Intro to Exercise Science Final Exam

What are the two peer-reviewed publications within the profession of athletic training?

1) Journal of Athletic Training 2) Athletic Training Education Journal

*Systems/components of exercise physiology

1. Energy 2. Nervous 3. Endocrine 4. Skeletal muscle 5. Cardiovascular 6. Respiratory

What are the Foundational Behaviors of Professional Practice (list)?

1. Primacy of the patient 2. Teamed approach to practice 3. Legal practice 4. Ethical practice 5. Advancing knowledge 6. Cultural competence 7. Professionalism (CLEATPP)

How many calories are there in 1g of carbohydrate, protein, fat and alcohol?

1g carb = 4 calories 1g protein = 4 calories 1g fat = 9 calories 1g alcohol = 7 calories

What is the difference between a 1st, 2nd and 3rd class lever?

A first-class lever has the axis (fulcrum) located between the weight (resistance) and the force. Rare in human body. Ex. joint between the head and the first vertebra. The weight (resistance) is the head, the axis is the joint, and the muscular action (force) come from any of the posterior muscles attaching to the skull, such as the trapezius. In a second-class lever, the weight (resistance) is located between the axis (fulcrum) and the force. Ex. found in the lower leg when someone stands on tiptoes. The axis is formed by the metatarsophalangeal joints, the resistance is the weight of the body, and the force is applied to the calcaneus bone (heel) by the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles through the Achilles tendon. In a third-class lever, force is applied between the resistance (weight) and the axis (fulcrum). Ex. elbow joint. The joint is the axis (fulcrum). The resistance (weight) is the forearm, wrist, and hand. The force is the biceps muscle when the elbow is flexed.

What is the energy currency of the body, and what are the 3 pathways used to generate ATP?

ATP is the body's usable form of energy. The three pathways include phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative pathways. Phosphagen and glycolytic pathways are anerobic. In phosphagen, a phosphate is transferred to ADP to make ATP. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and ATP via chemical reactions. Oxidation (cellular respiration) is aerobic and occurs in the mitochondria. Involves krebs cycle and ETC.

Acute vs. chronic

Acute --> single bout of exercise Chronic--> regularly performed exercise

Define energy balance.

An athlete is considered to be in energy balance when the amount of energy or calories consumed through foods and beverages is equal to the amount of calories expended. Energy intake = energy expenditure

Aerobic vs. anaerobic

Anaerobic training (sprint) increases cell's ability to produce energy from the phosphagen and glycolytic pathways. Aerobic training (endurance) increases the ability to synthesize ATP via oxidation.

*Basic vs. applied research

Basic research attempts to answer a specific research question whereas applied research revolves around a specific question with the intention of applying the new info to solve a problem.

Define kinematics, kinetics and biomechanics.

Biomechanics studies the mechanical aspects of living organisms, including the internal and external forces on the body; Kinematics is what we can visually observe when watching a body in motion; refers to study of size, sequencing, and timing of movement, w/o reference to forces. Kinetics is the analysis of the actions of forces.

What is the difference between blocked and random practice?

Blocked practice is practicing one thing until you become proficient (aiming at one target) whereas random practice is practicing different things at one (aiming at different targets). Blocked yields better results during training sessions, but random yields better results during retention tests.

What are the structures used to form levers to allow movement of the human body?

Bones, ligaments, and muscles are the structures that form levers in the body to create human movement. In simple terms, a joint (where two or more bones join together) forms the axis (or fulcrum), and the muscles crossing the joint apply the force to move a weight or resistance. Levers are typically labeled as first class, second class, or third class. All three types are found in the body, but most levers in the human body are third class.

Impact of Dr. Cooper

Came up with aerobics. Studies conduction in The Cooper Institute in the 70's examined healthy benefits of jogging and popularized need for aerobic fitness.

How can exercise training impact the nervous system? (babe im probably going way too much into depth with these next few)

Can impact NS function with respect to both somatic and autonomic divisions. Strength training results in adaptations in skeletal muscles that assists NS muscle fiber activation. Endurance training reduces sympathetic activation b/c reduces stress.

Subdisciplines of exercise science

Categorized into 5 bases of knowledge: 1) physiological (exercise physiology; sport nutrition) 2) behavioral (exercise and sport psychology; motor behavior) 3) sports medicine (athletic training) 4) biomechanical (biomechanics) and 5) social science (sport sociology; sport history)

What is Title IX?

Education Amendment Acts of 1972; opened doorways of opportunity for women. Responsible for steady growth in the number of sports teams for girls and equal treatment; schools must demonstrate proportionality (opportunities are equal for boys and girls and are proportional to enrollment number), history of progress (continuing history of expanding women's rights), and accommodation of interest (everyone has accommodated the interests of women). States that "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

How can exercise training impact the endocrine system?

Endocrine: exercise activates pituitary gland to secrete growth hormones and antidiuretic hormone; exercise impacts hormones overall; endurance training reduces release of epinephrine and norepinephrine; insulin levels are higher during exercise; resistance training influences body's response to testosterone, insulin-like growth factor, and cortisol.

Define exercise science

Exercise --> participation in some quantified form of physical activity with intended purpose of improving health; exercise science --> study of how the human body responds to exercise or physical activity

How can exercise training impact the cardiovascular system? (Cardiovascular system consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood; principle function is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and carry away CO2)

Exercise affects each component of this system. Heart rate and stroke volume increase from rest to exercise. Exercise increases cardiac output. Output and heart rate are proportional to exercise intensity. This increases blood flow. The LT effects of exercising profoundly impact heart health. Heart gets bigger, stronger.

What impact does exercise have on human moods and emotions?

Exercise affects moods, feelings of depression, and levels of anxiety. Increasing evidence points to a positive association between mental health and exercise. Performance can be affected by motivation, confidence, mental imagery, and goal setting. Researchers used questionnaires to determine that acute exercise causes states of emotions that change quickly and range in intensities. Researchers found that chronic exercise involves traits, more stable psychological measures. Prolonged periods of training may be associated with negative mood changes.

How can exercise training impact the respiratory system? (Comprised of lungs and airways that conduct air flow; functions are ventilation, or drawing air in, and diffusion, or the process by which oxygen and CO2 are exchanged in blood)

Exercise induces changes in respiratory function to increase the delivery of oxygen to the lungs and the removal of CO2 from the body. Tidal volume and respiratory rate increase with exercise. Aerobic training increases maximal capacity of the lungs to breathe in air; Endurance training enhances rate of oxygen diffusion out of the lungs and into the blood

Define sport psychology.

Field encompasses wide variety of clinical, research, educational, and applied activities, focusing on the relationship of physical activity to mental well-being and various mental factors related to performance enhancement.

Provide a brief description of the following careers: forensic biomechanist, ergonomist, researcher in the private sector or military.

Forensic biomechanist: consultation, analysis, and expert witness testimony regarding various technical issues in personal injury, product liability, and criminal matters. Investigate and analyze injury biomechanics primarily in automotive collisions as well as sport/recreation, slip/trip and fall, occupational/industrial accidents, and criminal matters. Ergonomist: concerned with the safety and efficiency of equipment, systems and transportation. They use scientific information to ensure the health, comfort and protection of the people using them and, due to the nature of the work, can find themselves in a wide range of environments. Researcher: Biomechanical researchers are involved in conducting research assignments on topics like biomechanics and kinesiology

What are position statements?

Formal statements related to specific topic areas in the profession that have been developed by experts in athletic training. Based on extensive research data and clinical outcomes

What is the NATA?

Formed in 1938; highly-structured organization with a well-defined internal governance structure to guide its members and leaders. Organizes athletic trainers and holds meetings; the professional membership association for certified athletic trainers and others who support the athletic training profession

ACSM

Founded in 1954; helped solidify importance of exercise to a healthy life; major voice in the area of exercise and sport performance; goal was to expand knowledge of the exercise responses in healthy individuals and in highly trained athletes

How can exercise training impact the skeletal muscle system?

Has a big impact on skeletal muscle function. Aerobic training will increase endurance capacity of three fiber types (slow twitch (type 1), fast twitch (type 2a), and fast twitch (type 2b)). Strength training does not enhance energy of muscle fiber but will result in an increase in strength.

Provide a brief description of the following careers: Health Promotion/Advocacy (government), Sport Journalism, Sport Historian.

Health advocates promote healthier living and educate people on the best ways to achieve healthy lifestyles. They work for a university, government body, or any number of environments, and are often responsible for identifying potential threats to public health. Sport journalists deal with reporting game statistics, interviewing coaches and players and offering game commentary. You can work in a variety of media, including radio, television and print. Sport historians study sports from a variety of different time periods and cultures in order to better understand how sports function in society.

Provide a brief description of the following careers: sport psychologist in higher education, sport psychologist private practice (working with professional teams or individuals)

Higher education: teaching, researching, working with athletes; Private practice: working with sports teams at pro level; work with military

Harvard Fatigue Lab

Influenced growing interest in exercise science; founded in 1927 by David Dill; greatly increased our knowledge in key areas of exercise physiology; conducted a lot of research and published around 330 papers before closing in 47; studied metabolic responses to exercise, environmental stress, aging-induced changes, etc.

What is the difference between a macronutrient and a micronutrient?

Macronutrients vary in the way that they are digested, processed, and stored and in what ways they affect exercise and health. Three primary macronutrients include carbs, proteins, and fats. Micronutrients are substances the body requires in small amounts, including vitamins and minerals. Includes, for example, calcium, iron, and antioxidants.

What is the difference between massed and distributed practice?

Massed practice refers to practicing in one long time interval with short rest periods. Distributed practice refers to practice with long rest intervals during a session. General consensus is that distributed practice yields better results.

Define the law of practice.

Maximizing the number of practice trials; More practice leads to more learning; Change in performance is rapid at first then improves at a slower pace over time

Give a brief description of performance enhancement techniques: mental imagery, goal setting.

Mental imagery, or visualization, is a process of internalized mental rehearsal that involves multi-sensory representations of an athlete's competitive experiences. The goal is to reproduce athletic experience as closely as possible so that the person feels as if he is actually performing the sport. This technique appears to have a positive impact on motor skill learning. Goal setting refers to setting goals, which focuses an individual's attention on relevant cues and tasks needed for success. Outcome goals refer to the desired results of a competition. Performance goals indicate the athlete's desired standard. Process goals are concerned with how an athlete performs a skill or strategy.

Define motor behavior, motor control and motor learning.

Motor behavior refers to the study of human movement or action. It involves two overlapping themes: motor control and motor learning. Motor control focuses on the processes that underlie the production of movement in health and disease whereas motor learning focuses on how skilled movements are acquired, including the optimal conditions for learning new motor skills.

*Important discovery in early 20th century

Muscles are powered by carbs, not by heat; evidenced by buildup of lactic acid in fatigued muscles

What was the conclusion (major finding) of the study by Ciolac and Greve (2011)?

Overweight/obese women displayed impaired heart rate response to exercise. Both groups improved muscle strength, but only normal weight women improved CR fitness and HR response to exercise. These results suggest that exercise-induced improvements in CR fitness and HR response to exercise may be impaired in overweight/obese postmenopausal women.

*Antoine Lavoisier's discovery

Oxygen uptake increased with physical exertion

*Health promotion vs. sport performance

Physiological components of health include cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition. Physiologic variables related to sport performance include speed, strength, power, agility, and quickness.

Define exercise physiology

Physiology --> study of human function Exercise physiology --> study of how the body functions during physical exertion that is carefully quantified

*Fernand LaGrange

Published first textbook of exercise physiology (The Physiology of Bodily Exercise)

Define resting metabolic rate.

RMR is the number of calories expended to maintain the body's life-sustaining processes during 24 hours. BMR and REE (resting energy expenditure) are considered synonymous with RMR. It can be calculated by measurement of gas exchange using metabolic cart. RMR is affected by age, sex, muscle mass, health, hormones, etc.

What is meant by sociological imagination?

Refers to the ability to see the interconnections between individual experiences and broader social forces; helps distinguish between personal troubles and social issues.

Provide a brief description of the following careers: exercise physiologist, clinical exercise physiologist, strength and conditioning coach, fitness instructor.

Registered clinical exercise physiologist: work in clinical setting where exercise reveals therapeutic benefits to people with cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, orthopedic, immunological, inflammatory, or neuromuscular diseases. Works with high-risk group and teaches them exercises; they evaluate patients and teach them about fitness. Strength and conditioning coach: fitness and physical performance professional who uses exercise prescription; also help with injury prevention; develop sport-specific strength. Exercise physiologist: analyzes patient's fitness to help them improve health; works with patients with diseases; boost athletes' performance; use evaluation tools to design a fitness program; Fitness instructor: teach exercise in a group setting; lead, instruct, and motivate individuals or groups in exercise activities

Give a brief description of techniques used to reduce pre-performance anxiety: relaxation, thought redirection

Relaxation techniques reduce emotional and physical sensations of stress, as well as stressful thoughts. If you can learn to relax your breathing and reduce your muscle tension, your mind will follow. Deep breathing and meditation are examples. Positive-Thought-Redirection is a great way of dealing with intrusive, negative thoughts. As negative thoughts pop up during your daily life, you issue a "stop" command which acts to stop the negative thought in its tracks. Once the unnecessary, negative or burdensome thought is stopped, you then redirect your mind to a more positive thought about the situation you are confronting.

Define athletic training as a field of study.

Specialty that deals with prevention, recognition, management, and rehabilitation of injuries resulting from exercise.

Provide a brief description of the following careers: speech language pathologist, occupational therapist, orthotist, prosthetist.

Speech language: work to prevent, assess, diagnose, and treat speech, language, social communication, cognitive-communication, and swallowing disorders in children and adults. Occupational: help people improve their ability to perform tasks in their daily living and working environments; serve people with mental, physical, developmental, or emotional conditions; help clients regain work skills. Orthotists and prosthetists: assist patients with disabling conditions of the limbs and spine by fitting and preparing orthopedic braces and prostheses

Provide a brief description of the following careers: sport nutritionist (academia), sports nutritionist (private practice), and sports nutritionist (food companies)

Sport nutritionist professor: teach courses, conduct research, write shit, serve as community resource. Sports nutritionist private practice: provide individual nutrition plans for clinical needs, assess biochemical tests, provide nutritional counseling, conduct group workshops. Sport nutritionist food companies: assist research and development, design marketing plans, evaluate new products, serve as liaison to consumers.

Explain the following careers: Sports lawyer, high school athletic director, exercise epidemiologist (research), epidemiologist (government), and hospital epidemiologist

Sports lawyer: act as both a Lawyer and an Agent, representing the legal and financial interests of clients, which include Players, Coaches, and teams; HS AD: oversees all the school's sports, sets athletic policies within the school and sees that they are followed, as well as ensures that the school follows rules; EE (academia): researchers conduct large-scale epidemiological studies to increase understanding of the importance of engaging in regular physical activity and limiting sedentary behaviors in the prevention of disease; Epidemiologist (gov): public health professionals who investigate patterns and causes of disease and injury in humans. Hospital: support the institution's mission of research, teaching, and patient care; to promote patient safety by reducing the risk of acquiring and transmitting infections

Provide a brief description of the following careers: sports medicine physician, athletic trainer, physical therapist, kinesiotherapist.

Sports medicine physician: A physician with specialized training who promotes lifelong fitness and wellness, and encourages prevention of illness and injury. Helps patient maximize function and minimize disability and time away from sports, work, or school. AT: provide preventative and primary care to people across the life span who have gotten injured during physical activity. PT: help injured or ill people improve their movement and manage their pain. Deal with rehabilitation, treatment, and prevention of patients with chronic conditions, illnesses, or injuries. Kinesiotherapist: develop and monitor exercise programs to help people regain muscle strength and function lost due to injury or disease. Some focus on specific types of patients or conditions. They guide patients through therapeutic exercise, aquatic therapy, learning to walk, using prosthetics/orthotics and developing a lifelong exercise regimen.

Define sports nutrition. What is the difference between general nutrition and sports nutrition?

Sports nutrition deals with the role nutrients play in performance, health, and well-being of athletes.

Epidemiology

The branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

What impact has Title IX had on women and sport?

The impact has been far and wide. It has influenced the following: equal access to higher education, career education, protection for pregnant and parenting students, equal access to academia, changing gender stereotypes, fighting sexual harassment, access to athletics, scholarships, increased self-confidence in girls.

What was the conclusion (major finding) of the study by Cowden (2016)?

The results found that EI was a predictor of MT and that the relationship bw EI and coping effectiveness was mediated by MT. Findings suggest that EI may be important mechanism through which mentally tough responses are generated. The attributes of MT account for superior coping effectiveness reported in athletes high in EI.

Give examples of non-traditional areas where sport psychology is utilized. (Idk I think this answer is right)

Topics in which sport psychology is used include coach-athlete relationships, eating disorders in athletes, psychological factors of injury and rehab, team cohesion, and attentional focus.