INTRO TO COMMUNICATIONS: 1ST TEST

FIVE STRATEGIES OF IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT:

1. Ingratiation: 2. Managing appearances 3. Exemplification: 4. Supplication: 5. Aligning Actions:

FIVE STRATEGIES OF IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT: Exemplification:

show dedication, commitment, or sacrifice. SOMETIMES the purpose is to create guilt in the other person (I did this for you...)

ATTRIBUTION THEORY:

(Assumptions to someone's behavior, you also do this to yourself too) Assigning reasoning for others behavior. It helps us understand why people do what they do. We can emphasize influences that are: - Stable and lasting or unstable and temporary. - Controllable, so that we can manage them, or uncontrollable, so there's nothing we do about them (they had to do it — it had to be done) — Internal attribute (dispositional): reason for behavior is because of the person's character: stable, controllable — External attribute (situational): reason for behavior is outside of the self. It's because of the situation or circumstance. - its uncontrollable and unstable Fundamental attribution error: put more emphasis on the internal. - applying too much emphasis on their character instead of how the situation affected their behavior.

How is our self-concept shaped

- Looking glass self: you see the image of yourself that others reveal to you. People's actions and reactions toward you, help you figure out who you are. How other people responded to you and communicated to you, tells you who you are. We are more likely to believe someone if they say something we've heard repeatedly. We are more likely to believe it through someone's actions. We value others statements if we perceive them to be credible. - Social comparison: a way of developing the self-concept by comparing yourself to peers

BARRIERS IN LISTENING

1. Information Overload: too much info at once. 2. Rebuttal Tendency (Conversational narcissist): focused on their own needs, thinki ng about what they are going to say next, talk about themselves, and interrupt. TALK ABOUT THEMSELVES. 3. Closed mindedness: being judgmental, second-guessing (this can be in your head or verbally) 4. Competitive Interrupting: dominating the conversation by interrupting or creating a battle of wits. WANT THAT BATTLE/CONFLICT SO THAT THEY CAN WIN — BE BETTER. 5. External(background)/Internal Noise (in your head — what you're thinking)

FIVE TYPES OF CONTEXTS THAT AFFECT THE TRANSACTION MODEL:

1. PHYSICAL 2. PSYCHOLOGICAL 3. SOCIAL 4. HISTORICAL 5. CULTURAL

LISTENING STYLES:

1. People-oriented: more interpersonal (pay attention to nonverbal communication, able to listen in order to emotionally connect), sensitive to the other person, empathetic. 2. Action-oriented: want the person to get to the point, they tend to second guess others alot. 3. Content-oriented: better at listening to facts and details. 4. Time-oriented: like brief description. (dont really second guess)

FIVE STRATEGIES OF IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT: Managing appearances

: physical and emotional

Johari Window

A model that describes the relationship between self-disclosure and self-awareness.

ACTIVE LISTENING

Active listening: one of the most important skills in communication 1. Stop: Stop thinking about other things: noise, talking to yourself 2. Look: focus on nonverbal as well as verbal (listen with your eyes and ears: gestures, vocal cords, etc). 3. Listen: ask questions to clarify for ourselves and to show we're paying attention. 4. Paraphrase: what you heard and repeat back to them. Be empathetic: feeling what the other person is feeling

Paralanguage

All the variations in a person's voice other than the actual words she or she uses, such as: rhythm, pitch, loudness, rate (vocal, but nonverbal — can be silence too) Good examples of distinctive paralanguage are the sounds we make — without using any words at all — that can tell people what we're feeling.

(VDR):

Alot of looking can also communicate dominance and status. (VDR): The visual dominance ratio = "look-speak"/"look-listen" High-status people tend to us a higher VDR than people of lower status do.

Social Zone:

Businesslike interactions 4 to 12 feet away

FIVE TYPES OF CONTEXTS THAT AFFECT THE TRANSACTION MODEL: CULTURAL

CULTURAL: beliefs, values, behavior based off of a group (demographics: gender, income status, different state cultures, marital status, age) Our culture identity What we learn from the culture we are surrounded by that cause us to communicate with people in a specific way.

What is CHANNEL in the transactional model of communication

Channel is a pathway used to send a message; how it is sent. The pathway used to communicate to somebody; to communicate the message. (Verbal, other objects, face to face, computer, phone, projector) Channels can affect the way the message is received (example: phones can cause miscommunication). The further away the channel is, the more miscommunication can happen. FACE TO FACE is best in order to prevent miscommunication.

What is FEEDBACK in the transactional model of communication

Feedback is the response. Sender and receiver are interchangable. Communication is continuous (always happening). It (communication) is also multichannel (don't only communicate face-to-face. Can be through the phone, gestures, body language, etc. MANY ways to communicate). It can be intentional and unintentional, this can be due to different perspectives and perceptions of the message itself.

FIVE TYPES OF CONTEXTS THAT AFFECT THE TRANSACTION MODEL: HISTORICAL

HISTORICAL: past experiences (past experiences affect your future interactions.) This affects how you communicate with others in the future. Previous experience with the person you're communicating with Previous experiences with relationships of the same kind

Impression Management (I.M):

Impression Management (I.M): self-presentation techniques individuals use to manipulate the impressions formed by others (face) I.M can be conscious or unconscious

Because facial expressions are so informative, people sometimes try to control them by:

Intensifying (or exaggerating) them Minimizing (or lessening them) Neutralizing (or withholding) them Masking (or replacing) them with other emotions Display rules, cultural norms that dictate what emotions are appropriate in particular situations, influence our efforts to control our expressions. However, even when people try to control their expressions, the truth may leak out. Feigned expression usually differ from authentic expressions Short flashes of real emotion, or microexpressions, can be visible during a momentary lapse of control.

TOUCH

Its the first form of communication we receive. Touching helps to define relationships. It conveys closeness and affection. Partners touch each other more as their relationship becomes more intimate. And loving touches from a partner are actually good for our healt

Looking glass self:

Looking glass self: you see the image of yourself that others reveal to you. People's actions and reactions toward you, help you figure out who you are. How other people responded to you and communicated to you, tells you who you are. We are more likely to believe someone if they say something we've heard repeatedly. We are more likely to believe it through someone's actions. We value others statements if we perceive them to be credible.

FIVE TYPES OF CONTEXTS THAT AFFECT THE TRANSACTION MODEL: PHYSICAL

PHYSICAL: Environment; setting (where are you when/while you are communicating). Temperature (excessive heat or cold)(if you're too hot, you may not pay attention), surroundings (noisy)

In the transactional model of communication, there are two types of noise:

Physical noise and Internal noise

What is physical noise in the transactional model of communication

Physical noise is EXTERNAL NOISE. In the environment that is causing distraction for one or both of you that prevents you from properly absorbing the info that is being sent based off the external noise. (ex: construction, someone's chair moving, pen, alarm, door opening, typing, talking). Breaks the flow of communication (the channel). The noise will affect how the person receives the message.

What is internal noise in the transactional model of communication

Psychological noise: thoughts; self-talk; intra(internal)personal communication, internal noise: INTERNAL noise. Where you talk to someone, but you go into your own lala land type of thoughts. Self-talk stems from how you see yourself.

FIVE TYPES OF CONTEXTS THAT AFFECT THE TRANSACTION MODEL: PSYCHOLOGICAL

Psychological: Emotion; mood. The way it affects you, im irritable BECAUSE im tired. The way it affects the whole thing. Happy, anxious, angry, hungry, tired, excited. Psychological noise most often results in defensiveness that blocks the flow of communication between sender and receiver.

Between the receiver and the messenger, who is the most important in the transactional model of communication

RECEIVER is the most important because they get to perceive the message. Your perception of the situation is YOUR reason for YOUR actions. Your perception of your relationship/interpretation DETERMINES your happiness.

REVERSE HALO EFFECT (HORN EFFECT):

Same as halo, but opposite) When you are exposed to one or multiple negative qualities, you assume that they have many others. - If you dislike a quality about someone, you'll have a negative predisposition toward other things about them.

Self concept:

Self concept: who you think you are. (your opinion on how you think you are. May not be accurate).

Social comparison:

Social comparison: a way of developing the self-concept by comparing yourself to peers

FIVE TYPES OF CONTEXTS THAT AFFECT THE TRANSACTION MODEL: SOCIAL

Social: role (relationship between sender and receiver); status (parent to child; teacher to student; boss to worker) - Norms within thee social interactions that affect the current interaction (employer-employee, parent-child)

Gazing Behavior

The direction and amount of a person's looking behavior are also influential. Looking at someone can communicate interest and affection Strangers who spend time gazing into each other's eyes tend to like each other.

transactional model of communication

You do it with everything -- at work, with friends, with family, in communicating in general.

Self-fulfilling prophecy:

a prediction that comes true because you act on it as if it were true.

Interpersonal perception:

a series of processes whereby you select, organize, and interpret others. 1. Select: the choosing of different information Based off of your needs, interests, and expectations 2. Organize: arrange the info accordingly 3.Interpret: using all that you have selected and organized, you then apply meaning to it.

FIVE STRATEGIES OF IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT: Supplication:

appearing inept or infirm (weak or incapable) to elicit help from others. (EX: oh i'm too tired to do my chores, can you do it for me? I had a long day today)

FIVE STRATEGIES OF IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT: Aligning Actions:

attempts to define apparently questionable conduct as actually in line with cultural norms. (making an excuse for your questionable behavior — when someone reacts and questions your actions, you make an excuse or trying to justify). (ex: yeah, me and my bf fight, BUT ALL COUPLES FIGHT).

What is MESSAGE in the transactional model of communication

can be in the form of verbal or nonverbal (laughing, smiling, facial expressions, sighing, the things around your surroundings, etc)

FIVE STRATEGIES OF IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT: Ingratiation:

do favors, give compliments, find commonalities Ingratiation do this in order to get someone to think positively about you

Public Zone:

formal interactions at larger distances

Self serving bias:

ke responsibility for positive things in their relationship, deny responsibility for negative.

Kinesics: (5)

study of communication through body movement 5 different types of body movement: Emblems: substitute for words ( middle finger, thumbs up) Illustrators: actions that accompany and reinforce a word. Ex: when catching a fish you say, "it was this big," + shaking your head Adaptors: unconsciously satisfy a personal need/tension. (adjusting of glasses, yawning, tap the desk, shake your leg.) Affect Display: showing of emotions and feelings

Personal zone:

the area 1 ½ to 4 feet away, used for interactions with friends and acquaintances.

Intimate zone:

the area within 1 ½ feet of the front of our chests.

primary effect

using what we hear/see first (Ex: First impressions, social media: images of them)

Recency effect:

what we hear/see last is most important (Ex: What have you done for me lately?)

HALO EFFECT

when only exposed to a few positive qualities, then you're likely to assume they have others of the same kind. Rapid decision-making. (Ex: physical attractiveness: deem someone who is good looking in a positive light) - What is beautiful good theory: if you're good looking, you're seen in a positive light. Someone who is good looking, is considered good.