Intro to Physical Anthropology Chapter 6
Why are romance hierarchies among the females of a primate species formed? -females fight over access to males -females fight over access to food resources -it helps distribute care for infants -it improves fitness and reproductive success for all of the females
females fight over access to food resources
Below is a list of features related to male and female reproductive strategies and reproductive success. Match each feature with the sex it is most closely associated with. -limited parental involvement -sexual selection -lots of parental investment -importance of longevity -access to good resources -importance of social bonds -competition for access to mates
females: -lots of parental investment -importance of longevity -access to good resources -importance of social bonds males: -limited parental involvement -sexual selection -competition for access to mates
The term ________ refers to the quantity of nutrients obtained per unit of time. -fitness -primiparous -foraging efficiency -estrus
foraging efficiency
Which of the following is the most important factor in determining a female primate's reproductive success? -her ability to get males to protect her -her ability to attract males -her ability to influence males -her ability to obtain nutrient rich-resources
her ability to obtain nutrient-rich resources
What kind of benefit must a particular behavior provide for it to be considered an evolutionary advantage for a primate? -provides animal with longer life -allows animal to have better social interactions -improves animal's learning process -increases genetic fitness
increases genetic fitness
Sexual dimorphism arises from ____________.
intrasexual selection
Sarah Hrdy suggests that the occurrence of infanticide among langurs is an evolved strategy. What might infanticide enhance in primates that practice it? -male reproductive success -the ability of females to care for young, since resources are shared among fewer infants -female reproductive success -the genetic fitness of offspring
male reproductive success
What is the central act of all living things?
reproduction
Male sexual selection and reproductive strategies manifest in male morphology and behavior. Match the terms to the correct images. -competition -sexual dimorphism -mate guarding
see picture for numbers 1. competition 2. mate guarding 3. sexual dimorphism
The graph below shows variation in male dominance rank relative to reproductive success, but the person who made the graph forgot to label the x axis. Drag and drop the labels "highest rank" and "lowest rank" to their correct locations on the x axis.
see picture for numbers. 1. highest-rank 2. lowest-rank
The graph below shows the degree of sexual dimorphism in canine size in three different primate social groupings. Drag each label to the correct bar on the graph. -one male, multifemale -pair bonded -multimale, multifemale
see picture for numbers. 1. pair bonded 2. one male, multifemale 3. multimale, multifemale
The graph below shows the difference between expected relative size of the testes for various types of primates and the actual testes size; larger values indicate larger than expected testes. Label each bar in the graph by dragging and dropping the three social groups: pair bonded; one male, multifemale; multimale, multifemale
see picture for numbers. 1. pair bonded 2. one male, multifemale 3. multimale, multifemale
Which of the following is a typical method a primate mother uses to encourage independence in her offspring? -subtly resist a juvenile's attempt to nurse -give them a threatening gesture -ignore them altogether -turn them over to another primate mother
subtly resist a juvenile's attempt to nurse
In some situations, female primates develop dominance hierarchies within social groups. Identify the areas affected by an individual female's rank. -predation rates -sociality -access to food -reproductive success
Affected by Rank: -predation rates -access to food -reproductive success Not Affected by Rank: -sociality
Which of the following primate activities is a behavior that evolved to enhance reproduction? -baboon males threatening each other -male and female gibbon pairs vocalizing together -chimpanzees learning sign language to communicate with humans -male gorillas mate guarding their female partners
Behavior That Evolved to Enhance Reproduction: -baboon males threatening each other -male and female gibbon pairs vocalizing together -male gorillas mate guarding their female partners Not a Behavior That Evolved to Enhance Reproduction: -chimpanzees learning sign language to communicate with humans
Which of the following are potential counterstrategies to prevent infanticide in primates? -Females try to protect the offspring -Females use weapons to fight off males -Females try to confuse males about paternity -Females hide their young from infanticidal males
CORRECT ANSWER(S): -Females try to protect the offspring -Females try to confuse males about paternity INCORRECT ANSWER(S): -Females use weapons to fight off males -Females hide their young from infanticidal males
Tamarins and marmosets are rare among primates in their reproductive strategies. Identify the characteristics of tamarin and marmoset reproductive strategies. -They are mainly solitary -Low- and high-ranking females breed equally -Females usually produce twins -Males play an active role in childcare
CORRECT ANSWER(S): -Females usually produce twins -Males play an active role in childcare INCORRECT ANSWER(S): -They are mainly solitary -Low- and high-ranking females breed equally
Which of the following are true regarding infanticide? -Females rarely attempt to stop infanticide from occurring -Male-female relationships are affected by the threat of infanticide -Infanticide is never a major source of mortality for infants -Infanticide is an evolved reproductive strategy in males
CORRECT ANSWER(S): -Male-female relationships are affected by the threat of infanticide -Infanticide is an evolved reproductive strategy in males INCORRECT ANSWER(S): -Females rarely attempt to stop infanticide from occurring -Infanticide is never a major source of mortality for infants
Which of the following statements accurately describe a feature of sexual selection in primates? -Sexual selection results in male adaptations that enhance their ability to compete with other males for access to females -Sexual selection is not as strong as ordinary selection -Intrasexual selection favors traits that increase success in male-male competition -Intersexual selection does not play a significant rile in primates
CORRECT ANSWER(S): -Sexual selection results in male adaptations that enhance their ability to compete with other males for access to females -Intrasexual selection favors traits that increase success in male-male competition -Intersexual selection does not play a significant rile in primates INCORRECT ANSWER(S): -Sexual selection is not as strong as ordinary selection
Which of the following statements regarding the threat of infanticide in baboons and its impact on male-female relationships are true? -a friendship between a female with offspring an a male can increase the chances of infanticide -females form friendships with one or two adult males -male friends can intervene on behalf of their female friend and protect the female's young -females avoid all males in order to avoid the possibility of infanticide
CORRECT ANSWER(S): -females form friendships with one or two adult males -male friends can intervene on behalf of their female friend and protect the female's young INCORRECT ANSWER(S): -a friendship between a female with offspring an a male can increase the chances of infanticide -females avoid all males in order to avoid the possibility of infanticide
Which features drive variation in female reproductive performance? -rank -social bonds -longevity -access to mates -age
CORRECT ANSWER(S): -rank -social bonds -longevity -age INCORRECT ANSWER(S): -access to mates
According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, only those behaviors or modifications that increase longevity are favored and retained in subsequent generations. true or false
False
Intersexual selection plays a more significant role in primates than intrasexual selection. true or false
False
Multimale, multifemale groups are generally associated with high levels of male parental investment. true or false
False
The male in one-male, multifemale groups has assured, exclusive access to the females. true or false
False
Stress levels of female baboons are depicted in the graph below, plotting cortisol (a stress hormone) levels in relation to various events in the social group as well as to whether or not the female has a close male associate. What can be concluded from this graph? -Having a male friend makes no difference to female stress levels -Females who lack male support will be greatly stressed when the group is overtaken by a strange male, as there are no males to protect them from the new leader -Females are more stressed when their group is taken over by a relative than by an outsider -Females with male friends will be the most stressed during a group takeover because their alliance makes them targets
Females who lack male support will be greatly stressed when the group is overtaken by a strange male, as there are no males to protect them from the new leader
The graph below depict offspring survival and age at maturation in relation to female chimpanzee rank based on a study of the Gombe chimps. What can be concluded from this graph? (Note: In the top graph, the red line represents offspring of high-ranking females, the clue line represents offspring of middle-ranking females, and the green line represents offspring of low-ranking females.) -Daughters of low-ranking mothers reach sexual maturity early -Even if their survival rate is lower, daughters of lower ranking females will likely have the same number of offspring as daughters of high-ranking females -Daughters of middle-ranking females have a much lower survival rate than those of high-ranking females -High-ranking mothers have the potential to become grandmothers at a younger age than low-ranking mothers
High-ranking mothers will have the potential to become grandmothers at a younger age than low-ranking mothers
Which of these features of sexual selection characterize intersexual selection and which characterize intrasexual selection? -larger canines -male-male competition -females choose mates -attractive traits that indicate quality -rare among primates
IntERsexual Selection: -females choose mates -attractive traits that indicate quality -rare among primates IntRAsexual Selection: -larger canines -male-male competition
This graph shows how male reproductive success (green bars) and dominance rank (black dots) change with age in a group of baboons. What can be concluded from this graph? -Males do not produce offspring until their teens -Male rank is closely linked to male age, peaking early and declining steadily thereafter -Male reproductive success is highest between the ages of 20 and 21 -A male's dominance rank tends to increase as the male gets older
Male rank is closely linked to male age, peaking early and declining steadily thereafter
The graph below shows the percentage of grooming by gibbon males of females (blue bar) and gibbon females grooming of males (red bar) in two different groups. Which of the following can be concluded from this graph? -Males groom females more often than females groom males as a function of mate guarding -Females in Group II do more grooming of males than in Group I -Females more often groom males than males groom females as part of female mate-guarding tactics -Males mate guard in Group II, but not in Group I
Males groom females more often than females groom males as a function of mate guarding
In the animal world, how do most species care for their offspring? -Mostly females actively care for the young -Both males and females actively care for their young -Mostly makes actively care for the young -Neither males nor females actively care for the young
Neither males nor females actively care for their young
Click on the image that represents features that make it harder for an individual to survive but more likely to reproduce.
Peacock and Deer
Dispersal is often a dangerous and stressful time for males. Which of the following are tactics that males often use because they reduce the cost of leaving their natal group? -Males can choose to stay permanently on their own -Males choose to disperse to a group with resident males that they are already familiar with -Males investigate neighboring groups before leaving their natal group -Males can attempt to join more than one group at a time in order to determine which one will accept him -Males transfer in the company of other transferring males
Tactics that Males Frequently Use: -Males choose to disperse to a group with resident males that they are already familiar with -Males investigate neighboring groups before leaving their natal group -Males transfer in the company of other transferring males Tactics that Males Do Not Frequently Use: -Males can choose to stay permanently on their own -Males can attempt to join more than one group at a time in order to determine which one will accept him
Hrdy's hypothesis that infanticide is an evolved reproductive strategy has been subject to criticism. Sommer believes that the criticism is the result of "naturalistic fallacy". true or false
True
Infanticide is sometimes a substantial source of morality in a primate group. true or false
True
