Intro to Psych Exam 2 Chapters 34-40

FACS

1. Analyzes fcial movemnts 2.codes muscles involved in any facial expression 3. scores yield highly accurate pre- and postdictions of the emotions signalted to obervers in more than fifteen cultures, Western and non-Western, literate and preliterate.

Display Rules

1. Deamplification, express less then actually felt 2, Amplification, express more than acutally felt 3. Neutralization, show nothing 4. Qualificatoin, show the emotion but with a reason or excuse for it 5. Masking, mas or conceal feelings by showing something else 6. Simulation, show an emotion when really dont feel it.

Emotion

1. Expressive Behavior 2. Subjective Experience 3. Physiological Reactions 4. Cognitions 5. Motor behavior

Theories of Emotion

1. James-Lange Theory 2. Cannon-Bard Theory 3. Schachter's Two-Factor Theory

According to the text, emotionality is truer of women, a perception expressed by nearly 100 percent of _____ Americans.

18- to 29-year-old

What is the feel-good, do-good phenomenon, and what is the focus of positive psychology research?

A good mood brightens people's perceptions of the world. Subjective well-being is your perception of being happy or satisfied with life. Happy people tend to be healthy, energized, and satisfied with life. They also are more willing to help others (the feel-good, do-good phenomenon). Positive psychologists use scientific methods to study human flourishing, including topics such as positive emotions, positive health, positive neuroscience, and positive education. The three pillars of positive psychology are positive well-being; positive character; and positive groups, communities, and cultures.

Which of the following factors do NOT predict self-reported happiness? Which factors are better predictors? Age Personality traits Close relationships Gender Sleep and exercise Religious faith

Age and gender (a. and d.) do NOT effectively predict happiness levels. Better predictors are personality traits, close relationships, sleep and exercise, and religious faith (b., c., e., and f.).

What are the causes and consequences of anger?

Anger is most often evoked by misdeeds that we interpret as willful, unjustified, and avoidable. But smaller frustrations and blameless annoyances can also trigger anger. Chronic hostility is one of the negative emotions linked to heart disease. Emotional catharsis may be temporarily calming, but in the long run it does not reduce anger. Expressing anger can make us angrier. Controlled assertions of feelings may resolve conflicts, and forgiveness may rid us of angry feelings.

Treats depression, anxiety, disorders, and OCD

Antidepressants

Treats schizophrenia and other psychoses

Antipsychotics

Ekman (study3)

Asked tribe members to make facial expressions according to different emotions. Americans could label the emotions of what the tribes where trying to do

_____ refers to the rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic body functions when the body is at rest.

Basal metabolic rate

What are some basic emotions, and what two dimensions help differentiate them?

Carroll Izard's 10 basic emotions are joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt. Two dimensions that help differentiate emotions are positive-versus-negative valence and low-versus-high arousal.

procedure to treat depression in which electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a pulse generator that is placed under the skin and stimulates these brain areas

Deep Brain Stimulation

Ekman (study 4)

Do people spontaneously display the facial expresssions according to different emotions? No differences in facial expressions between japanese and american students. BOTH EXPRESSIONAND RECOGNITION OF EMOTION IS UNIVERSAL

Universal Emotions

Ekman's Neurocultural theory of emotion: there is a distinctive facial expression associated with each basic feeling state. this is culturally universal

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Electroconvulsive Therapy

_____ refers to identification with others and the ability to imagine walking in their shoes.

Empathy

The point to remember

Feelings of satisfaction and dissatisfaction, success and failure are judgments we make based partly on our prior experience. Satisfaction, as Richard Ryan (1999) said, "has a short half life." Ditto disappointment, which means that you may bounce back from a setback sooner than you expect.

An empathetic person will identify with others and can imagine what it might be like to walk in another person's shoes. There are some apparent gender differences related to empathy. Which supports that finding?

Females are more likely to express empathy.

Vicky thinks two of her friends are highly compatible, so she is trying to get them together. Which action might help to get them interested in each other?

Have them gaze into each other's eyes for a couple of minutes

Researchers have found evidence that genes influence the development of happiness. Which of the following is evidence for this genetic component?

Identical twins reared apart report similar levels of happiness.

Researchers have found evidence that genes influence the development of happiness. Which statement is evidence for this genetic component?

Identical twins reared apart report similar levels of happiness.

Alone in the woods, Pedro hears a noise. He thinks he sees a bear coming towards him. His heart starts pounding and then, a moment later, he realizes how frightened he is. This sequence of events is BEST explained by which theory of emotion?

James-Lange theory

Evidence that emotion follows physiological arousal would be most consistent with the _____. Evidence that emotion follows the placement of a cognitive label on physiological arousal would be most consistent with the _____.

James-Lange theory; two-factor theory

Treats bipolar disorders

Lithium carbonate

Which of the following is NOT a way to balance online activity and real-world connections?

Make sure that you keep in touch online with all your close friends.

pursue diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer).

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

_____ is a hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus.

Orexin

Women appear to be more sensitive to nonverbal cues than men. Which research finding supports this?

Research has found all of these things are true.

_____ says that people actually have many emotional reactions apart from, or even before, their interpretations of a situation.

Robert Zajonc

Sandy is a human resources director for a chain of fast-food restaurants. Her job requires her to work at a very fast pace. When interviewing perspective employees, she is known to finish their sentences and to be very short tempered. Which of the following might NOT be accurate of Sandy?

Sandy has a healthy reaction style.

Alone in the house, Kathy hears a noise in the middle of the night. Her heart starts to pound, and she jumps out of bed trembling. If an emotional response is made up of physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience, which reaction is missing from her description of the event?

She feels fear.

What are some predictors of happiness?

Some individuals, because of their genetic predispositions and personal histories, are happier than others. Cultures, which vary in the traits they value and the behaviors they expect and reward, also influence personal levels of happiness. Researchers have found that happy people tend to have high self-esteem (in individualist countries); be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable; have close friendships or a satisfying marriage; have work and leisure that engage their skills; have an active religious faith (particularly in more religious cultures); and sleep well and exercise.

Chris has the habit of taking his work related anger out on his wife by yelling at her when she asks if something is wrong. Which of the following is the BEST advice one could give Chris to stop this habit?

Take a walk in the park and think about pleasant memories.

Chris has the habit of taking his work-related anger out on his wife by yelling at her when she asks if something is wrong. Which of the following is the best advice you could give Chris to stop this habit?

Take a walk in the park and think about pleasant memories.

Tarek has many friends that are overweight. According to researchers about obesity, what hypothesis can you make about Tarek?

Tarek is probably overweight as well.

How do time, wealth, adaptation, and comparison affect our happiness levels?

The moods triggered by good or bad events seldom last beyond that day. Even significant good events, such as sudden wealth, seldom increase happiness for long. Happiness is relative to our own experiences (the adaptation-level phenomenon) and to others' success (the relative deprivation principle).

Nikolas is suspected of a crime and is asked to take a polygraph test. Although he is innocent, what are the chances that he will be falsely accused?

These tests are inaccurate about one-third of the time.

Compared to the general population how much time do lonely people spend online?

They spend a greater-than-average amount of time online

Treas mild anxiety

Tranquilizers

Direct stimulation of the cerebral cortex induced by magnetic fields generated outside the skull

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Once again, the director of an ancillary department has interfered with Tayler's project. She has even accused him of illegal activities when he knows that he has committed none. He discusses this situation with his boss who helps him to reframe the situation and put things into perspective. The mere discussion helps relax Tayler and is:

a catharsis.

Manifest content

actual event (having someone cut you off in traffic)

The _____ receives input from regions such as the anterior cingulated cortex, a higher-level center for processing emotion.

amygdala

The instantaneous and automatic fear response people experience when unexpectedly stumbling upon a snake illustrates the importance of the:

amygdala.

The danger in resorting to catharsis as a way of dealing with anger is that:

anger leads to further anger

6 Basic Emotions

anger, saddness, happiness, surprise, fear, disgust

In a crowd of faces, researchers have found that people are quickest to detect a(n) ___________ face.

angry

Instead of looking for a way to release anger, psychologist Carol Tavris suggests that you find a place to calm down; eventually your physiological _____ will decrease.

arousal

People have two dimensions to their emotions, which create the valence of the experience. In addition to whether the emotions are positive or negative, people experience a spectrum of _____.

arousal

The sympathetic nervous system is to _____ as the parasympathetic nervous system is to _____.

arousal; calming

One way of clarifying emotions is to place them along two dimensions: (low versus high) _____ and (pleasant versus unpleasant) _____.

arousal; valence

Outward signs of emotion tend to _____ in different cultures.

be the same

Maia has plenty of food and lives in a nice house. Now, she feels she needs to find a lover or even a close friend or two with whom she can share her life. According to Abraham Maslow, what is motivating her?

belongingness and love needs

activating or touching the brain directly with electricity, magnets, or implants to treat depression and other disorders.

brain stimulation

a large-scale disaster, misfortune, or failure (type of daily stessors)

catastrophe

An emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety

catharsis

Luciano believes that the best way to get over his anger toward his high school teacher is to scream profanities while hitting a punching bag. His belief is BEST explained by:

catharsis.

Perceived loss of _____ is associated with raised stress hormone levels and lowered immune response.

control

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods.

coping

William James would suggest that people feel sorry because they _____ and feel afraid because they _____.

cry; tremble

the experience of discrimination exemplifies the type of stressor termed a

daily hassel

The secretion of PYY _____ hunger and the secretion of orexin _____ hunger.

decreases; increases

According to Carroll Izard, there are 10 basic emotions that humans experience and most of these are present during infancy. Which of the following is one of these basic emotions?

disgust

According to Carroll Izard, there are 10 basic emotions that humans experience, and most of these are present during infancy. Which is one of these basic emotions?

disgust

Lara's mouth is dry and she realizes that she has not had anything to drink all morning. The water level in her cells has dropped and she feels thirsty. She is becoming agitated by watching people drink large glasses of soda, and the next chance she gets, she will have a large drink. Which of these can be used to explain why she is motivated to get a drink?

drive-reduction theory

Treatment of psychological disorders with medication.

drug therapies

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction.

emotion focused coping

Catharsis

emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

Mark's friend's father has just died. Mark tells his friend that he truly feels the pain that she is going through. Mark really understands her grief, and both are crying together as he can actually feel the loss in his heart as well. This is an example of:

empathy

The fight-or-flight response is associated with the release of _____ into the bloodstream.

epinephrine

Antecedent

events or situations that trigger or elicit an emotion

Deamplification

express less than actually felt

amplification

express more than actually felt

Which of the following is NOT an effective way to manage anger?

expressing your anger in a hostile manner to release your aggressive feelings

Regardless of culture, ______ music feels happy and _____music seems sad.

fast-paced; slower

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

After receiving approval to begin a long-awaited consulting project, Dr. Morris was much more inclined to contribute to the local giving campaign in town. This best illustrates:

feel-good, do-good phenomenon.

After receiving exciting news about his grandson's healthy birth, Mr. Haney was easily persuaded to contribute a generous sum of money to a neighborhood church. This best illustrates:

feel-good, do-good phenomenon.

Instead of looking for a way to release anger, psychologist Carol Tavris suggests that people:

find a place to calm down; eventually their physiological arousal will decrease.

Instead of looking for a way to release anger, psychologist Carol Tavris suggests that you:

find a place to calm down; eventually your physiological arousal will decrease.

Need is to _____ as drive is to _____.

food deprivation; hunger

a more comprehensive explanation of our response to stress.

general adaptation syndrome

From their study of 254 identical and fraternal twins, David Lykken and Auke Tellegen (1996) estimated that 50 percent of the difference among people's happiness ratings is attributable to:

genetics

This is a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach.

ghrelin

What is the major source of energy in the body?

glucose

The assistant chief of police has decided to forego using the polygraph test on a suspect and will use a different technique to assess the suspect's physiological responses to crime-scene details. This is known as the:

guilty knowledge test.

The feel-good, do-good phenomenon refers to the impact of:

happiness on helpfulness.

Cliff is homeless, hungry, and desperate for food and shelter. He will do almost anything to satisfy these needs. According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy, Cliff will ignore his other needs, which do NOT include his:

hunger and thirst.

Roy has been struggling in college. He has decided to change some habits, starting with setting small daily goals and one big long-term goal. This is likely to affect his happiness by _____.

improving it

Hailey is trying to lose weight. When she is hungry she finds it harder to resist chocolate than to resist hard candy. This is because for her, chocolate is a more powerful:

incentive

Maxine smells coffee brewing in the morning and, really, it is the only reason she is willing to get out of bed. In this situation, the coffee is a(n):

incentive.

Two-year-old Alma is very bored. She has been stuck in her playpen for 30 minutes, has played with every toy available to her, and has looked at everything in the living room. She wants with all her being to escape. She is motivated to escape the playpen to:

increase her arousal to an optimum level

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system:

increases salivation and decreases blood pressure.

humanistic psychologists

interested in advancing human fulfillment.

Carroll Izard

isolated 10 basic emotions (joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt), most present in infancy

Exuberant infants and alert, energetic adults are especially likely to show high levels of brain activity in the:

left frontal lobe.

Vanessa cares very much about her social status and income. She works hard to make extra bonuses and strives for raises. How happy is Vanessa likely to be compared to her less ambitious coworkers?

less happy

If a person moves from a humble neighborhood in which the person had the nicest house on the block to a more affluent neighborhood where the person has the most humble house on the block, how is the person then likely to evaluate his or her satisfaction?

lower than before

By motivating a person to satisfy physical needs, hunger and thirst serve to:

maintain homeostasis.

Masking

mask or conceal feelings by showing something else

Basic Emotion Theory

most languages possess limited sets of central emtion-labeling words referring to a small number of commonly occuriring emotions, assumes that all emotions are derived from the limited st of basic emotions

Jade emigrated from rural India to the U.S. at the age of 17. In India, Jade and her family lived in poverty. In the past 10 years, Jade's circumstances have improved immeasurably. Based on the adaptation-level phenomenon, Jade's happiness level should now be _____.

much higher

Depression and anxiety are _____ to aerobic exercise.

negatively correlated

Adaptation-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

Ewen is a competitive runner who believes that competition gives him an edge. His arousal has:

positive valence

Michael is an Olympic swimmer who believes that competition gives him an edge. His arousal has:

positive valence

Ewen is a competitive runner who believes that competition gives him an edge. His arousal has:

positive valence.

Emotion is a response that includes physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience. Which list describes these three components?

pounding heart, increased pace, sense of fear

Ekman (Study 2)

preliterate tribes in new guinea, high agreement with inductrialized countries. told a story about a person then had to pick emotion

attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

problem focused coping

Brain surgery on human patients intended to relieve severe and otherwise intractable mental or behavioral problems

psychosurgery

Arianna experienced chronic stress for the past 10 years. Now her immune system is malfunctioning. Which type of cell in her body is NOT likely to be impacted?

red blood cells

Researcher George Vaillant found that _____________ is/are what really matter(s) in life.

relationships with other people

Social networking tends to ___________ your true personality.

reveal

If a person wins a contest for a free iPad, something he or she has wished for, how happy is that person likely to be 6 months later?

same as prior to the contest

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, which is the correct sequence of events when a car drives directly toward a group and they experience emotion?

see an oncoming car; heart pounds and, at the same time, fear is experienced

Non-basic emotions

seen as context specific emotions or blends of basic emotions

All of Ernest's basic physiological and safety needs have been met, and he feels a solid sense of belonging and of being loved. According to Abraham Maslow, this suggests that he will next seek to satisfy his need for:

self-esteem.

Subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.

Simulatoin

show an emotion when really dont feel it

Qualificatoin

show the emotion but with a reason or excuse for it

Ekman (study 1)

showed facial expressions to people from 5 countires, high agreement in interpreting 6 emotions:anger, sadness, happiness, surprise, fear, disgust

Neutralizatoin

showing nothing

Social networking ___________ our connections to people we already know.

strengthens

the process of appraising and responding to a threatening or challenging event

stress

A woman, alone in a house, ignores the creaking sounds she hears and experiences no stress. Another woman hears the same sounds, suspects an intruder, and thus becomes alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of:

stress appraisal

Univerality of Antecedents

studies have found similarities in antecedents acroos cultures

Researchers use a measure of _____ to determine a person's self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.

subject well being

Researchers use a measure of _____ to determine a person's self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.

subjective well-being

Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others.

tend and befriend

John is really angry at his boss at work. John's friend suggests John go to the gym and hit the punching bag and pretend it is his boss. The problem with this advice is:

that this will just provoke more anger when he sees his boss.

People have a tendency to judge stimuli relative to those previously experienced. For example, if a man's current income level increases, he feels an initial surge of pleasure. However, as he adapts to that income level, he comes to consider it normal. He then requires something better to feel another surge of happiness. This is known as:

the adaptation-level phenomenon

People's tendency to be helpful when already in a positive mood is called

the feel-good, do-good phenomenon.

Relative deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

latent content

the psychological meaning associated with the manifes content (e.g. being cut off means injustice and disrespect) 1. research suggests universality in the latent content of emotion

Positive psychology

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

A group of protesters went on a hunger strike and drastically lowered their caloric intake. It is likely that in response to this semistarvation:

their basal metabolic rate dropped and they lost weight.

Dominic works full time and has a home he likes. He makes 160 percent of the poverty level in the U.S. How likely is it that he will be happier if his income increases by 20 percent?

very unlikely

Which one of the following is an effective strategy for reducing angry feelings?

wait, or "simmer down"

Julie is competing in a basketball free-throw contest. She is likely to perform _____ if her physiological arousal during the performance is _____.

well; moderate

Who is most likely to report that they experience emotions more deeply?

women