Intro to Criminal Justice Chapters 1-2

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what are the stages of the wedding cake model of justice

I- celebrated cases II- serious felonies III- less serious felonies IV- misdemeanors

how is crime measured

UCR- unified crime reports NCVS- national crime victimization study self report surveys

what factors influence the crime rate

age structure of population immigration economy/jobs abortion gun availability gang membership drug use media medical technology aggressive law enforcement tough sentences cultural change criminal opportunity

what is the equal justice perspective of justice

all people should be treated equally before the law, regardless of past behavior. unequal and inconsistent treatment leads to distrust and disrespect of the system. standardize treatment in the justice system so everyone who commits the same crime is treated the same way

what is the criminal justice system involved in

apprehension, prosecution, and control of those charged with criminal offenses

how does the economy influence the crime rate

bad economy means increased crime in the past

what was the modern era of justice

began in 1950s with series of research projects, focus was on criminal justice process

what is biosocial theory

behavior is function of interaction of biochemical, neurological, and genetic factors with environmental stimulus

what is the criminal justice assembly line's importance

checks and balances

what was the professional association that was formed and began the reorganization of the criminal justice system

chicago crime commission- acted as a citizens advocate group, kept track of activities of local justice agencies

what are the crime theories for why people commit crimes

choice biosocial psychological social structure social process conflict developmental

how does UCR measure crime

collects data on part 1 crimes from reports from police agencies. rape, murder, aggravated assault, etc. only includes crimes reported, depends on police departments submitting reports, doesn't include federal crimes

what are the 3 views of crime

consensus conflict interactionist

what is the noninterventionist perspective of justice

contact with justice system gives offenders a stigma, which locks them into a criminal way of life. decriminalize and legalize nonserious victimless crimes, like weed possession, and remove nonviolent offenders from prison system. less is better- decriminalize, divert, and deinstitutionalize whenever possible

why is ethical behavior so important in corrections

corrections officers have significant coercive power over offenders, can't use excessive force or take advantage over inmates' powerlessness

what are the 6 perspectives of justice

crime control rehabilitation due process noninterventionist equal justice restorative justice

why was crime higher in 19th and early 20th century

criminal gangs formed before civil war, turned into organized crime families

what is psychological theory

criminality caused by psychological factors psychoanalytic- criminals driven by unconscious thought patterns that control behavior, mental illness attachment theory- failure to develop proper attachments may cause psychological disorder- don't bond with parents, can't form relationships behavioral theory- behavior patterns are modeled and learned in interactions- exposed to violence as kids cognitive theory- lack ability to perform normal cognitive functions- act without thinking, don't understand others feelings criminal personality- hyperactivity and impulsiveness- psychopathic, antisocial, sociopathic personalities, have disturbed personality, high intelligence

what is the rehabilitation perspective of justice

criminals are victims of social inequality and poor circumstances. punishment won't deter them, but proper treatment can prevent crimes before they occur. better to treat than punish, criminals are society's victims, helping others is part of american culture, convicted criminals can be treated within the justice system with counseling

what does the defense attorney do

defends the suspect

what is developmental theory

disruptions in life's major transitions can be destructive and promote criminality, as people mature the factors that influence their behavior change

what are crime patterns

ecological gender race class age career offending

what is the due process perspective of justice

fair and equal treatment for those accused of crimes, even the most apparently guilty. everyone deserves full array of constitutional rights and privileges, preserve democratic ideals over the need to punish the guilty, scrutinize decisions in the justice system carefully, treat all defendants fairly regardless of sex, race, socioeconomic status, religion, or ethnicity

what are victim patterns

gender age income marital status race ecological factors victim-offender relationships repeat victimization

how do self report surveys measure crime

given in prison anonymously, have to rely on criminals to be honest about past crimes. reveals the stuff that isn't reported and wasn't caught

what are examples of how poor economy influenced the crime rate in history

great depression, vietnam war, etc

what is the crime control perspective of justice

harsher punishments, and people won't dare to break the law again. swift, certain, and severe punishment would mean fewer people commit crimes. purpose of justice system is to deter crime through application of justice. more efficient system means more effective. justice system isn't equipped to treat people, but rather to investigate crimes, apprehend suspects, and punish the guilty

what is conflict theory

human behavior is shaped by interpersonal contact, economic and political forces in society are fundamental causes of criminality. crimes are defined in way that meets needs of ruling class and elites

what is social process theory

interactions with key social institutions (family, school, peers, military service, job) shape behavior

what is a grand jury responsible for

investigating alleged crimes, examining evidence, and issuing indictments

what does the judge do

keeps the trial going

what and when was the first police department

london metropolitan police 1829

why are ethics so important in criminal justice

moral ambiguity is the norm, enormous power is granted to criminal justice employees

what is interactionist view of crime

morals, reflects contemporary values. ex: weed is legal some places now

what are examples of crime patterns

more crime in summer, more in west coast and in south than the midwest and new england, less crime in rural and suburb than urban areas, more crime for males than females, etc

why didn't the crime rate increase with the poor economy in the 2000s

more government assistance for the unemployed now than ever before

what is the restorative justice perspective of justice

more humane system, enable offenders to appreciate damage they caused, make amends, and reintegrate into society. police use mediation techniques to settle disputes instead of formal arrest

what was the group formed that started the era of treatment and rehabilitation

national commission on law observance and enforcement, aka wickersham convention. created by president hoover in 1931

is crime a recent development

no, part of society for ages- higher crime rate in 19th and 20th centuries than now, probably

what is choice theory

people choose to commit crimes of their own free will, most people have potential to break law, weigh risk/reward, consider punishments

what are the 3 parts of the criminal justice system

police courts corrections

why is ethical behavior so important in law enforcement

police officers have the authority to deprive people of their liberty

what is the social structure theory

position in social structure affects behavior- lower class, culture of poverty is marked by apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and mistrust of social institutions. social disorganization theory- high unemployment, deteriorated housing, low income levels, many single parent households strain theory- conflict between goals and means to obtain those goals cultural deviance theory- lower class culture develops in disorganized, poverty-ridden neighborhoods

what major component is needed for arrest to happen

probable cause

why is ethical behavior so important in courts

prosecutor must seek justice for all parties, shouldn't just be targeting a conviction, must present all evidence and uphold the law. defense attorney's job isn't to decide if client committed crime, but to provide vigorous defense and make sure client isn't convicted unless prosecution can prove its case beyond reasonable doubt

who makes up the courtroom work group

prosecutor, defense attorney, judge, & others

what does the criminal justice system do

protect the public, maintain order, enforce the law, identify transgressors, bring the guilty to justice, treat criminal behavior

what does the prosecutor do

represents the state, brings the charges

what is the consensus view of crime

right vs wrong, applies to everyone equally, law defines crime. criminal law is set of rules

what is a chronic offender

someone arrested 5+ times before they turn 18

how does NCVS measure crime

surveys victims regarding experiences with crime. problems are memory errors, don't want to report domestic cases, don't know proper legal definitions of crimes

what is criminal justice

system of law enforcement, adjudication, and correction

what is conflict view of crime

the law is a tool of the ruling class, crime is politically defined. law is to control the underclass

how is crime defined

violation of criminal law

what are the current crime trends

violence and property crimes have declined since 1990s

what is nolle prosequi

when prosecutor decides to drop a case after complaint has been formally made due to insufficient evidence, reluctant witnesses, or police error

what's an example of UCR reports

when you hear that the murder rate is down

what are examples of victim patterns

your lifestyle might put you more at risk- where you live, work, commute- things you can't change in your surroundings may make you a repeat victim. when men are the victim, usually a stranger. when women are the victim, usually someone they know. younger people more likely to be victim than older people

what are the 16 steps in formal criminal justice process

1. report of crime 2. initial contact of suspected offender 3. investigation 4. arrest 5. custody 6. charging 7. preliminary hearing/grand jury 8. arraignment 9. bail/detention 10. plea bargaining 11. trial/adjudication 12. sentencing/disposition 13. appeal/post-conviction remedies 14. correctional treatment 15. release 16. post release

when did federal involvement in criminal justice increase

1967, presidents commission on law enforcement and administration of justice


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