Intro to Marine Transportation Exam 2 (October 24, 2018)

What is the Marine Safety Manual Volume III? What document is it based on?

A collection of Coast Guard directives on licensing and manning in one handbook for easy reference. Based on regulations in the Code of Federal Regulations #46 (CFR #46)

What is a Maritime Declaration of Health? When is it filled out/filed? Who is covered? Name 3 infections diseases specifically addressed by the Maritime Declaration of Health. Failure to comply/file the form can lead to what?

A document detailing the health conditions aboard ship, "and also about any circumstances on board which are likely to cause the spread of disease." When a ship arrives in a foreign port, before any passengers or cargo are permitted to enter or leave the ship. People and animals (diseased livestock, rats, etc.) Cholera, Plague, Yellow Fever Denial of entry into port.

What is a Ship Sanitation Certificate? Who issues them? In the US? Formerly known as:

A document stating that a ship is in compliance with maritime sanitation and quarantine rules specified in the International Health Regulations issued by the World Health Organization (2005). Health authorities in authorized ports, following inspection of the ship. In the US, the Coast Guard, the Navy and the CDC can issue them. Deratification Certificate.

What does DPA stand for?

Designated Person Ashore

What does NISA stand for?

National Invasive Species Act (later amended by the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act).

What does NMC stand for? It's a division of what part of the US government? What is it?

National Maritime Center The US Coast Guard The Coast Guard's merchant mariner credentialing authority.

MGO—what does it stand for?

Marine Gas Oil

What are Articles of Agreement? AKA:

"A contract between the captain of a ship and a crew member regarding stipulations of a voyage, signed prior to and upon termination of a voyage." Foreign Articles

What does the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas say about ships that fly a particular nation's flag?

"Ships have the nationality of the state whose flag they are entitled to fly.... Ships shall sail under the flag of one State and shall be subject to its jurisdiction on the high seas."

Describe a Closed Ship Registry's typical requirements (5)

1. Citizens of that state must be the registered owners. 2. Companies may be required to be registered in that country. 3. May require ships built in that country 4. May require significant percentage of crew and licensed crew to be citizens of that country. 5. May require vessels to be classified by national classification society.

UK Merchant Shipping Act of 1850: what 2 reforms is it known for?

1. Created a wreck registry. 2. Institutionalized the investigation of shipwrecks. (I think this is the UK Merchant Shipping act of 1854)

Name 7 items typically found on a contract for bunker fuel (D,SGQ,SR,P,C,TL,RBI,RSMR)

1. Delivery 2. Specifications/grades/quanity 3. Sampling requirements 4. Price 5. Claims 6. Time limits (?) 7. Requirement that buyer has insurance 8. Relieves seller of most responsibilities in the event of a spill

Name 5 requirements of the ISM Code

1. Designated person ashore—to verify that SMS plan and other reforms are in place 2. Master's Overriding Authority 3. Emergency Preparedness—SMS Plan 4. Documentation 5. Periodical inspections and certifications

Collision Regulations of 1862: what 2 reforms are they known for?

1. Formalizes lighting and signaling of vessels. 2. How ships conduct themselves when meeting.

Name some of the areas covered by a Ship Sanitation Certificate (8 listed here)

1. Head accommodations 2. Stateroom accommodations 3. Vessel hygiene 4. Food/food preparation hygiene 5. Drinking water 6. Laundry services 7. Lighting 8. Medical services

Name 5 Classification Societies

1. Lloyd's Register 2. ABS (American Bureau of Shipping) 3. DNV-GL (Det Norske Veritas-Germanischer Lloyd) 4. Korean Register of Shipping 5. Indian Register of Shipping

Name 4 benefits to ship owner of an open registry. 3 Drawbacks:

1. Lower fees 2. Lower regulations 3. Lax enforcement of these regulations 4. No barriers to entry 1. Countries can deny entry to ships flagged with disreputable registries. 2. Lower reputation 3. Higher insurance costs.

Name 6 kinds of pollution that are regulated by MARPOL.

1. Oil 2. Garbage 3. Sewage 4. Air pollution 5. Plastics 6. Chemicals

Name the 3 types of ships' registries

1. Open 2. Closed 3. Hybrid

Name 4 countries with open registries

1. Panama 2. Liberia 3. Marshall Islands 4. Malta

Name 4 kinds of vessels that are exempt from SCTW standards.

1. Private vessels not engaged in trade, 2. Government owned and operated vessels, 3. fishing vessels, 4. "wooden ships of primitive build."

Name 3 services a Classification Society performs

1. Publishes its own classification rules. 2. Verifies compliance with the rules. 3. Publishes a register of classed ships.

Benefits of a bunker fuel purchase contract

1. Requires sellers to produce a quality product. 2. Using correct-specification fuel maximizes performance and fuel economy, while minimizing damage to the engines.

The Plimsoll Act of 1876: 1. What was its purpose 2. How did it accomplish this?

1. Stop the overloading of merchant ships. 2. By mandating the painting of loading lines on the hulls of ships: if the line is above the waterline, the ship is not overloaded. If it is below the waterline, the ship is overloaded.

Name three benefits to being registered in a closed ships' registry:

1. To qualify for cabotage trade (US port to US port, for example) 2. National subsidies 3. Better reputation

When are Jones Act waivers granted?

1. When no ships for a particular trade are available. 2. following disasters—Puerto Rico hurricane, Gulf of Mexico oil spill 3. To re-flag vessels that used to be US-flagged.

What happened in the North Sea in the winter of 1820?

2,000 ships and 20,000 crew lost. Prompted era of regulation of the maritime industry to make it safer.

How many samples are taken during a sale of bunker fuel? Who do they go to?

5— 2 to the seller 3 to the buyer. These are kept on the ship. 1 is saved for MARPOL, and can be used to identify the source of a fuel spill.

Under SCTW, how much rest does a sailor get every 24 hours? Divided into how many rest periods? How many hours of rest in a 7 day period?

A minimum of 10 hours. No more than two rest periods, one of them at least 6 hours long. 77 hours in 7 days.

Describe a hybrid registry

A mix of features of open and closed registries. Lower taxes, fewer crew and ownership requirements, etc.

What are the Manila amendments? (3) They're amendments to what?

Amendments to the SCTW that address rest periods, fitness for duty, and job proficiency for mariners.

What does ABS stand for?

American Bureau of Shipping.

What does AMO stand for? Who do they represent?

American Maritime Officers Deck and Engine officers

Describe an open registry

Basically the reverse of all the closed registry restrictions: 1. Non citizens allowed to own and work, and register vessels. 2. Ships don't need to built in the state. 3. Lower taxes

What is a BAF?

Bunker Adjustment Factor—adjusts freight rate to accommodate rising fuel prices.

Explain how a steam engine works

Burning coal heats water into superheated steam, which turns a propeller or the wheels on a locomotive.

How are ships classified? How often?

By surveys of equipment to ensure that standards are being met. Periodically, as the ships age, to ensure they are still in compliance.

How is fuel sold? Why is it sold that way?

By weight—volume and density change with temperature.

What does COI stand for? What are they?

Certificate of Inspection Documents that certify that the ship has passed a Coast Guard inspection.

What does DNV-GL stand for?

Det Norske Veritas-Germanischer Lloyd

How often are Coast Guard Certificates of Inspection renewed? How often does the Coast Guard inspect commercial vessels for compliance with safety and equipment regulations?

Every 5 years. (Out of the water inspection) Every 1 year (In the water)

What's another name for an open registry? Acronym?

Flag of Convenience (FOC)

Describe the relationship between Flag States and Classification Societies

Flag states can delegate their regulatory/classification/certification duties to the societies. (SOLAS, MARPOL and load line conventions, etc.)

Describe the Mate position and its duties

Generic term for member of the deck crew who performs all the licensed duties not performed by the captain. On larger ships the duties are shared by the Chief Mate, Second Mate and Third Mate.

Describe the Chief Mate's position and duties: How does a person move from Second Mate to Chief Mate? Head of... Reports to... Responsible for (3)

Head of the deck department Reports to the Master By accruing 360 more days of sea time and passing licensing tests. Responsible for CARGO operations: loading, unloading and stowage plans. In charge of MAINTENANCE of deck and cargo equipment. Oversees Safety Management System (SMS) and ensures SAFETY equipment is in good working order.

Describe the Chief Engineer's job Describe their 6 subordinates

Head of the engineering department 1st, 2nd and 3rd Assistant Engineer Electrician—maintains electrical systems and refrigerated containers Oiler—maintaining and cleaning engine equipment Wiper—entry level maintenance position: cleaning and maintenance

HFO—what does it stand for?

Heavy Fuel Oil

IFO 180—what does it stand for? What is it a combination of? (RODO)

Intermediate Fuel Oil Mix of residual oil and 2% distillate oil.

IFO 380—what does it stand for? What is it a combination of?

Intermediate Fuel Oil 88% Residual Oil, 12% Distillate Oil

What does IBU stand for? Who do they represent?

International Boatman's Union Limited tonnage crews

What does IMO stand for? What is it part of? What is its purpose? Limitations of the IMO

International Maritime Organization The United Nations Creates the codes that regulate the international maritime industry It has no enforcement powers; member nations must enact their regulations into law for them to become binding.

What does IOMMP stand for? Why was it formed?

International Order of Masters, Mates and Pilots To protect a Master after he was sued and criminally charged for prioritizing passenger and crew safety over protection of the vessel.

What does ISM Code stand for? What's its main innovation? What prompted the institution of the ISM Code? When was it adopted, and by whom? What is the ISM Code's purpose? What does it require ship owners to do? It also requires a Designated Person...

International Safety Management Code. The SMS Plan—Safety Management System Plan The 1984 sinking of the RORO ship Herald of Free Enterprise. 1994 by the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea To "provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for pollution prevention." Implement a Safety Management System (SMS) aboard ship. Designated Person Ashore to serve as link between shore staff and crew.

What does ISPS Code stand for? What is it? What inspired it?

International Ship and Port [Facility] Security Code A 2004 amendment to the SOLAS Convention (1974/1988) that addresses the security of ships and port facilities. Instituted after 9/11

Second Mate: describe and explain duties. How does a person move from Third Mate to Second Mate? They may also be..... What watch do they usually stand?

Licensed member of the deck, also focused on watchkeeping and navigation. By accruing 360 days of sea time. Stands 12-4 watch. The ship's medical officer. Basically a more experienced Third Mate.

LNG—what does it stand for?

Liquid Natural Gas

First ship's registry: First categories (2)? Used for what?

Lloyds of London (1760) Good or bad. Used to set insurance rates.

LSFO——what does it stand for?

Low Sulfur Fuel Oil

Third mate: desc. Duties focused on two areas: Typical watch: Communication duties: Must understand (2) to manage _____, and to ____ _____ in the most precise and ____ manner.

Lowest licensed member of the deck department. Duties focused on watchstanding and safety. Typical watch: 8-12 and 2000-0000. Understand weather and safety messages, communicate with other ships and coast stations, and interact with a multilingual crew. Must understand ships construction and physics to manage emergencies at sea, and to load cargo in the most precise and balanced manner.

MDO—what does it stand for?

Marine Diesel Oil

What does MFOW[T] stand for?

Marine Fireman, Oiler and Water-tenders

MARPOL: What does it stand for? What prompted the creation of the act?

Marine Pollution act of 1973 Wreck of the Torrey Canyon supertanker in 1967. The largest oil spill at the time, as well as the largest ship ever wrecked; still the worst in UK history.

What does MSC stand for? Part of what US agency? What does it do?

Marine Safety Center (US Coast Guard) It's the part of the Coast Guard that verifies that commercial vessels are in compliance with safety, security and environmental regulations

What does the Jones Act say about workplace injuries?

Mariners who suffer workplace injuries are entitled to compensation.

What does MLC stand for? What year? What did it do?

Maritime Labor Commission 2006 Consolidate and update 80 years worth of labor standards regulating living and working conditions aboard ship. Protects the rights of mariners.

What is an MSI Bulletin? Issued by whom? For what purpose?

Maritime Safety Information Bulletin A document issued by the US Coast Guard to announce regulation changes or major safety related updates, and requests for public input.

What does MEBA stand for? Why was it formed?

Mechanical Engineers Beneficial Association To protect Great Lakes engineers when steam engines were plagued by deadly boiler explosions. Mostly engineers, a few deck officers

How are member nations limited when dealing with IMO regulations?

Member nations are limited by the convention on how they deal with foreign ships in their ports. (Enforcing regulations, etc.)

What does MOU stand for?

Memorandum of Understanding

What does MSA stand for? What are some of the areas it covers? (10)

Merchant Seaman's Act (1915—the "Magna Carta of Sailors' Rights") 1. Minimum standards of nutrition aboard ship 2. Drinking water levels 3. Sleeping accommodations 4. Corporal punishment 5. The right of a dissatisfied mariner to leave a ship 6. Division of watches into at least two watches. 7. Work day limited to 9 hours. 8. Separate job titles and descriptions 9. Crew receives half of pay owed upon arrival in (foreign) port. 10. No unnecessary work on Sundays or holidays.

Under the SCTW minimum rest rules, when is an officer allowed to take charge of the deck when leaving port/immediately after leaving port?

Only if they've had 6 hours of rest in the last 12 hours.

What does PSC stand for? What is it?

Port State Control Inspection of foreign ships in national ports to verify that the ship and crew meet international standards. (SCTW, etc.)

What does PSC stand for? AKA Year? What is it? Covers what 3 areas: Ships in non-compliance are subject to__________ Inspired by (2): incident and failure of ______ to ______

Port State Control— AKA Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control 1982 Internationally agreed inspection regime for foreign ships in domestic ports. Labor conditions, safety practices and pollution standards. Detention Sinking of the Amoco Cadiz Failure of Flag of Convenience states to successfully delegate inspection responsibilities to classification societies, etc. So these ships were effectively un-regulated and a hazard to international shipping.

Name some of the job duties of the US Coast Guard (11 listed here)

Ports and Waterway Security, Drug interdiction, Aids to Navigation, Search and Rescue, Marine Resources, Marine Safety, Defense Readiness, Migrant Interdiction, Marine Environmental Protection, Ice Operations, Other Law Enforcement

Boatswain/Bosun: What's their job? (2)

Supervising and scheduling the deck crew. Enable the ship's officers to do their own jobs without having to constantly supervise the crew. a ship's officer in charge of equipment and the crew

Pressure from insurers is forcing open registry countries to do what 2 things?

Raise their standards, and even close their registries.

What does REC stand for? Operated by: What happens there?

Regional Exam Center The Coast Guard Mariner license applicants are pre-screened, license tests are administered, and Coast Guard-approved courses are overseen.

What did the Navigation Acts of 1660 (Britain) require British ships to do?

Register with Britain

What does the Clean Air Act do? It maintains the same standards as what?

Regulates air pollution from ships and port facilities. MARPOL: the Marine Pollution Act

Describe the Master's position and duties Ship Cargo Crew Books Reporting

Responsible for safe and efficient operation of the ship. Cargo operations Compliance with laws and regulations Personnel manager Accounting, payroll and inventories Reporting accidents and incidents, injuries and illness

What does the acronym SOLAS stand for? What does the SOLAS Convention do?

Safety of Life at Sea It sets minimum safety standards in the construction/structural integrity, equipping, and security [ISPS amendment], and operation of merchant ships. Sets standards for how much emergency life-saving equipment is required aboard a ship.

What is "sailing short?" When is it allowed? CFC & (3) What must the Master do in such case?

Sailing with less than the number of required crew members. When it occurs without the "consent, fault and collusion" of the Master—i.e. sickness, crew emergencies, etc. AND the Master feels it is safe to sail without the required crew, after trying to find replacements. Obtain qualified replacements in each port of call if they are available.

What does SUP stand for? Who do they represent?

Sailors Union of the Pacific Unlicensed mariners

What does SIU stand for? Formed how? Who do they represent?

Seafarers International Union Split off from the SUP Unlicensed Deck, Engine, and Steward workers. (Only one that represents all three.)

Describe relationship between Classification Society and ship owners, builders, etc.

Separate and independent from them.

Port State Control agencies keep lists of what? Name the lists:

Ships in and out of compliance, by COUNTRY Black Zone Grey Zone White Zone

Jones Act main provision:

Ships trading from US port to US port must be US built, owned, flagged and crewed.

What does SCTW stand for? What does it do?

Standards of Certification, Training, and Watchstanding. It "sets minimum qualification standards for masters, officers and watch personnel on seagoing merchant ships." IMO in its own words: "to promote safety of life and property at sea and the protection of the marine environment by establishing in common agreement international standards of training, certification and watchkeeping for seafarers."

First manmade propulsion system?

Steam engine

Where does the term "bunker" come from?

Steam engines. Coal bunkers.

What does a Certificate of Documentation stipulate? (3) Who is required to have it? (size) What is the benefit of having it?

That a vessel is (1) owned by a citizen/corporation of the United States and (2) subject to regulation by the US Coast Guard. (3) The vessel is a US registered vessel/part of the US registry. Large commercial vessels—5 tons and up Establishing US registry permits participation in Jones Act commerce.

What does COLREGS stand for? They were established by who? What does the law do? Who administers the US version of COLREGs?

The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (1972) The International Maritime Organization Establish International Rules of the Road for maritime traffic, to prevent collisions. The US Coast Guard.

What does OPA 90 stand for? It amended what? What's one of its main mandates? What prompted the passage of the legislation? Prior to entering the US Exclusive Economic Zone (define), what must a ship do? OPA 90 also created a comprehensive _____, _____, ____ and ____ regime. (PRLC)

The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 It amended the Clean Water Act It requires oil tankers to be double-hulled to operate in the U.S. The Exxon Valdez spill. Exclusive economic zone: 200 nautical miles from shore Have a spill response plan in place. A comprehensive prevention, response, liability and compensation regime.

Who ordinarily is the ship's medical officer?

The Second Mate.

How do countries get on the Port State Control Grey List?

When 15% of inspected ships are detained for noncopliance

Who credentials mariners in the US? Where?

The US Coast Guard's National Maritime Center In Regional Exam Centers (REC)

What US territory is exempt from the Jones Act?

The US Virgin Islands

What does the Federal Water Pollution Control Act prohibit? (2) Where?

The discharge of oil or oily waste In the navigable waters of the U.S., or the "contiguous zone" (12-24 nautical miles from shore), (or which affect natural resources belonging to or managed by the United States). Basically, in US waters

What maritime practice is outlawed by the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act? Why?

The discharge of untreated ballast water within the Exclusive Economic Zone or 200 miles from shore. To prevent the introduction and spread of invasive species.

What part of the Jones Act provides benefits to sailors?

The part that gives a sailor the right to collect compensation following an injury.

What are 3 main requirements of the ISPS Code?

The ship must have a designated security officer. The ship must have a Vessel Security Plan MARSEC Levels—portside and on ships.

What is a flag state?

The state under whose laws a ship is registered and licensed.

How do countries get on the Port State Control Blacklist?

When 50% of inspected ships are detained.

Why do some countries operate open registries

To make money.

Name the following (modern) Plimsoll Lines: TF F T S W

Tropical Fresh Water Fresh Tropical Summer Winter

Who investigates collisions, sinkings etc. in US waters? What do they do with their findings?

US Coast Guard Submit them to the NTSB

Name 4 countries with closed ships' registries

USA Japan Russia Indonesia

What does MARAD stand for? Part of what agency? What do they do? 1. Main job 2. other responsibilities.

United States Maritime Administration Department of Transportation Administers programs to develop the US maritime industry Run the mothball fleet Owns the Golden Bear Subsidies and grants for port facilities and ship construction

Ordinary Seaman: what's their job? Duties include (4)

Unlicensed apprentice to an able bodied seaman. Duties include: cleaning, basic maintenance, swabbing the decks, fixing ropes, etc.

Able Bodied Seaman: 5 duties:

Unlicensed member of the deck department who stands watch as a helmsman and lookout. Operate deck machinery and lifesaving equipment, plus maintenance duties associated with Ordinary Seamen.

Is the bunker fuel market stable or volatile?

Volatile

Name some of the topics addressed by MLC 2006. (7 listed here: W,W/R,L,R,C,A&R,F)

Wages Work/Rest Hours Leave Repatriation Seafarer compensation for ship's loss or foundering. Accommodation/Recreation facilities Food

How are ships classified by Classification Societies today?

Whether they meet the classification standards for their class or not.

What are Shipping Articles?

set of documents that constitute the contract between the seamen and the captain (master) of a vessel.