Intro to landforms exam 1
Which of the following is FALSE?
hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon made as a starting point for further investigation Evolution is a fact because we know that it happens Global Warming is an indisputable fact because we have recorded rising temperatures in our instruments -------A hypothesis is something you prove; not something you test A theory can be used to make predictions
Complete the following sentence using one of these concepts: Theory, Fact, Law, Prediction.This scientific concept is a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describe some phenomenon of nature usually through a mathematical formula. This concept is called a
law
Aided by the article on the Law of Segregation by Gregor Mendel, match each of these premises with the correct concept. Gregor Mendel's photo is provided for illustration purposes [4]
observation(facts)-parents and offspring have similar characteristics but not the same questions asked by Mendel-how are the traits of parents passed to the next generation hypothesis- characteristics of pea plants are passed from parents to offspring testing the hypothesis- Mendel chose pea plants and measured their characteristics
The setting and rise of the sun are an effect of Earth's-----around its imaginary-----. When the Earth's imaginary rotational ----meets the surface, we call these locations-----. As Earth is rotating it is also circling around the Sun. This is called----- . Earth's rotational axis is not perpendicular to its orbit. This rotational axis is------ , with one part leaning towards the Sun and another part leaning away. The result is that different parts of our planet get different amounts of heat depending on the time of the year. We call these changing patterns of weather conditions throughout the year the------ . The season when your part of the world leans towards the Sun is called------ , the season when it is leaning away is called------ .
rotation axis axis poles revolution tilted seasons summer winter
From the following choices, which one represents a true statement about heat flow? (Use the heat flow anomalies map below.)
Heart flow rates are high in mid-ocean ridge locations
The seafloor spreading theory puts together everything we know about the ocean floor. Which of the following is false?
The seafloor is the oldest at the mid-ocean ridge axis
The Fallibilism of science is a doctrine that stipulates
that we can never know the truth that fallible opinions of common sense must be corrected by science -----that it is possible our firmest scientific discoveries may need some revising in the future is reinforcing of universal doubt
In the following figure[18], magnetic poles are indicated by stars. The black lines show the imaginary meridians of the Earth. Compass needles point in the direction of the magnetic field lines. When you take out your compass, If you follow the North direction given by your compass you will end up at_
the magnetic North pole
Once we have tested many hypotheses and have separated the good ones from the bad ones we can group them together in something called
theory
Which of the following is true about theories or is a theory?
-----A theory is a well substantiated explanation acquired through the scientific method and is repeatedly tested and confirmed through experimentation and observation Theories are loosely based concepts with minimal supporting data Your dad says that he has a theory that the skies are blue because up in the stratosphere there is a large population of Smurfs . This is a valid theory. A well known personality suggests that he has a theory that the Earth is Flat.
Of the following options, select facts (observations) ONLY. (There are two correct answers)
----evolution theory of evolution by natural selection ------gravitational force theory of gravitation
Select the CORRECT options from the following (hint: more than one answer is correct, perhaps even all of them)
---Geodesy provides clear evidence into Earth's shape as an oblate spheroid ---Magellan provided indisputable evidence of Earth's shape by circumnavigating the planet ---Throughout history thinkers and scientists have described near spherical Earth model Mathematics allowed for accurate calculations of the Earth circumference even before our current era
After watching the video and studying the presented options, select the correct statements regarding time zones. (hint: more than one option is correct)
24 different time zones were initially defined along 360 degrees longitude Time zones are not universally accepted. Each country picks its geographical time zones France uses 12 different time zones China has 5 different time zones but only one is used
The angle measured by Eratosthenes of 7.2 degrees is also useful to calculate the circumference of the Earth. A circle has ---- degrees. The 7.2 measured represents a fraction of a circle that corresponds to----- (e.g. 1/3,1/4,etc). The distance between the two cities that were used in this calculation is ---- kilometers. We know that in 7.2° degrees the distance traveled along the circumference was 800 km. In 360° the distance should be ----- kilometers. This is not bad compared to the actual measure of the meridional circumference measured with satellites that give us a distance of 40,074 km!
7.2 360 1/50 800 40000
The feature in the image[23] rises from the abyssal plains and reaches elevations of only 2 km below sea level. It extends in long mountain chains for hundreds of kilometers. Its name is:
A Mid-Ocean Ridge
Select the CORRECT OPTION
Cristopher Colombus was the first one to discover that the Earth was round Flat earthers use the scientific method in their claims -----Flat earthers claim that you can only trust your own observations but at the same time neglect to see the evidence that does not support their ideas the Earth is a flat disk riding on top of a turtle
Use the following image to select the best option among the following:
If a magnet is attached to the right of this magnet with an orientation of S-N it would be attracted
We have the following two hypotheses for the origin of the Barringer crater: Formed from an explosive volcanic event, OR, formed from a meteor impact. Which of the following is a line of thought that requires experimentation?
If the impact was formed by an explosive volcanic eruption we should be able to find evidence of this explosive activity in rocks around the crater -------We can recreate an impact event by shooting small projectiles to the ground and studying the shape that is left behind and compare it to the Barringer crater If the impact was formed by a meteor impact we should find the fragments left behind by the bolide impact. If the impact was formed by an explosive volcanic eruption we should be able to find the extensive hydrothermal alteration that is characteristically found in volcanic craters
Following Wegener's example, match the landmasses on the left with their connections with other landmasses on the right using the shapes of the continents in the two figures above to guide you.
Madagascar-east africa NE South America-SW africa SE North America-NW africa SE Africa-india and antartica
Click the INCORRECT statement.
Magnetic objects attract other magnetic objects because they generate magnetic fields Earth has a geomagnetic field At the subatomic level electrons and protons are tiny magnets ----If an atom is magnetic a material made with those atoms will always be magnetic
Which of the following statements is true?
Mid-ocean ridges are locations where plates are born
Which of the following is NOT a valid hypotheses (i.e. it cannot be tested)?
My phone is broken My electrical outlet is faulty My phone battery is broken ------The phone is being affected by an invisible undetectable force
Of the following statements, which is true of paleomagnetism?
Paleomagnetism can determine the location of formation of a rock
Match the following premises with either being a hypothesis (explanation) or an observation (fact)
People get sick--observation People get sick because of evil spirits-hypothesis people can not fly-observation People are lactose intolerant because of dark energy-hypothe.
Which of the following is characteristic of science?
Science approaches experiments trying to prove a hypothesis Science uses only logical tests to address a hypothesis without experimentation The scientific method can only address big ideas ----------Science is always making discoveries; it is never static and is always evolving
When we say that the scientific method is empirical, what do we mean? Which option relates to the collection of facts?
Science is always trying to find the truth Science is based on logical thinking Science is only applicable to things that we can see ----Scientific findings can be quantified and theories can be reevaluated
After reading this section and watching the video above, select the INCORRECT option among the following:
Sonar and LIDAR techniques are used to map the ocean floor -----Continental shelf is a steep area Mid-Ocean Ridges are long features in the ocean floor Trenches make the deepest places on Earth
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
The ages of the polarities and the rocks that contain them get progressively younger with increasing distance from the mid-ocean ridge axis
The magnetic field of the Earth is produced by_
The churning of a liquid outer core as the Earth rotates
Inclination is the tilting of a compass needle from the horizontal as it tries to align with the Earth's magnetic field lines. See the insert in the figure below that illustrates the concept of inclination and how this unusual compass always aligns parallel to the magnetic field lines. After carefully studying the figure[21] select the correct option
The inclination of a compass needle at the North Magnetic Pole is perpendicular to the surface
In the figure [27] presented in this question, we are going to forget for a second about magnetite crystals contained in basalts on the ocean floor. In the illustration, you can see a boat dragging a magnetometer, here labeled "tow fish." The boat is moving from left to right, recording at the same time the intensity and direction of the magnetic field at the bottom of the ocean. The path of the "tow fish" is in dashed lines in blue. You can also see a gray line which is the value that we expect to record in the section of the seafloor. As you can see, magnetic information is plotted in this diagram as well, and two areas are defined: one over the gray baseline marked with a "+" sign and one below the gray baseline with a "-" sign. For most of the transect the magnetic data plots on the line. However, this is not always the case. Use the illustration to select the best option.
The magnetic data shows a peak (positive anomaly) at the same location where a sunken boat is later found by scuba divers
Select the correct option.
The maximum depth achieved by scuba diving is 500 meters Blue whales can reach the bottom of the oceans ------Light is absent in the bottom of the ocean The average depth of the ocean is 3000 meters
By observing the image above related to the age of the oceanic crust in ocean basins we can easily appreciate that:
The oldest crust around North America is just off-board the east coast of the United States
The following image[22] presents a series of lava flow layers. Each successive layer has a different age, with the oldest layer at the bottom and the youngest layer at the top. The inclination, measured in magnetite crystals from the bottom layers, have low values compared to the layers towards the top. The uppermost layer has crystals with recorded inclinations that are close to 90 degrees. In addition, the declination recorded in these crystals is variable. Based on these observations we can determine that:
The progressive increase in inclination as the age of the lavas get younger is consistent with a continent containing these lavas that is moving towards the pole
Which of the following is an observation (i.e. fact)?
The sky is blue due to the scattering of light --------The sky is blue at noon on a clear day The sky is blue due to reflection from the ocean The ocean is blue due to the reflection from the sky
Compare the three maps presented in this chapter: seafloor age, heat flow rates, and earthquake location map. Then, using these maps find the correct statement.
The youngest seafloor location matches the location with the highest heat flow rate and an area of earthquakes in the seafloor
Study the illustration below and select the correct option
There is a difference of 11.5 degrees between the geographic north and the magnetic north
