Intro to Physical Anthropology Chapter 10

Which of the following statements regarding the evolution of bipedalism is true?

It first evolved in Miocene apes

Which of the following statements regarding the anatomy of the genus Ardipithecus is true?

It is intermediate between hominins and apes

The map and chart below show the location of various hominin fossil discoveries and the dates of each fossil. What can be concluded from this map and chart?

Lake Turkana has produced the most diverse range of hominin fossils

Below is a list of various hominin species. Drag and drop the names in order from the earliest (oldest) species to the latest (youngest).

1. Sahelanthropus tchadensis (oldest) 2. Ardipithecus ramidus 3. Australopithecus anamensis 4. Australopithecus afarensis 5. Australopithecus garhi (youngest)

A fossil skull has a flat face, large molars, and a prominent sagittal crest, suggesting it is _________.

Paranthropus robustus

Below is a list of features that characterize bipeds and quadrupeds among the hominoids. Drag and drop each feature to the appropriate locomotor pattern. -femurs angled inward -flattened and flared pelvis -parallel femurs -longitudinal arch in foot -short femur neck -no longitudinal arch in foot -long femur neck -narrow and elongated pelvis

Quadrupedalism: -parallel femurs -short femur neck -no longitudinal arch in foot -narrow and elongated pelvis Bipedalism: -femurs angled inward -flattened and flared pelvis -longitudinal arch in foot -long femur neck

Which of the following early hominins is the oldest?

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Hominin phylogenies generally agree on the placement of hominin species in relation to one another. true or false

false

The figure below shows various knee joints. Drag and drop each label to the appropriate area on the image.

modern human (far left) Australopithecus afarensis (middle) chimpanzee (far right)

Which of the following is a feature of Australopithecus afarensis that is used to definitively classify this species as a hominin?

the anatomy of the foot and pelvis

All hominins are bipedal. true or false

true

One possible explanation for bipedalism is that it initially evolved as a feeding adaptation. true or false

true

Pelvic characteristics tells us a great deal about the locomotory behavior of past and current hominoids. Compare the post cranial traits in several species: humans, chimpanzees and Ardipithecus ramidus. Match the species to the correct pelvis.

Homo sapiens (left) Ardipithecus ramidus (middle) Pan troglodytes (right)

It is clear that the main advantage to bipedalism was that it freed the hands for carrying things. true or false

false

The earliest australopithecine in the fossil record is Australopithecus afarensis. true or false

false

The earliest hominins were bipedal with large brains and small teeth. true or false

false

The lack of consensus on one phylogeny of early hominins prevents us from understanding human evolution. true or false

false

Which of the following is an ancestral feature found in the early Kenyan hominin Orrorin tugenensis that is shared with chimpanzees?

finger bones adapted to climbing

The hole in the skull through which the spinal cord passes is called the __________ and it is located in the back of the skull in most __________.

foramen magnum; quadrupeds

Below is a hominin phylogeny that reflects the general consensus about the hominin phylogeny prior to the discovery of Paranthropus aethiopicus. Determine where the various species listed belong on this phylogeny. Drag and drop the species names to their appropriate locations.

see image for numbers 1. Homo 2. Australopithecus afarensis 3. Paranthropus boisei 4. Paranthropus aethiopicus 5. Paranthropus robustus 6. Australopithecus africanus

Below are images of early hominins. Match the images to their correct species designation.

see image for numbers 1. Orrorin tugenensis 2. Ardipithecus kadabba 3. Ardipithecus ramidus 4. Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Below is a map of Africa. Drag each hominin species to its appropriate region in Africa: central, east, or south.

see image for numbers 1. Sahelanthropus tchadensis 2. Dikika baby 3. Taung child

Why were the species of Paranthropus robust?

Their jaws and teeth were adapted to heavy chewing

Endocranial volume, or brain cavity capacity, varies among hominoids, with larger brains connected to longer growth periods. Place the following species or genera in order from smallest cranial capacity to largest cranial capacity.

1. Sahelanthropus tchadensis (smallest) 2. Australopithecus 3. Homo sapiens (largest)

Place the following early hominins in order from the earliest (oldest) to the most recent (youngest).

1. Sahelanthropus tchandensis (oldest) 2. Orrorin tugenensis 3. Ardipithecus ramidus 4. Australopithecus anamensis (youngest)

Below is a list of traits found in Ardipithecus ramidus. Determine which of the traits are similar to apes and which are similar to later hominins. -sciatic notch -thick molar enamel -grasping big toe -reduced canine dimorphism

Ape Trait: -grasping big toe Later Hominin Trait: -sciatic notch -thick molar enamel -reduced canine dimorphism

The figure below displays 3 pelvises: those of a chimpanzee, Australopithecus afarensis, and a modern human (Homo sapiens). What conclusion can you make when comparing them?

Australopithecines may not have walked exactly the same way that modern humans do

Which of the following traits characterize robust Paranthropus species? -large brain -flared cheekbones -sagittal crest -relatively rugged or robust post cranial anatomy -large molars -extremely enlarged front teeth (incisors and canines) -large lower jaw -flat face

Correct Answer(s): -flared cheekbones -sagittal crest -large molars -large lower jaw -flat face Incorrect Answer(s): -large brain -relatively rugged or robust post cranial anatomy -extremely enlarged front teeth (incisors and canines)

Which of the following statements are possible reasons why bipedalism was favored by natural selection? -it frees the hands to carry things -standing upright maximized reproductive potential -an erect posture helped maintain cooler body temperatures -it allowed for efficient picking of fruit from trees -bipedalism favored bigger brains

Correct Answer(s): -it frees the hands to carry things -an erect posture helped maintain cooler body temperatures -it allowed for efficient picking of fruit from trees Incorrect Answer(s): -standing upright maximized reproductive potential -bipedalism favored bigger brains

Sahelanthropus tchadensis is an unusual hominin for which of the following reasons? Select all that apply. -it dates to 4.4 Ma, when no other hominin fossils are known -it had a fairly flat face -it had a large brow ridge -it was found in East Africa -it was a biped that had only ancestral cranial features

Correct Answer(s): -it had a fairly flat face -it had a large brow ridge Incorrect Answer(s): -it dates to 4.4 Ma, when no other hominin fossils are known -it was found in East Africa -it was a biped that had only ancestral cranial features

Which of the following areas of the hominin body changed with bipedalism? -knee -femur -pelvis -skull

Correct Answer(s): -knee -femur -pelvis -skull Incorrect Answer(s): no incorrect answers

Which of the following statements regarding important things that are known about early hominids are correct? -males were taller and heavier than females -the offspring of early hominins developed at a rate similar to that of modern human offspring -the earliest human ancestors had brain sizes comparable to that of modern humans -the teeth and jaws of early hominins reflect a highly specialized diet -the human lineage is derived from a small biped

Correct Answer(s): -males were taller and heavier than females -the human lineage is derived from a small biped Incorrect Answer(s): -the offspring of early hominins developed at a rate similar to that of modern human offspring -the earliest human ancestors had brain sizes comparable to that of modern humans -the teeth and jaws of early hominins reflect a highly specialized diet

Which of the following are primitive or ancestral features of australopithecines relative to hominoids? -bipedalism -marked facial prognathism -curved phalanges -a relatively small brain

Correct Answer(s): -marked facial prognathism -curved phalanges -a relatively small brain Incorrect Answer(s): -bipedalism

Which of the following traits distinguish modern humans from other living hominoids? -thin molar enamel -large canines -material culture dependence -short juvenile period -large brains -parabolic dental arcade -habitual bipedalism

Correct Answer(s): -material culture dependence -large brains -parabolic dental arcade -habitual bipedalism Incorrect Answer(s): -thin molar enamel -large canines -short juvenile period

Which of the following species are hominin? -Sahelanthropus tchadensis -Australopithecus afarensis -Homo sapiens -Pan troglodytes

Hominin: -Sahelanthropus tchadensis -Australopithecus afarensis -Homo sapiens NOT a Hominin: -Pan troglodytes

In lab, you examine a skull whose foramen magnum us centrally positioned at the bottom. What can you concluded from this?

The individual was likely bipedal

This figure shows a potential hominin phylogeny. What can be concluded from it?

The paranthropines are a side branch and are not directly ancestral to modern humans

The pelvis of Australopithecus afarensis is wider side to side and narrower front to back than that of a modern human, reflecting that australopithecines might not have locomoted (walked) exactly the way modern humans do. true or false

true