Intro to Psych Exam review

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior.

anxiety

Critical thinking is ________.

applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information

Which kind of therapy involves a therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors?

behavior

The concept of perceived control refers to ________.

beliefs about the capacity to influence and shape outcomes in our lives

The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs to self-actualization.

biological, social

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosomes, DNA

In the free association technique of psychoanalysis, the ________.

client says whatever comes to mind at the moment

Humanistic therapy is also called ________ therapy.

client-centered

Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse?

collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

A psychological disorder is a ________.

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?

dopamine; norepinephrine

A(n) ________ is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

emotion, mood

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

explicit memory

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

formal operational

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.

genetics

What is the goal of humanistic therapy?

helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves

What triggers the secondary appraisal of a stressor?

how a threat is perceived

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

identity vs confusion

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent, dependent

Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation.

intrinsic

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

The concept conservation refers to ________.

knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder?

lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

obsessive-compulsive

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

Tesla crafts imitation dream catchers in her spare time. Her father constantly encourages her to sell them on eBay. When she finally agrees to sell them, she notices that while she still enjoys making the dream catchers, she no longer does it for fun—she does it to make money. This is an example of the ________ effect.

over-justification

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________.

perceivable and measurable

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

Which kind of psychology seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives?

positive psychology

Which type of appraisal involves judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail?

primary

Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________.

race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

Green et al. used a ________ from their ________ of interest in order to make a ________.

sample, population, generlization

Psychology refers to the ________.

scientific study of the mind and behavior

Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?

scientific theory

If you believe you will win the hot dog eating competition, then you have a sense of ________, and you are more likely to enter the hot dog eating competition.

self-efficacy

A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ________

stressor

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

Which of the following defines hypothesis?

tentative explanation

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory.

what the word chocolate means

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders