Intro to Criminal Justice Final Exam

Which of the following is a prisoner reentry strategy?

Parole

What is prison argot?

Prison slang

Security threat groups are prison gangs.

True

The use of ________ is increasing.

medical parole

The biggest drivers of rising incarceration rates in the United States are ________.

sentencing policies

A change of venue involves postponing the date of a trial to allow emotions to cool, as a way of ensuring a fair trial and an impartial jury.

False

A probation officer must get a search warrant before a search of a probationer's residence is permitted.

False

A sentence of "four years in prison" is an indeterminate sentence.

False

After you shoot a couple of times it is ok to lay flat on your back in a gun fight

False

An officer should allow someone to reenter their vehicle after they exited without instruction on a traffic stop.

False

Assigned counsel are full-time state employees who represent indigent defendants.

False

Correctional officers are at the top of the prison staff hierarchy.

False

If a defendant refuses to testify during a trial, the prosecution can inform the jury this is an indication that the defendant is guilty.

False

In most jurisdictions, non-citizens may serve on a jury if they have been legal residents of the U.S. for a specified minimum period of time.

False

It is normal for someone to keep grabbing a bag or reach in their car on a traffic stop. It is their property and we should not restrict that movement.

False

Offenders convicted of serious violent crimes are not eligible for probation.

False

Presentence investigations are conducted by the court.

False

Prison subcultures tend to remain stable over time, despite changes in the wider culture.

False

Rehabilitation depends on a fear of the consequences of violating the law.

False

The primary concern of correctional officers today is the effective rehabilitation of inmates.

False

Which goal of sentencing focuses on separating offenders from society to reduce opportunities for further criminality?

Incapacitation

________ is a type of sentencing plan that allows no leeway in the imposition of a sentence for a person convicted of a crime.

Mandatory sentencing

Based on the Supreme Court's ruling in Woodson v. North Carolina, when is a mandatory death sentence for first degree murder constitutional?

Never—mandatory application of the death penalty is unconstitutional.

What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States?

Probation

Which type of indigent defense involves the use of full-time salaried state employees?

Public defender programs

Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of probation and parole?

Relative lack of punishment

A defendant who is NOT indigent and who can afford private attorney fees will have which type of defense attorney?

Retained counsel

________ hearings determine whether parolees have violated the conditions of their parole.

Revocation

________ among female inmates is very high.

Substance abuse

Which of the following best describes female offenders?

Survivor of physical or sexual abuse as children

Under the indeterminate sentencing model, what is the primary determinant of the amount of time served?

The inmate's behavior while incarcerated

Which of the following is one of the three most frequent violations for which probation or parole revocation occurs?

The offender abuses alcohol or drugs while under supervision.

Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?

The offender acted under strong provocation.

Which of the following is most likely to be a special condition of probation, rather than a general condition?

The probationer must surrender his or her driver's license.

A dying declaration is an exception to the hearsay rule.

True

A judge determines guilt in a bench trial.

True

A prosecutor exercises prosecutorial discretion when deciding which witnesses to call for trial.

True

A victim may be a lay witness.

True

Actions by a suspect that indicate they may be planning an assault are called pre-attack indicators

True

Always control the hands.

True

Because federal probation officers are law enforcement officers, they have the authority to arrest.

True

Boot camp programs do not appear to have a significant impact on offender recidivism.

True

Correctional authorities may not impose punishments on inmates without appropriate due process.

True

Defendants have the constitutional right to represent themselves.

True

If someone is willing to die for something they are willing to kill for something.

True

If you have decided someone is a danger to the community and discharged your firearm, you should continue to fire until the threat is neutralized.

True

In most cases, the defendant must be present at trial.

True

Inmates who are realists tend to continue their involvement in crime after being released from prison.

True

Intensive probation supervision can be effective at reducing recidivism.

True

It is a bad idea to let someone make a phone call on a traffic stop

True

Justice reinvestment emphasizes the use of alternative sanctions for nonviolent offenders.

True

Most women's prisons do not have programs specifically designed for female offenders.

True

Non-heterosexual inmates are at greater risk of sexual victimization while incarcerated.

True

Officers should maintain a high level of physical fitness at all stages of their career.

True

Probation is more successful than parole at reducing the risk of criminal socialization.

True

Reentry courts oversee an offender's supervised release into the community.

True

Reintegration appears to be a key element in reducing recidivism rates among inmates released on parole.

True

Research suggests that electronic monitoring reduces the risk of parole revocation.

True

Residents in total institutions are generally cut off from the larger society.

True

Sexual misconduct between staff and inmates is more common in women's prisons than in men's prisons.

True

Specific deterrence focuses on reducing recidivism by convicted offenders.

True

The U.S. Supreme Court has made the federal sentencing guidelines merely advisory.

True

The death penalty may not be imposed on an adult offender if he was under the age of 18 at the time the crime was committed.

True

The indeterminate sentencing model can result in judicial discrimination based on the offender's race or social class.

True

The registered owner having an active warrant is probable cause for a traffic stop.

True

The use of fines can help reduce the problem of prison overcrowding.

True

Three-strikes laws are a form of mandatory sentencing.

True

Violation of parole conditions can result in parole revocation.

True

George has been accused of multiple crimes. Why would the prosecutor want to try George separately on each charge?

Trying charges separately would allow another trial on a new charge if George is found not guilty at a trial

________ are often considered the most forgotten people in the courtroom.

Victims

Community service and home detention are examples of ________ sentencing.

alternative

Mario is a criminal attorney with a private practice. He has been appointed by the court to serve as a defense attorney for an indigent defendant and receives a fee from the court at a rate set by the state government. Mario is a(n) ________ counsel.

assigned

The ________ keeps order in the courtroom and announces the judge's entry to the courtroom.

bailiff

Most female inmates are housed in ________.

centralized state institutions dedicated exclusively to housing female offenders

The most important form of prosecutorial discretion lies in the power to ________.

charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense

Probation is ordered by the ________.

court

General deterrence attempts to ________.

discourage potential offenders from committing crimes

Mary is sentenced to probation. The conditions she must observe apply to all probationers in the jurisdiction where she was sentenced. These are known as ________ conditions.

general

The judge ________.

holds ultimate authority in ruling on matters of law

The ________ model of prison culture suggests that inmates bring values, roles, and behavioral patterns from the outside world.

importation

A sentence of 8 to 15 years in prison is an example of ________ sentencing.

indeterminate

A subpoena ________.

is a written order requiring an individual to appear in court

An eyewitness who saw a crime being committed is an example of a(n) ________ witness.

lay

According to John Irwin, an inmate who takes advantage of the positive experiences the prison has to offer is a(n) ________.

opportunist

One of the leading formative influences on the staff culture of corrections officers is the ________.

potential threat that inmates pose

The socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture is called ________.

prisonization

Jack violated a condition of his parole. This resulted in parole ________ and he was returned to prison.

revocation

"Rookie" correctional officers learn through socialization that ________.

the ideals of professionalism rarely translate into reality

Proportionality means that ________.

there should be a direct relationship between the severity of the sanction and the seriousness of the crime

Many sexual aggressors in prison continue to participate in gang rapes because they ________.

want to avoid becoming victims themselves