Intro to Logic Quiz Questions

A categorical proposition relates three or more classes of objects.

False

A disjunctive argument form is invalid.

False

A hypothetical argument or syllogism is an invalid reasoning form.

False

A sentence and a statement are equivalent concepts.

False

Affirming the disjunct is a valid form of reasoning.

False

An ad hominem fallacy takes place when the speaker diverts the attention of the audience.

False

An appeal to force fallacy uses the specific emotional response of pity to create an argument.

False

An appeal to pity fallacy uses the specific emotional response of fear to create an argument.

False

An area of the discipline of logic is metalogic. Metalogic studies the logical relations between premises and conclusions in an argument.

False

An argument is a collection of sentences one of which is said to follow from the others.

False

An argument is a collection of sentences.

False

An eternal statement is a statement that has a variable value.

False

An immediate argument is an argument that has only two premises.

False

An occasion statement is a statement that has a fixed truth value.

False

Aristotle developed an area of logic which is called statement or propositional logic.

False

Expressions such as since, because, given that are conclusion indicators.

False

Expressions such as therefore, hence, consequently are premise indicators.

False

I and E propositions are contraries

False

If an argument is deductively valid, then all premises and its conclusion must be true.

False

In the logic that we study there are an infinite amount of truth values.

False

It is impossible for an argument to be valid and still have false premises and a false conclusion.

False

Logic as a discipline was developed at the end of the 19th century.

False

O-propositions assert that part of the subject class is included in the predicate class.

False

Statement or propositional logic is a logical system that studies statements that connect with each other with connectives such as `it is possible that,' `it is necessary that,' etc

False

That biscotti ought to be good—I used only the best ingredients in it

False

The difference between formal and informal fallacies is that formal fallacies depend on the content of the argument and informal fallacies depend on the structure of the argument.

False

The focus of our class will be on inductive and abductive arguments.

False

The following is an example of a good argument: Some fruits are sweet. Some fruits are oranges. So, some fruits are sweet oranges.

False

The form of affirming the consequent is a valid form.

False

The terms "all," "no," and "some" are called copula.

False

Validity has to do with the content of an argument and not with its structure.

False

A characteristic of validity is that it preserves truth.

True

A counterexample is a specific version of an invalid argument that has true premises and a false conclusion.

True

A deductively valid argument may have false premises and a false conclusion.

True

A fallacy is a mistake in reasoning.

True

A paradox is a disagreement between people.

True

A slippery slope fallacy attempts to make a final event the inevitable outcome of an initial act.

True

A syllogism is an argument that consists of two premises and a conclusion and the premises and the conclusion are categorical propositions.

True

Affirmative and negative refer to the quality a categorical proposition.

True

An abductively good argument is an argument that tries to find the best hypothesis to explain a phenomenon.

True

An aim of logic is to criticize the arguments of others and our own.

True

An argument can have one or more false premises and still be valid.

True

An argument is a collection of statements one of which is said to follow from the others.

True

An argument is deductive valid if it does not have counterexamples.

True

An argument is deductively invalid if it is possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false.

True

An argument is deductively valid if it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false.

True

An argument may be valid even if it has a true premise, a false premise and a false conclusion.

True

An example of a paradox is the Racecourse, or Achilles and the Tortoise.

True

An inductively good argument is an argument that makes the conclusion highly likely.

True

An invalid argument is one in which the conclusion does not follow necessarily from the premises.

True

Contradictories are pairs of propositions in which one is the negation of the other.

True

Contraries are pairs of propositions that cannot both be true at the same time, but can both be false at the same time.

True

Denying the antecedent is an invalid form.

True

E and I propositions are contradictories

True

E-propositions assert that the entire subject class is excluded from the predicate class.

True

Examples of inductive reasoning form are statistical inferences, analogies, causal inferences.

True

It is possible in an invalid argument that all the premises are true and the conclusion is true.

True

Logic allows us to investigate the validity of arguments

True

Some common valid reasoning forms are the forms of modus ponens, and modus tollens.

True

Some fundamental concepts in logic are the concepts of validity, and truth-functionality.

True

The fallacy of equivocation is committed when the same terms is used with more than one meaning in the same argument.

True

The following is an example of a valid argument: All dogs are birds. All birds are animals that have wings. So, all dogs are animals that have wings.

True

The logician who was responsible for articulating the notion of an abductive argument was Peirce in the 19th century.

True

The truth value of a statement is that feature that makes it either true or false.

True

Through the study of logic we learn how to construct complex chains of reasoning.

True

To find a counterexample to an argument that is invalid, we first need to find the structure of the argument.

True

To find the structure of an argument we replace either whole statements or its terms with upper case letters.

True

Universal and particular refer to the quantity of a categorical proposition.

True

Which fallacy is committed in the following argument: Senator X who holds a law degree said that global warming is not a fact. Therefore, it must be true that the Earth is not getting warmer. (options: appeal to an unreliable authority, none of the above, appeal to people, appeal to force)

appeal to an unreliable authority

The following argument commits which fallacy? You had better get straight A's this year. If you don't, I will take away your car and your allowance. (options: appeal to force, appeal to people, appeal to pity, none of the above)

appeal to force

Name the type of fallacy committed and explain why the passage is an example of that type. Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good; and for this reason the good has rightly been declared to be that at which all things aim. (Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Bk. I Ch. 1) (options: composition, begging the question, appeal to people, equivocation)

begging the question

The following argument commits which fallacy? She's the best candidate for the job. I know this, because no one is better qualified. (options: begging the question, composition, appeal to people, equivocation)

begging the question

Name the type of fallacy committed and explain why the passage is an example of that type. As far as I'm concerned, we need pay no attention to the president of the college when it comes to education because he has no authority in education. He doesn't even have enough authority to prevent students from staging protest rallies. (options: slippery slope, composition, equivocation, begging the question)

equivocation

Name the type of fallacy committed and explain why the passage is an example of that type. I just know that getting the flu shot gives me the flu! Last year, I decided to get the flu vaccine and what do you know? I caught the flu. The same thing happened the year before that, and the year before that! There's no way I'm getting the flu shot again this year. I've had enough of the flu! (options: composition, false cause, straw man, ad hominem or against the person)

false cause

The composition fallacy applies to (options: statements, sentences, essays, none of the above)

none of the above

The straw man fallacy occurs when (options: none of the above, when the conclusion is assumed by the premises, one word in the same argument is used with more than one meaning, when it is directed against the person rather than the argument the person offers.)

none of the above