in the lower limb and ____ per limb
Nipple waterers
reduces waste water
balance
relationship of form and function
Partial house brooding
remove parturition and let birds out in open area
Avian egg
reptilian traits first 10 days, need supplemental heat can regulate body temp after 10 days still lays egg
Farrow to Finish
requires most skill 24 to 26 weeks Must be jack of all trades
pectoralis major pectoralis minor
responsilbe for raising and lowering wind
Red Jungle Fowl
tremendous survivor closest living relative to T-rex
Boar colleciton
twice per week 250 to 300 mL of semen 50 to 60 billion sperm
Meat and eggs
two major sectors of poultry industry
country horse
versatility of horse or mule made it a valuable asset to the farmer. loss of his horse often meant the ruin of a farmer
Structurally sound (leg soundness) Mammary soundness (12-19 evenly spaced teats) Other (stress, temperment, muscle fat)
visual observations (potential selection criteria)
Digital Mercury: shake mercury level down and wait two minutes
ways to take temperature
living high on the hog
wealthy
Excitement, hot weather, illness, and pain
what causes change in temperature
unwanted horse
what is a major issue with horses
Prey
what kind of animal is horse
90% Further processing: value added
what percent of broilers are cut up prior to being sold? and why?
maintenance
what you have to use don't meet and lose weight
Sell hen
when feed costs are over egg prod...
expiration
when forelimbs hit the ground
Inspiration
when limbs are airborn
state equine rescue online adoption castration clinic humane euthanasia hay assistance program lease arrangements
where can horse owners go with unwanted hoses
Uric acid
white compound bird excretes
stocking
white marking that extends at least to the bottom of the knee or hock
sock
white marking that extends higher than the fetlock but not as high as the kee or hock
Be injected multiple times a day Half life 13 minutes 285 years to inject all chickens
why administration of hormones would be difficult
Growth extemely complex of metabolic functions
why are they not 100% effective
Hormones not used
why does the poultry industry add hormones to poultry diets?
difficulty milking pig cattle easier to handle
why don't we drink pig milk
genetically selected for high performance high feed intake, rapid growth, excellent food conversion Physio limits: not being able to walk
why impact performance negatively
Best quality protein source animal quality highest largest quality in amino acids
why is egg nature's most perfect food
Poultry industry doesn't want to use them
why not needed
works only when combined with exercise No exercise: no benefit from anabolic steroids
why they don't act like steroids
Asia
wing tips exported....
Physiological zero
won't grow until certain heat ex. hen sitting on eggs
50%
world will demand how much more animal protein than today
buckskin
yellowish tan, dark points
Turkey Duck Laying Hen Broiler
These 4 poultry species will dominate...
Two breed rotation
females sired by breed A are mated to breed B sires and vice versa
stirrup invented and spread throughout Eurasia
200 to 300 CE Jin Dynasty
American Pharoah
2015 Triple Crown Winner
9 billion people More food than has ever been produced in 10,000 years
2050 human population
Horse power
20lbs lifted 100 ft per minute
canter/lope
3 beat leads 1st and 3rd beats individual feet, 2nd 2 beats diagonal
Broiler White leghorn Broad breasted white tail turkey
3 main poultry
Efficiency Large Farms: More hogs Financial (Price decreasing) Economy of scale
# of farms with hogs decreasing # of hogs per farm increasing Why?
94% 6% Opposite
100 years ago, muscles provided _____% of world's energy needs. Coal, oil, and water made up other ___%. Today is the exact ______
Trigger
100+ films to his credit cowboys and horses big in television advent stunt horses, extras
Affirmed
1978 Triple crown winner FL
Silver charm
1997 Kentucky derby winner FL
Skip Away
1998 HOY fL 9.6 million dollars
Greece used as transportation with chariots Traded to Romans: Curb bit invented Caesar invades Britain
1st century BC
Trot/jog
2 beat diagonal
Pace
2 beat lateral
Affordable Appealing Available
3As
Rugged Lark
3x AQHA champ
Running walk
4 beat lateral, hind foot overreaches the forefoot
gallop
4 beat, paired diagonal do not land at same time
hunted for meat
50,000 years ago: driven off cliffs, herded in to natural culdesacs and clubbed
North America
500 years ago, horses returned to ___ by spanish conquistadores, spanish missions, early explorers It is believed all contributed
War horses
6 million horses served in WW1 Most died 1.2 million sent, 200 returned
Dr. Fager
67 and 68 HOY
No USDA inspected chiecken meat sold in stores is from chicken raised in cages raised on floor in controlled enviro chicks have bedding Egg layers are grown in cages
68% of Americans believe that chickens are raised for meat are raised in cages
Chicken, meat and eggs sold in US free of antibiotics USDA requires withdrawl period
73% of Americans believe that chicken, meat, and eggs contain antibiotics
No chickens sold or raised in US are given hormones good breeding, proper nutrition, vet care, housing and management
74% of Americans believe that chicken, meat and eggs contain added steroid hormones
There are no genetically modified chickens
78% of American believe that chickens are genetically modified
Use is illegal: us doesn't permit use of hormones No firm manufactures or sells hormones for poultry Cost is prohibitive Administration would be difficult Impact performance negatively Don't act like steroids Not 100% effective Simply not needed
8 reasons why hormones are not used
saddle and bridal
9th century BC scythians invented the _____ horses were used for mounts, draft, milk, meat, war
Off-site nursery
About 6 weeks At end weigh 50 to 60 lbs Now a feeder pig Protein requirement increases Antibiotic use
spleen contracts very quickly with acute exercise (flash rbc)
Accomplish speed and endurance how?
Asia Africa
After 50 million years, became extinct everwhere except ____ and ____
Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics Mendelian genetics
Augustinian monk Type of genetics used in poultry industry
back fat
BF
Circus Horses
Barnum Bailey used 750 Ringling Brothers used 650
litter, composted to fertilizer, fed ot beef cattle
Bedding from chicks converted to...
Texas
Beef Cattle
Cock fighting Religious rituals
Began to spread throughout Europe through...
AI
Big decrease in cost, labor and feed Increase in safety known breeding date
Balanced Approach
Big picture Multiple measurables Fundamentally sound Avoid biases Fit you breeding program to your situation
glucose
Birds make vitamin C from...
Quarter Horse: biggest amount Thoroughbreed: middle Arabian: Smallest
Breakdown by breed in amounts
Inbreeding Line Breeding
Breeding Programs
Sow 20 to 25 pigs Boar 5000
Breeding stock selection; contributions of sow and boar
SE
Broiler belt in...
9 billion US per capita consumption of broiler meat about 90lbs
Broiler industry
1 sq. foot for winter 1.2 sq. foot for summer grow in to crowded situation raised on floor!
Broiler living conditions
Male parent stock Breeder pullet stock
Broiler pedigree
7 g every hour
Broilers grow...
Medical and health At the Stable Breeding and Management At the Track Government Horse Competition Rodeo Trade Careers Miscellaneous careers
Careers in Horse industry
Cheaper Price Decreases
Chicken price trend since 1966
Size: light, warm blood Use: riding, racing type: stock, saddle, hunt selection: movement gaits
Classifications and types
Breeding-Gestation Farrowing (3 to 4 weeks) Nursery (to 50lbs) Finishing (to 270lbs) ex. UF swine unit One site
Conventional Farrow to Finish
Rotational cross breeding Terminal
Crossbreeding programs
Days to 250lbs
D/250
California
Dairy Cattle
More blood and fat legs
Dark meat
Expose sow/gilt to boar Vocalization Flirt with ears lordosis swollen vulva
Estrus detection
Sense Flee
Every ____ is designed to detect impending danger and ___ before attack
32 in
Falabella
Florida Cracker
Distinct and unique colonial spanish breed State's official heritage horse
Poultry
Domesticated fowl raised for meat or eggs
Mules
Donkey horse combo sterile Donkey: 34 chromosomes Horse: 32
Doctorate in poultry nutrition from Purdue
Dr. Miles got doctorate...
NBA LWT D/250 BF MLI SPI TSI
EPDs Stages
2lbs in 18 weeks 320 eggs in a lifetime Live and grow on wire!!! 90 to 100 weeks Ventilation, controlled temperature 95 to 96% laying ex. 100000 hens produce 95000 eggs!!! conveyor belt: human never touches egg
Egg (laying hen industry)
Totally automated white leghorn 310 million lay about 320 eggs per year 9 billion dozen egg layers US per captia consumption 270 I layer per person 320 million people in US
Egg Industry
Cal-Maine Foods Rose Acre Farms (seymore Indianna)
Egg companies!!
White and brown egg Nutrtitionally no difference of the same size
Egg sector
10 to 15 females
Enough sperm to ejaculate...
Cremation Place in cemetary Euthanasia Removal of carcass deliver to renderer
Florida horse disposal : ranging from highest to lowest price
Equus
Genus of horse
make a profit continually improve genetics of different strains to improve performance Maintain suffiecent number of these strains
Goal of primary breeders and how they maintain
Avg daily gain greater than 1.7 lbs per day Days to 250 less than 170 days
Grower/finish operation production factors of importance
numbers conincide cloesly with the advent of mechanized power, especially tractor and truck
Growth and decline of US horse pop Declines in numbers that coincide _____
incubators hold thousands of eggs setting trays rotate eggs hatching trays grading area funnel hatchery environmentally controlled truck broiler farm
Hatcheries: series
16-18 hh
Heavy/Draft
Fossil records of wild hogs go back 40 million years 8 pigs came with Christopher Colombus Hernando de Soto brought 15 pigs to Tampa, Herd grew 700+ Sir Walter Raleigh brought sows to Jamestown in 1607
History of Swine industry
Hooves cleaned and examined daily Trim/ shoe feet every 4 to 8 wks Most problems are caused by neglect
Hoof care
Temperature Heart Rate Respiration Rate Gut sounds Mucosal color Skin Pliability
Horse Health vital signs
Hors swiftness
Horse comes from anglo-saxon word ___ meaning ____
use of combustion engine urbanization mechanical military economy
Horse population worldwide decreasing why?
660 million chickens 1,330,000,000
How many chicken wings consumed in US during this years superbowl?
press fingers against artery, make sure horse is calm count 30 secs, multiply by two
How to determine pulse
War Transportation Culture Soci-economics Ag and Industry
Impact areas of horse
kept or raised in farm or ranch setting and used in commercial enterprise
In general: livestock is most ommonly considered animals...
21 day litter weight
LWT
15-17 hh
Larger
14-16 hh
Light
They don't wild pigs thrive bc they have more than 1 litter a year with multiple piglets some abondoned killed by boars disease and predators
In wild, how do sows avoid laying on piglets?
Artificial Insemination
Increase integrators Fresh semen: boars on site, fedex Frozen: decreases litter size
Art of Equitation
Italian Federico Caprilli was innovator of forward seat for jumping or cross country
2% 98%
Just _____ of US population lives on farms producing food for remaining ___ of population
Meat
Purpose of the swing industry
maternal line index: combines growth and maternal traits
MLI
Georgia Alabama Arkansas
Major Broiler states
Iowa Ohio Indianna
Major Egg states
Minnesota Arkansas North Carolina
Major Turkey states
Genesus, Inc: Canada Hypor, Inc: Canada PIC North America: Tennessee DNA Genetics: Nebraska Choice Genetics: Iowa Waldo Genetics: Nebraska Compart's Boar Store: Minnesota Trend: Northern, colder areas (preferred pig enviro)
Major swine and breeding companies
21.2 1/2 hh
Mammoth
Good Mothers All white Increase milk Increase litters Ex. Yorkshire (erect ears) Landrace (floppy ears) Chester White (small floppy ears)
Maternal breeds of swine
Hand mating Pen mating AI
Mating systems
Broiler: 9 billion Turkey: thousands
Meat sector
No taller than 38 in A: 34 in or less B: 34 to 38 in
Miniature
prevent disease less stress bc grow there
Purpose of wire on laying hens
Repro disease of concern Baby pigs
Minimize disease
Intensive Management Vertical Integration Environmentally Controlled Buildings
Modern Swine Production
6000
Modern day Kazakhstan, Approximately ____ years ago Domestication
allow sows to back out and walk around (actually spent more time inside, safety) Extra warmth for piglets (95F) Sprinklers and fans for sows
Modern gestation house
Intensive Management
More Pigs Fewer resources Decrease land, water, labor Better control of waste, disease performance
6 to 8 weeks (killed)
Most broilers gown on floor for...
Broiler
Most million tons of meat producing animals Most jobs
Pony Express
Most riders around 20 Youngest 11 Oldest mid 40 Orphans preferred (but not often) usually around 120 lbs
number born alive
NBA
traded and dispersed
Native indians ____ them throughout N. America
Horse captial of the world
Ocala Over 40 different breeds USDA: more horses and ponies 1000 breeding and training centers
Vertical Integration
One company owns everything from gestation to meat processing Bred for end products Cut out middleman
Pen mating
One male with 5 to 10 females Decrease in cost and labor Increase in safety Unknown breeding date
Frog Bars Sole White Line Hoof wall
Parts of hoof
Drumette Wingette Tip
Parts of the wing!!!!
Growth carcass traits Ex. Duroc (red with droopy ears) Hampshire (black and white belted) Berkshire (high meat quality, erect ears)
Paternal (Terminal)
80% advancement and success of genetics 20% housing, management, equipment, feeding, vaccines
Percentage of why we don't use hormones
Individual and parental performance records Conception Rate Growth Rate Litter Weight Farrowing Interval
Performance potential selection criteria
Diet
Pigment originates from?
Missing out on protein pigs prefer the sweeter unproportional consumption
Pigs getting fat bc eating apples and balanced diet reasoning?
Pitohui infrita Pitohui rufous
Poinsonous, secretes compound from beetles
Last Calvary Charge WWII
Polish cossacks swept over frozen plains
Under 14.2 hh
Pony
Iowa
Pork
Drastically decrease: 6 remaining Better practices
Poultry department trend!!!
Lots of jobs and revenue 2 trillion in revenue 130 billion in profit about 14% of all jobs in US 1.7 million jobs 100billion wages 2.7% GDP
Poultry industry has provided....economically
Continuous consumption No limitation: age, religion, cultural 3As
Poultry trend increasing because?
Jental remains
Pre-History is educated guess mostly from...
Pleasure Ranch Breeding Show Lesson/racing other
Primary Use of horses in US
Repro traits are lowly heritable must properly manage environment
Problems
Thrush and canker: too much frog corns and bruised sole absesses cracks laminitis: inflamation of lamina
Problems with horse feet
Reproductive performance Problems Minimize disease
Production factors of importance
Eliminate PSS (stress gene): main reason for poor meat PSE Pick boars and gilts to fit your production
Reasons for EPD
Estrus detection mating systems boar collection
Repro management
2.2 Liter/yr 1 litter greater than 100lbs (10 lbs per pig) Ween 10 pigs per litter
Reproductive performance goals
Two breed rotation three breed rotation
Rotational programs
Sow productivity index: combines growth and maternal traits
SPI
Site one: Breeding-Gestation Farrow (2 to 3 weeks) Site Two: Nursery (to 50lbs) Site Three: Finishing (to 270 lbs; 1000 pig capacity)
Segregated Early Weaning -3 site More common in industry Break everything up by distance Break disease cycle
Texas
Sheep
10hh
Shetland
Lexington, Kentucky Chantilly, France
Sister cities to Ocala
Turkey
Smallest million tons Second most jobs produced
Age at Pubery: 4-7 months Estrous cycle length: 21 days Duration of Estrus: 2-3days Occurence of ovulation: 2nd day of estrus Gestation Length: 3 months, 3 days, 3 weeks or or 114 days 1st estrus postpartum: 3 to 5 days post weaning
Sow reproductive information
Sows: larger and heavier litters Gilts: new genetics Suggested replacement level: 20 to 25%
Sows vs. Gilts
Mid 1600s: Penn major pork producing state Post revolutionary war: swine prod moved west Mid 1800s: Cincinnati became Porkopolis
Spread of Swine Industry throughout the years
Conventional Farrow to Finish Segregated Early Weaning
Swine Farm
Terminal sire index: combines D/250 and BF
TSI
Domesticated agriculture
USDa definition of livestock: one or more ____ animals raised in an ____ etting to produce commodities such as food, fiber, and labor
South Africa
Viscera Top importer? Processed dog food
Farrow to wean
Wean at 17 to 18 days
Egg
What came first?
Thomas Jefferson
When people have the right information, they will make the right decisions
Beat
a foot or two sumultaneously striking the ground
strip
a narrow white stripe down the middle of the face
University: Poultry Science Department!!!
Where is one of the best locations to find correct answers about poultry?
More feed needs to be developed Fish, Poultry (more animal protein), swine 500 million metric tons will be used by world wide poultry industry (feed)
Which 3 species will be responsible for this growth in order to provide the world with high quality protein?
Primary breeders
Who does all of the breeding to produce genetic stock of meat and egg type birds that we have in worldwide commercial industry? Heart of world's poultry industry No other food animal industry has degree of centralization of breeding genetics by poultry
Breed Complementation match strengths eliminate weaknesses Heterosis (hybrid vigor) increase productivity relative to parents
Why crossbreed?
Not sure what you would get concentrated traits in each breed
Why not just use crossbreeds?
Drumettes and wingettes
Wing industry in US
China
Wings Top importer? Export 331,000 tons a year
non-ruminant
____ herbivore
300
____ horse breeds in the world 252 horse 94 pony
gait
a way of going or moving, either natural or artificial, characterized by a repetitive and distinctive rhythm pattern of limb mobements and beats of the limbs
star
a white marking between or above the eyes
snip
a white marking on the muzzle
Blaze
a wide white stripe down the middle of the face
Nutritional requirements with age
all chickens have similar nutritional requirements for age
terminal
all progeny are marketed (sold) to produce meat buy replacement breeding stock use a performance/carcass oriented sire breed
boar taint
andosterone-phermone skatol: product of bacterial activity Scent making meat unsaleable
Gut sounds
can help diagnose sick horse caused by normal contraction relaxation of digestive tract during digestion place ear on flank upper and lower quadrants One sound every 20 seconds Abnormal: absence of this
at end of productive life, are sent to meat sausage mature boars have boar taint
can sows who have given birth in past be sent off to market?
pressing thumb on gum and release about 2 secs back to normal color
capillary refill time
Barrow
castrated male
gelding
castrated male
Improvac: imminize GnRH; 2 shots 4 weeks apart; approved in many countries Problem: pig still has testes
castration alternatives
Mucosal color
check gums, inside vulva, nostrils, conjunctiva moist and pink color from blood circulation
Nutrition Taste Cost
chicken meat consumption in US continues to increase bc?
Inbreeding
closely related individuals reduced variation concentrate undesirable traits
Draft
cold blooded
Yeaerling
colt or filly b/w 1 and 2 yrs short and long
foal
colt or filly before weaning
weaning
colt or filly weaned from dam
Breeds
common ancestry, breed true
Hybrid Swine Lines
common practice maternal sow line terminal boars all offspring go to market Large integrators have herds that produce their own females
Broiler: meat type bird white leghorn: egg type bird
comparing chickens
Wild free-roaming horse and burro act
congress passed this for federal protection of america's wild horses and burros spending a lot on government golding pens
boars
contributes most to genetic material
Environmentally controlled buildings
control disease manage waste monitor temperature All in All out (AIAO) Big emphasis on biosecurity
New York Dressed Chicken
conventional common only feathers and blood removed common worldwide
Maintenance costs the same regardless of purchase price
cost to buy versus cost to maintain
sole
covers bottom of foot
Bay
dark points
Gray
dark steel almost white, differrent shad spots: fleabitten Dapple: white spots
girth
distance around the body behind the elbows can be used to estimate weight
Step
distance between 2 front or 2 hind footsteps
stride
distance between successibe imprints of the same foot
Naked neck gene
doesn't allow feathers on neck Israel eats more feed higher maintenance
Gallus gallus domesticus
domesticated chickens of today
later to domestication than other species
domestication of horse
predators
don't dodge, turn, stop, and leap as well as ____
dun
dorsal stripe could have zebra stripes on legs
fire horse
draft horses, put harness on in 2-3 minutes
florida law of disposal
due to disease: burning or burying at least 2ft below surface unlawful to dump on any public road or right of way guilty of misdemeanor of second degree
The olympic horse
equine events restored to games in 1912
Pony club
established in england, 1928 US pony club 1956
6800
estimated cost of horse ownership
Rack
even, fast flashy 4 beat lateral gait
Single Trait selection
fast improvement of single trait benefits usually offset by increasing detrimental effects
80%
feed makes up ____% of prod cost
rotational cross breeding
females bred to different breed high heterosis Heterosis increases as number of breeds increase
Three breed rotation
females sired by a specific breed are bred to the breed of sire next
Walk
four beat lateral Lh, Lf, Rh, Rf
crude fiber (bulk, maintenance to bacteria) vitamin C (ascorbic acid, antioxidants)
froma nutritional perspective what are 2 things not found in eggs?
Red Jungle Fowl (gallus gallus) India (3200 bc) and China (1400bc)
genetically speaking, from what bird did all domestic chickens of today orginate?
Sow
has farrowed
Horse industry
has greater impact on FL economy than any other livestock industry
Gilt
has not farrowed
Pit ponies
hauling coal from mines, highly respected
weight
heart girth^2 * Length /300+30
varies with age
heart rate varies with...
upper
increased bone size and muscling of ____ limb
white line
interconnection of hoof wall and laminae
management and costs major players hard
is making gestation crates larger to protect them hierarchy and give them space as an option?
Increasing 1990: 6% 2015: 20%
major chicken exports
Broiler breeders
make fertile eggs
selection
making the right choice
makes broiler, growth
male line
mare
mature female
stallion
mature intact male
Boar
mature male
length
measurement from part of shoulder to buttocks
warm bloods
middle weight class
Instantaneous euthanasia
miliseconds to kill males
Breast
most expensive most profitable age of greated than 42 days queen of cuts
Sow
most important animal in feeder pig production
temperment
most important for horses in movies over breed
Flexion
muscles in top of the leg for maximum motion with minimum
Usefluness and longevity
need a correct skeleton to predict...
earmark
notching pigs ears
Pinhooking!!!
practice of buying horse with specific intention of re-selling for a profit less than one year turnaround
Ejaculate
pre sperm dicovered (no sperm bacteria) Sperm rich Gelatinous plug filtered away
hoof wall
primary weight bearing structure of hoof
Farrowing
process of sow/gilt giving birth
brooding
providing supplemental heat
Henneke body condition scoring system
ranges from 1 to 9
aracheopteryx found in baveria germany in limestone imprint very colorful 2ft tall one pound
real beginning of all birds ancestor
Diversity
reasons to be thankful for evolution of archaeopteryx
Frog
rubbery wedge shaped structure, absorbs shock
feathers
scales evolved to form..
colic
severe often fluctuating pain in abdomen casued by intestinal gas or obstruction
cloaca
sewer receives feces, egg, nitrogenous extract (urinary tract)
pork barrel
slaves fighting over barrel of pork
Eggs
smallest amount of jobs
Buntums
smallest birds
Feral horses
somewhere between wild and domesticated
Nevada Wyoming Cali
states iwht most feral horses
domestication
still disputed over exactly when and where ___ ocurred ex. steppe grasslands north of black sea, near the Dneyr, don and volga rivers
suckling
still nursing foal
city horse
summer vacation created by _____ due to stench
skin pliability
test for dehydration pinch a fold of skin on neck and release it should quickly flatten back in place Dehydrated: skin will stay in fold
Steroid
testosterone, estrogen (produced from testosterone by aromatase)
Machines
the new work horse
energy
thereby, able to move rapidly with little _____ expenditure
7.5 lbs for their breasts
today most broilers are grown to ____ for their breasts which supply US foodservice industry