Intro to Psychology Final

Symptoms of schizophrenia begin to appear at a median age of about A. 12. B. 20. C. 32. D. 5.

B. 20.

A 6-year-old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency typical of an average 9-year-old was said to have a mental age of A. 6. B. 9. C. 150. D. 66.

B. 9.

Compared with North American students, Asian students perform A. no better on math aptitude and achievements tests and they spend more time studying. B. better on math aptitude and achievements tests and they spend more time studying. C. better on math aptitude and achievements tests and they spend less time studying. D. no better on math aptitude and achievements tests and they spend less time studying.

B. better on math aptitude and achievements tests and they spend more time studying.

B lymphocytes are formed in the A. adrenal gland. B. bone marrow. C. brainstem. D. liver.

B. bone marrow.

Bonnie is afraid to express anger at her overbearing and irritating supervisor at work, so she is critical of her children instead. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie's reaction to her children illustrates A. projection. B. displacement. C. identification. D. reaction formation.

B. displacement.

Therapeutic drugs that block dopamine receptors are most likely to reduce A. depression. B. hallucinations. C. agoraphobia. D. generalized anxiety disorder.

B. hallucinations.

Aerobic exercise ________ the body's production of serotonin and ________ its production of the endorphins. A. decreases; increases B. increases; increases C. increases; decreases D. decreases; decreases

B. increases; increases

Brain scans reveal that different ________ are activated when we process verbs rather than nouns. A. heuristics B. neural networks C. algorithms D. critical periods

B. neural networks

Children raised in the same family are not especially likely to have similar personalities. This most clearly implies that we should be cautious about attributing personality to A. gender schemas. B. parental influences. C. temperament. D. peer influences.

B. parental influences.

Using the Asch procedure, conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely when A. participants announce their own answers only after the other group members have done so. B. participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers. C. it is very difficult to make correct judgments. D. judgments are made in a group that has more than three people.

B. participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers.

Parents in Asian cultures are more likely than parents in Westernized cultures to encourage children to A. pick out and purchase their own clothes. B. participate in household activities. C. publicly protest repressive government policies. D. establish close friendships with ethnically diverse groups of people.

B. participate in household activities.

Psychics are unable to make millions of dollars betting on horse races. This undermines their claims to possess the power of A. clairvoyance. B. precognition. C. interposition. D. telepathy.

B. precognition.

Gender identity refers to A. one's biological sex. B. the sense of being male or female. C. the set of expected behaviors for males or for females. D. how masculine a boy is or how feminine a girl is.

B. the sense of being male or female.

Which of the following is NOT true with respect to sexual orientation? A. The environmental factors that influence sexual orientation are presently unknown. B. Virtually all cultures in all times have been predominantly heterosexual. C. With the help of a therapist, most people find it easy to change their sexual orientation. D. Identical twins are somewhat more likely than fraternal twins to share a homosexual orientation.

C. With the help of a therapist, most people find it easy to change their sexual orientation.

The fight-or-flight response is associated with the release of ________ into the bloodstream. A. carcinogens B. serotonin C. epinephrine D. lymphocytes

C. epinephrine

People's physical attractiveness is a good predictor of their A. happiness. B. academic competence. C. frequency of dating. D. altruism.

C. frequency of dating.

Mary's bathroom scale always overstates people's actual weight by exactly six pounds. The scale has ________ reliability and ________ validity. A. low; low B. low; high C. high; low D. high; high

C. high; low

Participants in Milgram's obedience experiments were informed that they were involved in a study of A. aggression. B. altruism. C. learning. D. visual perception.

C. learning.

By motivating us to satisfy our physical needs, hunger and thirst serve to A. shorten the refractory period. B. raise the set point. C. maintain homeostasis. D. lower sex hormone levels.

C. maintain homeostasis.

As people progress through adulthood, women become A. less assertive and men become less empathic. B. less assertive and men become more empathic. C. more assertive and men become more empathic. D. more assertive and men become less empathic.

C. more assertive and men become more empathic.

Which of the following would you MOST likely observe on extended visits to foreign countries? A. men and women earning approximately the same salaries B. more women than men holding elected offices C. more men than women involved in fistfights D. men and women sharing equally in the duties of child rearing

C. more men than women involved in fistfights

Feigned smiles are initiated ________ abruptly and last for a ________ time than genuine smiles. A. more; shorter B. less; longer C. more; longer D. less; shorter

C. more; longer

Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduce people's ability to A. copy drawings. B. recognize faces. C. solve arithmetic problems. D. recognize familiar melodies.

C. solve arithmetic problems.

Evidence that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated offers support for A. cognitive dissonance theory. B. social exchange theory. C. the scapegoat theory. D. attribution theory.

C. the scapegoat theory.

An overabundance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is most likely to be associated with A. a manic episode. B. a dissociative disorder. C. antisocial personality disorder. D. schizophrenia.

A. a manic episode.

A child's realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of A. a theory of mind. B. object permanence. C. egocentrism. D. stranger anxiety.

A. a theory of mind.

The opponent-process theory is most useful for explaining a characteristic of A. afterimages. B. phantom limb sensations. C. Weber's law. D. accommodation.

A. afterimages.

Kyle is extremely manipulative and can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to any suffering they might experience as a result of his actions. His behavior best illustrates A. antisocial personality disorder. B. schizophrenia. C. dissociative identity disorder. D. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

A. antisocial personality disorder.

Low levels of anxiety are most characteristic of A. antisocial personality disorder. B. major depressive disorder. C. dissociative identity disorder. D. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

A. antisocial personality disorder.

A high school counselor gave Amy a test designed to predict whether she could learn to become a successful architect. Amy most likely took a ________ test. A. aptitude B. factor analysis C. emotional intelligence D. g factor

A. aptitude

After he suffered a stroke, Mr. Santore's physical coordination skills and responsiveness to sensory stimulation quickly returned to normal. Unfortunately, however, he could no longer figure out how to find his way around his neighborhood. It is most likely that Mr. Santore suffered damage to his A. association areas. B. hypothalamus. C. cerebellum. D. thalamus.

A. association areas.

"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a ________ parenting style. A. authoritarian B. authoritative C. preconventional D. formal operational

A. authoritarian

Considering the greatest range of factors that may contribute to the process of healing is most clearly facilitated by a ________ approach to therapy. A. biopsychosocial B. biomedical C. psychodynamic D. client-centered

A. biopsychosocial

Comparing the intelligence test scores among people from distinctly different age cohorts requires A. cross-sectional studies. B. longitudinal studies. C. heritability estimates. D. factor analysis.

A. cross-sectional studies.

Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a ________ psychologist. A. developmental B. psychodynamic C. biological D. cognitive

A. developmental

A therapist who uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic methods is said to be A. eclectic. B. humanistic. C. meta-analytic. D. client-centered.

A. eclectic.

Although Natalie receives somewhat greater rewards from her marriage than does her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This best illustrates the significance of A. equity. B. deindividuation. C. social facilitation. D. the mere exposure effect.

A. equity.

After suffering a trauma, people commonly report nightmares. One of the benefits of these nightmares is that they help A. extinguish daytime fears. B. reduce sleep apnea. C. prevent paradoxical sleep. D. increase REM rebound.

A. extinguish daytime fears.

A synapse is a A. junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron. B. neural cable containing many axons. C. automatic response to sensory input. D. chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions.

A. junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron.

Oxytocin is secreted by the A. pituitary gland. B. pancreas. C. thyroid gland. D. adrenal gland.

A. pituitary gland.

Years after he barely survived a terrorist attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event that render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most clearly showing signs of A. post-traumatic stress disorder. B. dissociative identity disorder. C. generalized anxiety disorder. D. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

A. post-traumatic stress disorder.

Women have been found to score lower on math tests when they are tested alongside men. This best illustrates the impact of A. stereotype threat. B. emotional intelligence. C. the Flynn effect. D. intrinsic motivation.

A. stereotype threat.

The tips of chromosomes that wear down as we age are called A. telomeres. B. scaffolds. C. teratogens. D. schemas.

A. telomeres.

Taking certain drugs during pregnancy is likely to expose unborn children to A. teratogen. B. role confusion. C. critical periods. D. schemas.

A. teratogen.

Increasing years of schooling over the last half-century have most likely contributed to A. the Flynn effect. B. savant syndrome. C. the normal curve. D. stereotype threat.

A. the Flynn effect.

The stability of personality during adulthood best illustrates the value of A. trait theories. B. unconditional positive regard. C. factor analysis. D. an internal locus of control.

A. trait theories.

The local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which your ears transform the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of A. transduction. B. parallel processing. C. sensory interaction. D. interposition.

A. transduction.

Although Alex has frequently been caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about robbing these people. Alex most clearly demonstrates a A. weak superego. B. oral fixation. C. external locus of control. D. inferiority complex.

A. weak superego.

During the last Central High School basketball game, the starting five players scored 11, 7, 21, 14, and 7 points, respectively. For this distribution of scores, the range is

14

Approximately 95 percent of the cases represented by the normal curve fall within _______ standard deviation(s) from the mean.

2

A 9-year-old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency of an average 12-year-old was said to have an IQ of A. 133. B. 115. C. 125. D. 75.

A. 133.

Conditioning seldom occurs when a ________ comes after a _____. A. CS; US B. UR; CS C. secondary reinforcer; operant behavior D. negative reinforcer; operant behavior

A. CS; US

Who emphasized the importance of active listening in the process of psychotherapy? A. Carl Rogers B. Hans Eysenck C. Sigmund Freud D. Mary Cover Jones

A. Carl Rogers

The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by A. Erikson's psychosocial development theory. B. Kohlberg's moral development theory. C. Piaget's cognitive development theory. D. Harlow's attachment theory.

A. Erikson's psychosocial development theory.

Evidence that emotion precedes physiological arousal would be most inconsistent with the ________. Evidence that emotion precedes mentally labeling our physiological arousal would be most inconsistent with the ________. A. James-Lange theory; two-factor theory B. relative deprivation principle; adaptation-level phenomenon C. two-factor theory; the James-Lange theory D. the adaptation-level phenomenon; relative deprivation principle

A. James-Lange theory; two-factor theory

Which of the following individuals is most likely to benefit from lithium? A. Miranda, who experiences periods of extreme sadness followed by episodes of optimistic overexcitement B. Ivan, who experiences sudden brief episodes of intense dread and panic C. Olivia, who experiences delusions and auditory hallucinations D. Landon, who experiences a generalized sense of apprehension and anxiety

A. Miranda, who experiences periods of extreme sadness followed by episodes of optimistic overexcitement

Which of the following is a selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor? A. Prozac B. Thorazine C. Xanax D. lithium

A. Prozac

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a A. UR. B. US. C. CR. D. CS.

A. UR.

In which of the following parts of the brain would a lesion most likely result in aphasia? A. Wernicke's area B. hypothalamus C. amygdala D. cerebellum

A. Wernicke's area

Achievement motivation refers to A. a desire for significant accomplishment. B. a goal-oriented leadership style that builds teamwork. C. a feeling that the world is unorganized and unpredictable. D. a focused state of consciousness accompanied by diminished self-awareness.

A. a desire for significant accomplishment.

A sudden loss of memory is a symptom of A. a dissociative disorder. B. obsessive-compulsive disorder. C. bipolar disorder. D. panic disorder.

A. a dissociative disorder.

Although Mark realizes that his behavior is unreasonable, he is so alarmed by high bridges or expressway overpasses that he avoids them by taking an unnecessarily lengthy route to and from work each day. Mark appears to suffer from A. a phobia. B. obsessive-compulsive disorder. C. generalized anxiety disorder. D. a mood disorder.

A. a phobia.

A celebrity actress experiences ever-increasing levels of professional acclaim following each successful movie role. Yet with each success, she experiences no more than a temporary surge of subjective well-being. This is best explained in terms of the A. adaptation-level phenomenon. B. two-factor theory. C. James-Lange theory. D. catharsis hypothesis.

A. adaptation-level phenomenon.

Marcy believes that the outcome of athletic contests depends so much on luck that it hardly pays to put any effort into her own athletic training. Her belief most clearly illustrates A. an external locus of control. B. the false consensus effect. C. the spotlight effect. D. the Barnum effect.

A. an external locus of control.

Freud suggested that adults with a passive personality marked by a childlike dependency demonstrate signs of A. an oral fixation. B. reaction formation. C. an inferiority complex. D. an Oedipus complex.

A. an oral fixation.

Tardive dykinesia is associated with the long-term use of certain ________ drugs. A. antipsychotic B. antidepressant C. antianxiety D. mood-stabilizing

A. antipsychotic

Vocal sounds that are not included in one's native language first begin to disappear from usage during the ________ stage of language development. A. babbling B. two-word C. one-word D. telegraphic

A. babbling

People tend to use emotion-focused coping rather than problem-focused coping when they A. believe they cannot change a stressful situation. B. appraise a stressful event as a challenge rather than a threat. C. enter the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome. D. deal with the stress of daily hassles such as obnoxious cell-phone talkers.

A. believe they cannot change a stressful situation.

Some emotional responses to visual stimuli appear to involve no deliberate thinking. These emotional responses are said to follow a "low-road" pathway that bypasses the A. cerebral cortex. B. optic nerve. C. amygdala. D. thalamus.

A. cerebral cortex.

Research participants formed more gut-level liking for Pokémon characters associated with positive rather than negative images. This best illustrates the impact of A. classical conditioning. B. the law of effect. C. negative reinforcers. D. intrinsic motivation.

A. classical conditioning.

rofessor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student despite having doubts about her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more favorable attitudes about the student's abilities? A. cognitive dissonance theory B. scapegoat theory C. two-factor theory D. equity theory

A. cognitive dissonance theory

Two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a A. concept of conservation. B. capacity for habituation. C. sense of object permanence. D. secure attachment.

A. concept of conservation.

Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of A. continuity and stages. B. generativity and stagnation. C. secure and insecure attachments. D. concrete and formal operations.

A. continuity and stages.

In agricultural societies, children typically socialize into more distinct gender roles than do children in nomadic societies. This best illustrates that gender-role differences between social groups result from A. cultural influence. B. a pruning process. C. natural selection. D. individualism.

A. cultural influence.

If heavy drinking follows a period of moderate drinking, people may poison themselves with an overdose because the moderate drinking A. depresses their vomiting response. B. increases their inhibitions. C. stimulates their secretion of leptin. D. reduces their body's level of free radicals.

A. depresses their vomiting response.

The MMPI was originally developed to identify A. emotional disorders. B. unconditional positive regard. C. a hierarchy of needs. D. psychosexual stages.

A. emotional disorders.

The most universally understood way of expressing emotion is through A. facial expressions. B. tone of voice. C. hand gestures. D. body postures.

A. facial expressions.

If people wrinkle their noses in disgust when presented with a strange-looking food, they are likely to experience an increasingly intense emotional aversion to the food. This best illustrates the A. facial feedback effect. B. Cannon-Bard theory. C. feel-good, do-good phenomenon. D. relative deprivation principle.

A. facial feedback effect.

Need is to ________ as drive is to ________. A. food deprivation; hunger B. instinct; incentive C. thirst; basal metabolic rate D. motivation; incentive

A. food deprivation; hunger

When a group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates A. group polarization. B. the bystander effect. C. social facilitation. D. deindividuation.

A. group polarization.

Hypnosis involves a state of A. heightened openness to suggestion. B. increased physical stamina. C. improved perceptual skills. D. elevated autonomic arousal.

A. heightened openness to suggestion.

The extent to which differences in intelligence among a group of people are attributable to genetic factors is known as the ______ of intelligence. A. heritability B. normal curve C. factor analysis D. predictive validity

A. heritability

James Olds and Peter Milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the A. hypothalamus. B. medulla. C. cerebellum. D. amygdala.

A. hypothalamus.

Professor Shankar believes that her students' most important personal characteristics are those that distinguish them as uniquely different from most other people. Her attitude best illustrates one of the consequences of A. individualism. B. gender typing. C. collectivism. D. temperament.

A. individualism.

Managers who want to foster creativity in the workplace should try to increase the ________ of their employees. A. intrinsic motivation B. emotional intelligence C. convergent thinking D. factor analysis

A. intrinsic motivation

After experiencing prolonged and seemingly inescapable physical abuse from her husband, Kayla became increasingly depressed and hopelessly resigned to her suffering. Her reaction best illustrates A. learned helplessness. B. an Electra complex. C. the spotlight effect. D. defensive self-esteem.

A. learned helplessness.

Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when approaching any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear results from a traumatic boat accident she experienced as a child. The therapist's suggestion reflects a ________ perspective. A. learning B. humanistic C. biological D. psychoanalytic

A. learning

Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for depth perception known as A. linear perspective. B. interposition. C. continuity. D. proximity.

A. linear perspective.

Using different words for two very similar objects enables people to recognize conceptual distinctions between the objects. This best illustrates A. linguistic determinism. B. the availability heuristic. C. telegraphic speech. D. fixation.

A. linguistic determinism.

We find it especially difficult to detect from other people's facial expressions whether they are A. lying. B. afraid. C. disgusted D. angry.

A. lying.

Mr. Hoffman has always been cautious with his money, but over the past two weeks he has developed grandiose plans to bet his entire life savings on a single horse race. With unrestrained exuberance he has also been giving everybody he sees unsolicited advice on how to make millions in the stock market. Mr. Hoffman's behavior is most indicative of A. mania. B. antisocial personality disorder. C. obsessive-compulsive disorder. D. panic disorder.

A. mania.

Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience best illustrates A. mood-congruent memory. B. retroactive interference. C. repression. D. the misinformation effect.

A. mood-congruent memory.

Compared with the children of authoritarian parents, the children of authoritative parents are A. more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence. B. less likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and less likely to demonstrate social competence. C. less likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence. D. more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and less likely to demonstrate social competence.

A. more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence.

Intelligence test scores are LEAST similar for A. non twin siblings reared together. B. identical twins reared together. C. identical twins reared apart. D. fraternal twins reared together.

A. non twin siblings reared together.

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of A. observable behavior. B. cognitive processes. C. genetic predispositions. D. all of these factors.

A. observable behavior.

Social learning theorists emphasize that A. observation and imitation play a crucial role in the development of gender identity. B. children will exhibit only those gender-linked behaviors for which they themselves have been directly rewarded. C. children will not develop a clear gender identity if the same-sex parent is absent from the home. D. all of these statements are true.

A. observation and imitation play a crucial role in the development of gender identity.

Without success, Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress intrusive thoughts that she might have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is most symptomatic of A. obsessive-compulsive disorder. B. panic disorder. C. a histrionic personality disorder. D. generalized anxiety disorder.

A. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

After some practice, Carol was able to read books while holding them upside down. This best illustrates A. perceptual adaptation. B. sensory interaction. C. perceptual constancy. D. interposition.

A. perceptual adaptation.

Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that A. person-to-person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences between groups. B. differences among cultural groups largely reflect genetic differences among racial groups. C. gender differences in behavior result from differences in biology rather than from differences in life experiences. D. developmental processes differ greatly among individuals raised in different cultures.

A. person-to-person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences between groups.

Identical twins are most likely to share a similar prenatal environment if they share the same A. placenta. B. reproductive capacity. C. norms. D. gender schemas.

A. placenta.

Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a________ morality. A. preconventional B. conventional C. unconventional D. postconventional

A. preconventional

Which of the following is indicative of a sexual disorder? A. premature ejaculation B. nocturnal emissions C. erotic plasticity D. refractory periods

A. premature ejaculation

Activating memories of your childhood by forming vivid mental images of various locations in your childhood home best illustrates A. priming. B. the serial position effect. C. the spacing effect. D. automatic processing.

A. priming.

We more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles our ________ of a bird. A. prototype B. heuristic C. phoneme D. algorithm

A. prototype

If a patient suffers uncontrollable seizures, physicians can destroy specific nerve clusters that cause or transmit the convulsions. This best illustrates a procedure known as A. psychosurgery. B. rTMS. C. electroconvulsive therapy. D. systematic desensitization.

A. psychosurgery.

Although diagnosed with autism and hardly able to speak coherently, 18-year-old Andrew can produce intricate and detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Andrew illustrates a condition known as A. savant syndrome. B. g factor. C. Down syndrome. D. emotional intelligence.

A. savant syndrome.

Mrs. Higgins believes that aliens from another planet have removed her stomach and are watching her to see how long it takes her to grow another one. Mrs. Higgins is most likely suffering from A. schizophrenia. B. agoraphobia. C. dissociative identity disorder. D. bipolar disorder.

A. schizophrenia.

Oxygen deprivation at the time of birth is a known risk factor for A. schizophrenia. B. panic disorder. C. obsessive-compulsive disorder. D. bipolar disorder.

A. schizophrenia.

According to Maslow, the desire for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self refers to the motive for A. self-transcendence. B. the reality principle. C. reciprocal determinism. D. unconditional positive regard.

A. self-transcendence.

Our weight thermostats are somewhat flexible and are influence by environmental as well as biological factors. Some researchers have therefore adopted the term A. settling point. B. basal metabolic rate. C. drive reduction. D. relative deprivation.

A. settling point.

A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular. This illustrates A. shape constancy. B. interposition. C. retinal disparity. D. linear perspective.

A. shape constancy.

We can better predict drivers' behavior at traffic lights from knowing the color of the lights than from knowing the drivers' personalities. This best illustrates the importance of Select one: A. situational influences. B. the spotlight effect. C. self-transcendence. D. collectivism.

A. situational influences.

A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of A. social harmony. B. personal privacy. C. innovation and creativity. D. racial diversity.

A. social harmony.

Girls are likely to outperform boys in a A. spelling bee. B. math problem-solving test. C. chess tournament. D. computer-programming contest.

A. spelling bee.

Sixteen-year-old Bethany is becoming increasingly concerned about her use of marijuana on weekends. To reduce her use of this drug Bethany should A. stop associating with friends who use marijuana. B. be warned that marijuana interferes with female sexual functioning. C. recognize that life is stressful and often beyond control. D. recognize that drug use results from her own lack of social skills.

A. stop associating with friends who use marijuana.

The removal of a woman's ovaries may contribute to decreasing sexual interest because her natural ________ level is ________. A. testosterone; lowered B. PYY; raised C. testosterone; raised D. PYY; lowered

A. testosterone; lowered

If you mimic another person's facial expressions of emotion, you probably will feel increasing empathy for that person. This is best explained in terms of A. the James-Lange theory. B. the catharsis hypothesis. C. the feel-good, do-good phenomenon. D. relative deprivation.

A. the James-Lange theory.

At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. These were replaced with psychiatric hospitals in which attempts were made to diagnose and cure those with psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of A. the medical model. B. psychoanalytic theory. C. linkage analysis. D. the DSM-IV-TR.

A. the medical model.

Because she mistakenly believes that the herbal remedy she is using will help her lose weight, Mrs. Redding is feeling a considerable reduction in her appetite. This best illustrates A. the placebo effect. B. progressive relaxation. C. tardive dyskinesia. D. systematic desensitization.

A. the placebo effect.

Jaydon doesn't realize that his alcohol abuse and neglect of his family is leading to the destruction of both his family and career. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Jaydon shows signs of a A. weak ego. B. strong superego. C. weak id. D. strong ego.

A. weak ego.

Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments. He also has difficulty taking turns in playground games with classmates. Brian most clearly exhibits symptoms of A. OCD. B. ADHD. C. PTSD. D. DID.

B. ADHD.

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior? A. John B. Watson B. Albert Bandura C. Ivan Pavlov D. B. F. Skinner

B. Albert Bandura

Which of the following therapists would most likely challenge and dispute a client's self-defeating thoughts? A. Joseph Wolpe B. Albert Ellis C. Carl Rogers D. Aaron Beck

B. Albert Ellis

Who is the best example of a Type A personality? A. Bonnie, a relaxed, fun-loving professor. B. Andre, a competitive, easily-angered journalist. C. Susan, a brilliant, self-confident accountant. D. Clay, a reflective, open-minded artist.

B. Andre, a competitive, easily-angered journalist.

Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by A. evolutionary psychologists. B. Gestalt psychologists. C. behaviorists. D. parapsychologists.

B. Gestalt psychologists.

Who emphasized the importance of transference in the therapeutic process? A. Carl Rogers B. Sigmund Freud C. Hans Eysenck D. Egaz Moniz

B. Sigmund Freud

The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This best illustrates A. the volley principle. B. Weber's law. C. sensory interaction. D. the opponent-process theory.

B. Weber's law.

The older a person is when moving to a new country, the harder it is to learn the language. This best illustrates the importance of ________ for learning language. A. heuristics B. a critical period C. mental age D. algorithms

B. a critical period

The process of imprinting occurs during a brief developmental phase known as A. puberty. B. a critical period. C. menarche. D. menopause.

B. a critical period.

Although she is intelligent and a good athlete, Abigail believes that her low grades in school and losing the quarter-mile race are reflections of her own intellectual and athletic incompetence. Her conclusion best illustrates A. reciprocal determinism. B. a pessimistic attributional style. C. the false consensus effect. D. the spotlight effect.

B. a pessimistic attributional style.

Humanistic psychology has been most closely associated with an emphasis on the importance of A. reciprocal determinism. B. a positive self-concept. C. empirically derived tests. D. an external locus of control.

B. a positive self-concept.

Which of the following is an important component of therapeutic lifestyle change promoted by Stephen Ilardi and his colleagues? A. free association B. aerobic exercise C. rTMS D. systematic desensitization

B. aerobic exercise

The instantaneous and automatic fear response we experience when unexpectedly stumbling upon a snake illustrates the importance of the A. hypothalamus. B. amygdala. C. pituitary gland. D. hippocampus.

B. amygdala.

After spending years in the ocean, a mature salmon swims up its home river to return to its birthplace. This behavior is an example of A. a set point. B. an instinct. C. a refractory period. D. homeostasis.

B. an instinct.

Lindsey is extremely afraid of becoming obese even though she is underweight. She often checks her body in the mirror for any signs of fat and refuses to eat most foods because she insists they are fatty or high in calories. Lindsey most clearly demonstrates symptoms of A. agoraphobia. B. anorexia nervosa. C. panic disorder. D. bulimia nervosa.

B. anorexia nervosa.

As a result of an automobile accident, Jenny suffered damage to her cerebral cortex in Broca's area. Jenny is most likely to experience A. memory loss. B. aphasia. C. auditory hallucinations. D. paralysis of her left limbs.

B. aphasia.

Deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of others' emotional states is most characteristic of A. infantile amnesia. B. autism. C. menarche. D. object permanence.

B. autism.

Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers? A. amphetamines B. barbiturates C. hallucinogens D. opiates

B. barbiturates

A subliminal message is one that is presented A. in a manner that is unconsciously persuasive. B. below one's absolute threshold for awareness. C. with very soft background music. D. repetitiously.

B. below one's absolute threshold for awareness.

After participants in one study were informed that a videotaped interviewee was a psychiatric patient, they characterized the person with phrases such as "a passive, dependent type" and "frightened of his own aggressive impulses." This study best illustrated the A. shortcomings of the social-cognitive perspective. B. biasing power of diagnostic labels. C. dangers of dissociative identity disorder. D. unreliability of the DSM-IV-TR.

B. biasing power of diagnostic labels.

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by A. intrinsic motivation. B. biological predispositions. C. conditioned reinforcers. D. the law of effect.

B. biological predispositions.

After flying from California to New York, Arthur experienced a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his normal A. sleep paralysis. B. circadian rhythm. C. hypnagogic sensations. D. change blindness.

B. circadian rhythm.

Nancy's therapist encourages her to think about her strengths rather than her weaknesses and to develop a habit of thanking others when they compliment her or provide emotional support. The therapist's approach best illustrates A. virtual reality exposure therapy. B. cognitive-behavioral therapy. C. psychoanalysis. D. client-centered therapy.

B. cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Grass seen through sunglasses appears equally as green as it does without glasses. This best illustrates A. accommodation. B. color constancy. C. Weber's law. D. sensory interaction.

B. color constancy.

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding. A. increases; decreases B. decreases; increases C. decreases; decreases D. has no effect on; has no effect on

B. decreases; increases

The semantic processing of the words in a short poem illustrates A. the serial position effect. B. deep processing. C. procedural memory. D. the peg-word system.

B. deep processing.

Antonio's car stalls in the middle of a railroad crossing just as a train is rapidly approaching. His emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by A. a decreased respiration rate. B. dilation of his pupils. C. a decreased blood sugar level. D. contraction of the arteries.

B. dilation of his pupils.

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of A. extinction. B. discrimination. C. conditioned reinforcement. D. latent learning.

B. discrimination.

When Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sister's opinion, she effectively controls her own anger and responds with empathy to her sister's frustration regarding their dispute. Her behavior best illustrates A. factor analysis. B. emotional intelligence. C. divergent thinking. D. analytic intelligence.

B. emotional intelligence.

Cognitive therapists are most likely to A. systematically associate clients' undesirable behaviors with unpleasant experiences. B. emphasize the importance of clients' personal interpretations of life events. C. focus special attention on clients' positive and negative feelings about their therapists. D. employ personality tests to accurately diagnose their clients' difficulties.

B. emphasize the importance of clients' personal interpretations of life events.

If a professor accused you of cheating on a test, your adrenal glands would probably release ________ into your bloodstream. A. acetylcholine B. epinephrine C. endorphins D. insulin

B. epinephrine

The most effective psychotherapists are those who A. discourage clients from using antianxiety or antidepressant drugs. B. establish an empathic, caring relationship with their clients. C. employ personality tests to accurately diagnose their clients' difficulties. D. have had many years of experience practicing psychotherapy.

B. establish an empathic, caring relationship with their clients.

The gender gap in aggression is LEAST likely to involve hurting others by A. delivering electric shocks. B. excluding them. C. expressing support for war. D. spanking them.

B. excluding them.

The cochlea is a A. fluid-filled tube that provides a sense of body movement. B. fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses. C. set of three tiny bones that amplify the vibrations of the earndrum. D. fluid-filled tube that provides a sense of upright body position.

B. fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

Bart complied with his friends' request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the A. bystander effect. B. foot-in-the-door phenomenon. C. fundamental attribution error. D. frustration-aggression principle.

B. foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

The central focal point in the retina where cones are heavily concentrated is known as the A. cornea. B. fovea. C. optic nerve. D. lens.

B. fovea.

An approach to lie detection that assesses a suspect's physiological response to details of a crime known only to police investigators is called the A. adaptation-level principle. B. guilty knowledge test. C. catharsis hypothesis. D. relative deprivation principle.

B. guilty knowledge test.

Groupthink is fueled by a desire for A. self-disclosure. B. harmony. C. minority influence. D. cognitive dissonance.

B. harmony.

Critics of evolutionary psychology are most likely to suggest that it underestimates the A. impact of genetic predispositions on human sexual behavior. B. impact of cultural expectations on human sexual behavior. C. variety of traits that contribute to reproductively successful behaviors. D. extent to which certain gender differences in sexual behavior are common to all cultures.

B. impact of cultural expectations on human sexual behavior.

Personnel psychology is one of the main subfields of A. human factors psychology. B. industrial-organizational psychology. C. evolutionary psychology. D. organizational psychology.

B. industrial-organizational psychology.

Which theory emphasizes that dreams play a role in consolidating the day's experiences in our memories? A. wish-fulfillment theory B. information-processing theory C. neural activation theory D. cognitive development theory

B. information-processing theory

Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of A. object permanence. B. insecure attachment. C. post conventional morality. D. egocentrism.

B. insecure attachment.

Difficult babies with an intense and highly reactive temperament tend to be A. intelligent and imaginative. B. irritable and unpredictable. C. fearless and assertive. D. extraverted and cheerful.

B. irritable and unpredictable.

After being heavily exposed to X-rated films, men are later ________ likely to perceive extramarital sex as troubling and ________ likely to perceive a woman's friendliness as sexual interest. A. more; less B. less; more C. more; more D. less; less

B. less; more

Stereotype threat is most likely to depress female students' performance on a difficult ________ test and to depress male students' performance on a difficult ________ test. A. verbal fluency; math problem-solving B. math problem-solving; verbal fluency C. athletic abilities; spatial abilities D. spatial abilities; athletic abilities

B. math problem-solving; verbal fluency

In a study of Welsh pedestrians, women rated a man as ________ if he was pictured at the wheel of an expensive rather than an inexpensive car. Men rated a woman as ________ if she was pictured at the wheel of an expensive rather than an inexpensive car. A. less attractive; more attractive B. more attractive; no more attractive C. no more attractive; more attractive D. less attractive; no more attractive

B. more attractive; no more attractive

Degeneration of the myelin sheath results in A. a reward deficiency syndrome. B. multiple sclerosis. C. neurogenesis. D. the fight-or-flight response.

B. multiple sclerosis.

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of A. respondent behavior. B. negative reinforcement. C. secondary reinforcement. D. spontaneous recovery.

B. negative reinforcement.

In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of A. social facilitation. B. normative social influence. C. mirror-image perceptions. D. the mere exposure effect.

B. normative social influence.

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates A. operant conditioning. B. observational learning. C. respondent behavior. D. spontaneous recovery.

B. observational learning.

Assessing the impact of different management styles on the motivation and productivity of employees best illustrates the professional concerns of A. human factors psychology. B. organizational psychology. C. personnel psychology. D. clinical psychology

B. organizational psychology.

In one experiment, deeply-in-love university students experienced ________ when looking at their beloved's picture. A. unit bias B. pain relief C. ostracism D. narcissism

B. pain relief

Some stroke victims lose the capacity to perceive motion but retain the capacity to perceive shapes and colors. Others lose the capacity to perceive colors but retain the capacity to perceive movement and form. These peculiar visual disabilities best illustrate our normal capacity for A. sensory interaction. B. parallel processing. C. accommodation. D. sensory adaptation.

B. parallel processing.

To learn whether intelligence is related to information-processing speed, researchers have tested participants to determine how long it takes them to A. copy the letters of the alphabet. B. perceive briefly present visual images. C. calculate intelligence quotients. D. count from 1 to 10.

B. perceive briefly present visual images.

Catatonia is characterized by A. delusions of persecution. B. periods of immobility or excessive, purposeless movement. C. offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person. D. hyperactive, wildly optimistic states of emotion.

B. periods of immobility or excessive, purposeless movement.

At the age of 22, Mrs. LaBlanc was less than 4 feet tall. Her short stature was probably influenced by the lack of a growth hormone produced by the A. adrenal gland. B. pituitary gland. C. thyroid. D. pancreas.

B. pituitary gland.

Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality. A. unconventional B. postconventional C. conventional D. preconventional

B. postconventional

Hermann Rorschach introduced what has become the most widely used ________ test. A. self-esteem B. projective C. factor analytic D. empirically derived

B. projective

The suggestion that dissociative identity disorder symptoms are created as defenses against the anxiety caused by one's own unacceptable impulses best illustrates the A. medical model. B. psychodynamic perspective. C. social-cognitive perspective. D. biopsychosocial approach.

B. psychodynamic perspective.

When people's symptoms of psychological distress are at their worst, whatever they do to try to alleviate the condition is likely to be followed by improvement rather than further deterioration. This is best explained in terms of A. counterconditioning. B. regression toward the mean. C. systematic desensitization. D. the therapeutic alliance.

B. regression toward the mean.

Children who have witnessed a parent's murder report memories that most clearly challenge Freud's concept of A. displacement. B. repression. C. erogenous zones. D. reaction formation.

B. repression.

A lie detector test is used to monitor a person's A. stomach contraction. B. respiration. C. brain activity. D. insulin levels.

B. respiration.

Multiple ________ send combined messages to a bipolar cell, whereas a single ________ may link directly to a single bipolar cell. A. basilar membranes; hair cell B. rods; cone C. cones; rod D. hair cells; basilar membrane

B. rods; cone

Behaviors expected of those who occupy a particular social position define a A. norm. B. role. C. schema. D. temperament.

B. role.

Abraham Maslow suggested that individuals who are open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by others' opinions illustrate A. extraversion. B. self-actualization. C. an external locus of control. D. reaction formation.

B. self-actualization.

Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck best illustrate A. the spotlight effect. B. self-serving bias. C. unconditional positive regard. D. reciprocal determinism.

B. self-serving bias.

When you add s to the word apple you are referring to more than one apple. This illustrates an English language rule of A. syntax. B. semantics. C. telegraphic speech. D. algorithms.

B. semantics.

After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her ________ memory. A. procedural B. short-term C. flashbulb D. implicit

B. short-term

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates A. latent learning. B. spontaneous recovery. C. delayed reinforcement. D. shaping.

B. spontaneous recovery.

A child's temperament is likely to be A. difficult to observe. B. stable over time. C. a product of parenting style. D. a product of his or her gender schema.

B. stable over time.

Before publishing her test of musical aptitude, Professor Reed first administered the test to a representative sample of people. This was most clearly necessary for test A. reliability. B. standardization. C. validity. D. heritability.

B. standardization.

Unlike the use of algorithms or heuristics, insight does not involve A. prototypes. B. strategy-based solutions. C. concepts. D. cognition.

B. strategy-based solutions.

One person, alone in a house, dismisses its creaking sounds and experiences no stress; someone else suspects an intruder and becomes alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of A. the general adaptation syndrome. B. stress appraisal. C. biofeedback. D. spontaneous remission.

B. stress appraisal.

The hostilities between two racial subgroups of a riverfront community were dramatically reduced when the threat of their river flooding its banks required that they work together to save their town. This best illustrates the impact of A. groupthink. B. superordinate goals. C. deindividuation. D. the bystander effect.

B. superordinate goals.

To help Adam reduce his fear of dogs, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and then simply imagine that he is walking toward a friendly and harmless little dog. The therapist's technique best illustrates A. stress inoculation training. B. systematic desensitization. C. operant conditioning. D. psychodynamic therapy.

B. systematic desensitization.

Around the world, people describe others' personality traits in terms that are consistent with a set of factors called Select one: A. psychosexual stages. B. the Big Five. C. the hierarchy of needs. D. defense mechanisms.

B. the Big Five.

Some hereditarians have been fearful that higher twentieth-century birth rates among those with lower intelligence scores would shove average intelligence scores progressively downward. This fear has been most directly alleviated by the discovery of A. the normal curve. B. the Flynn effect. C. the g factor. D. emotional intelligence.

B. the Flynn effect.

Which theory suggests that you would not experience intense anger unless you were first aware of your racing heart or other symptoms of physiological arousal? A. the adaptation-level theory B. the James-Lange theory C. the Cannon-Bard theory D. the relative deprivation theory

B. the James-Lange theory

According to psychoanalytic theory, boys' fear of castration is most closely associated with A. free association. B. the Oedipus complex. C. an oral fixation. D. the spotlight effect.

B. the Oedipus complex.

Dr. Wolski conducts research on the potential relationship between neurotransmitter deficiencies and mood states. Dr. Wolski's research focus is most characteristic of A. psychoanalysis. B. the biological perspective. C. social psychology. D. phrenology.

B. the biological perspective.

Research participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his or her face or shook his or her foot were observed to do the same thing themselves. This best illustrated A. the mere exposure effect. B. the chameleon effect. C. social loafing. D. the bystander effect.

B. the chameleon effect.

When working an occasional night shift, people often feel groggiest in the middle of the night but experience new energy around the time they normally would wake up. This best illustrates the impact of A. REM rebound. B. the circadian rhythm. C. selective attention. D. neuroadaptation.

B. the circadian rhythm.

Carl Jung emphasized the importance of ________ in personality functioning. A. psychosexual stages B. the collective unconscious C. inferiority feelings D. unconditional positive regard

B. the collective unconscious

Work is most likely to be satisfying for employees if it is associated with A. unstructured interviews. B. the experience of flow. C. 360-degree feedback. D. task leadership.

B. the experience of flow.

When visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian was said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is best explained in terms of A. the mere exposure effect. B. the just-world phenomenon. C. the social-responsibility norm. D. deindividuation.

B. the just-world phenomenon.

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference best illustrates the importance of A. social traps. B. the mere exposure effect. C. mirror-image perceptions. D. deindividuation.

B. the mere exposure effect.

After Mrs. Chanski and her children had helped themselves to free samples of the cookies being promoted in the grocery store, she felt obligated to buy some, even though they seemed unreasonably expensive. Her reaction best illustrates the significance of A. social facilitation. B. the reciprocity norm. C. the bystander effect. D. the just-world phenomenon.

B. the reciprocity norm.

Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates A. Weber's law. B. top-down processing. C. sensory adaptation. D. accommodation.

B. top-down processing.

A picture of a dog is briefly flashed in the left visual field of a split-brain patient. At the same time a picture of a boy is flashed in the right visual field. In identifying what she saw, the patient would be most likely to A. verbally report that she saw a dog. B. verbally report that she saw a boy. C. use her left hand to point to a picture of a dog. D. use her left hand to point to a picture of a boy.

B. verbally report that she saw a boy.

BEST advice to offer someone who wants to lose excess weight? A. "Avoid complex carbohydrates like potatoes and pasta." B. "Once you lose your excess weight, you will experience a big reduction in your appetite for food." C. "Permanent weight loss requires a lifelong change in eating and exercise habits." D. "Your self-esteem will increase dramatically if you can successfully lose weight."

C. "Permanent weight loss requires a lifelong change in eating and exercise habits."

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a A. UR. B. US. C. CR. D. CS.

C. CR.

Who emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development? A. Gordon Allport B. Alfred Adler C. Carl Rogers D. Albert Bandura

C. Carl Rogers

The principle of natural selection was first advanced by A. Thomas Bouchard. B. Sigmund Freud. C. Charles Darwin. D. Robert Plomin.

C. Charles Darwin.

A current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders is known as the A. biopsychosocial approach. B. medical model. C. DSM-IV-TR. D. DID.

C. DSM-IV-TR.

Patients receive a general anesthetic and muscle relaxant prior to treatment with A. rTMS. B. SSRIs. C. ECT. D. EMDR.

C. ECT.

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by A. Harlow's attachment theory. B. Kohlberg's moral development theory. C. Piaget's cognitive development theory. D. Erikson's psychosocial development theory.

C. Piaget's cognitive development theory.

At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of A. muscle tension. B. Stage 4 sleep. C. REM sleep. D. hypnagogic sensations.

C. REM sleep.

Teenage girls are especially vulnerable to ________ because of their lower levels of protective antibodies. A. obesity B. erotic plasticity C. STIs D. few refractory periods

C. STIs

The law of effect was most clearly highlighted by A. Pavlov's studies of conditioned salivation. B. Garcia and Koelling's research on taste aversion. C. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement. D. Watson and Rayner's findings on fear conditioning.

C. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

Max is so used to thinking that a tough competitive style of behavior is the best way to impress others that he fails to recognize that the most effective way to impress his girlfriend is with cooperative tenderness. Max's oversight best illustrates A. an algorithm. B. a critical period. C. a fixation. D. the framing effect.

C. a fixation.

Employing the single word HOMES to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of A. the spacing effect. B. the serial position effect. C. a mnemonic technique. D. implicit memory

C. a mnemonic technique.

Elaine feels that her life is empty, has lost all interest in her career and hobbies, and wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from A. a dissociative disorder. B. agoraphobia. C. a mood disorder. D. antisocial personality disorder.

C. a mood disorder.

Max fails to recycle his glass, metal, and plastic garbage because he thinks it's personally inconvenient and likely to have minimal impact on the city's already overflowing landfills. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics of A. the mere exposure effect. B. the fundamental attribution error. C. a social trap. D. social facilitation.

C. a social trap.

After Nadia learned that penguins can't fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of A. habituation. B. assimilation. C. accommodation. D. conservation.

C. accommodation.

A test designed to assess whether newly graduated medical students should be granted the legal right to practice medicine would most likely be considered a ________ test. A. g-factor B. factor analysis C. achievement D. aptitude

C. achievement

The sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive to most people that they immediately recognize it as shamefully immoral. This best illustrates that moral judgments may reflect A. habituation. B. insecure attachments. C. affectively laden intuitions. D. formal operations.

C. affectively laden intuitions.

One of the Big Five personality factors is A. reciprocal determinism. B. free association. C. agreeableness. D. self-actualization.

C. agreeableness.

Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to affect one's A. vestibular sense. B. sense of smell. C. audition. D. vision.

C. audition.

To help Janet overcome her nearly irresistible craving for chocolate, a therapist provides her with a supply of chocolate candies that contain solidified droplets of a harmless but very bitter-tasting substance. This approach to treatment best illustrates A. stress inoculation training. B. light exposure therapy. C. aversive conditioning. D. systematic desensitization.

C. aversive conditioning.

Which of the following is central to the processing of procedural memories? A. hippocampus B. hypothalamus C. basal ganglia D. amygdala

C. basal ganglia

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and personality traits is known as A. molecular genetics. B. evolutionary psychology. C. behavior genetics. D. gender typing.

C. behavior genetics.

The stress normally experienced by refugees is lessened by chain migration. This best illustrates the importance of ________ needs. A. self-actualization B. physiological C. belongingness D. sexual

C. belongingness

An awareness that children's temperaments influence parents' child-rearing practices should inhibit our tendency to A. emphasize the interaction of nature and nurture. B. assess the stability of personality traits. C. blame parents for our own dysfunctional characteristics. D. identify cultural differences in child-rearing practices.

C. blame parents for our own dysfunctional characteristics.

Melissa uses laxatives in an attempt to lose some of the weight she gained from binge eating. Melissa most clearly demonstrates symptoms of A. agoraphobia. B. anorexia nervosa. C. bulimia nervosa. D. panic disorder.

C. bulimia nervosa.

Compared with ineffective managers, those who are effective are more likely to A. use informal, unstructured interviews when selecting new employees. B. exercise a directive management style for achieving organizational goals. C. celebrate employee productivity by providing them with recognition and rewards. D. do all of these things.

C. celebrate employee productivity by providing them with recognition and rewards.

Research suggests that humans can most easily master the grammar of a second language during A. adolescence. B. late adulthood. C. childhood. D. early adulthood.

C. childhood.

If you have a "frightening experience" immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates A. generalization. B. spontaneous recovery. C. classical conditioning. D. the law of effect.

C. classical conditioning.

An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a ________ perspective. A. evolutionary B. behaviorist C. cognitive D. neuroscience

C. cognitive

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. This provides evidence for the role of ________ in operant behavior. A. spontaneous recovery B. primary reinforcers C. cognitive processes D. negative reinforcers

C. cognitive processes

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer. A. partial B. primary C. conditioned D. delayed

C. conditioned

University students who focus on the interest and challenge of their schoolwork rather than on simply meeting deadlines and securing good grades are especially likely to demonstrate A. convergent thinking. B. reliability. C. creativity. D. emotional intelligence.

C. creativity.

Immanuel Kant and John Locke would have been most likely to disagree about the extent to which perception is influenced by A. retinal disparity. B. relative luminance. C. cultural experience. D. accommodation.

C. cultural experience.

Although Frieda is typically very reserved, as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a very sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of A. the bystander effect. B. social facilitation. C. deindividuation. D. the mere exposure effect.

C. deindividuation.

Mr. James believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his life savings. Mr. James is most clearly suffering from A. catatonia. B. hallucinations. C. delusions. D. compulsions.

C. delusions.

The social roles assigned to women and men A. are virtually the same in all cultures. B. have been virtually the same in all historical periods. C. differ widely across cultures. D. differ widely across historical time periods but not across cultures.

C. differ widely across cultures.

One biological basis for addiction involves brain activity in the ________ reward system. A. sensory B. motor C. dopamine D. melatonin

C. dopamine

Holding a heavy rather than a light clipboard leads people to perceive job candidates as more important. This best illustrates A. the McGurk effect. B. Weber's law. C. embodied cognition. D. telekinesis.

C. embodied cognition.

Women, more than men, prefer to alternate periods of high sexual activity with periods of very little sexual activity. This best illustrates gender differences in A. the sexual response cycle. B. refractory periods. C. erotic plasticity. D. sexual orientation.

C. erotic plasticity.

Preventive mental health attempts to reduce the likelihood of psychological disorders by Select one: A. enabling more people to see professional psychotherapists. B. emphasizing the importance of using an eclectic approach to therapy. C. establishing programs to wipe out poverty and other demoralizing situations. D. encouraging depressed people to take more personal responsibility for their own problems.

C. establishing programs to wipe out poverty and other demoralizing situations.

A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in the family's backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. The therapist's approach to helping Rebecca best illustrates A. EMDR. B. stress inoculation training. C. exposure therapy. D. aversive conditioning.

C. exposure therapy.

Systematic desensitization is a form of A. aversive conditioning. B. stress inoculation training. C. exposure therapy. D. electroconvulsive therapy.

C. exposure therapy.

Which procedure is used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie people's intelligence scores? A. heritability estimates B. standardization C. factor analysis D. validation

C. factor analysis

Which of the following types of cells are located in the brain's visual cortex? A. rods and cones B. hair cells C. feature detectors D. bipolar cells

C. feature detectors

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement. A. fixed-interval B. variable-interval C. fixed-ratio D. variable-ratio

C. fixed-ratio

A completely focused state of consciousness resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills is called A. transformational leadership. B. 360-degree feedback. C. flow. D. grit.

C. flow.

The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a A. gender role. B. gender identity. C. gender schema. D. gender type.

C. gender schema.

If course exams assess a student's mastery of a representative sample of course material, they are said to A. have predictive validity. B. be standardized. C. have content validity. D. be reliable.

C. have content validity.

Gender differences in heritable personality traits cannot necessarily be attributed to male-female genetic differences because A. physical maturation proceeds at a different rate for males and females. B. variations in temperament contribute to gender differences. C. heritable traits can be influenced by social environments. D. males and females are also affected by their different sex hormones.

C. heritable traits can be influenced by social environments.

Classical psychoanalysts were especially interested in A. discouraging patients from using antianxiety or antidepressant drugs. B. minimizing the possibility that patients would experience anxiety during therapy. C. interpreting the meaning of patients' resistance to therapeutic procedures. D. encouraging patients to carefully observe the consequences of their maladaptive behaviors

C. interpreting the meaning of patients' resistance to therapeutic procedures.

The sensory experience of bending one's knees or raising one's arms exemplifies A. the vestibular sense. B. sensory interaction. C. kinesthesis. D. top-down processing.

C. kinesthesis.

The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually A. large when it is high in the sky. B. bright when it is near the horizon. C. large when it is near the horizon. D. bright when it is high in the sky.

C. large when it is near the horizon.

A researcher who administers a personality test to the same children every 3 years as they progress through school is conducting a________ study. A. experimental B. chronological C. longitudinal D. cross-sectional

C. longitudinal

Feelings of hunger accompany ________ levels of blood glucose and ________ levels of ghrelin. A. low; low B. high; low C. low; high D. high; high

C. low; high

An empathic husband who sees his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. According to many researchers, this best illustrates the functioning of A. cognitive maps. B. spontaneous recovery. C. mirror neurons. D. extrinsic motivation.

C. mirror neurons.

In a study of social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students tugged hardest when they thought A. three others were pulling with them. B. three others were pulling against them. C. no others were pulling with them. D. no one was monitoring how hard they pulled.

C. no others were pulling with them.

Another term for implicit memory is ________ memory. A. short-term B. iconic C. nondeclaritive D. state-dependent

C. nondeclaritive

One gene scan of 40,000 people worldwide identified a variant of a gene called FTO. This gene nearly doubles the risk of A. neophobia. B. a low set point. C. obesity. D. erotic plasticity.

C. obesity.

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates A. spontaneous recovery. B. respondent behavior. C. operant conditioning. D. latent learning.

C. operant conditioning.

Nociceptors initiate the sensation of A. pitch. B. taste. C. pain. D. color.

C. pain.

A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates A. generalization. B. latent learning. C. partial reinforcement. D. higher-order conditioning.

C. partial reinforcement.

Compared with many Asian and African parents, today's Westernized parents are more likely to teach their children to value A. civil obedience. B. emotional closeness. C. personal independence. D. family traditions.

C. personal independence.

Aggression is defined in psychology as A. physical behavior intended to hurt someone. B. any behavior that harms someone whether it is intentional or unintentional. C. physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. D. verbally insulting someone, whether intentional or unintentional.

C. physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.

Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the A. teratogens. B. embryo. C. placenta. D. ovaries.

C. placenta.

University grades are used to assess the ________ of the SAT. A. reliability B. standardization C. predictive validity D. heritability

C. predictive validity

Deaf people who use sign language typically A. have better communication skills than hearing persons. B. have a smaller corpus callosum than hearing persons. C. process language in their left cerebral hemisphere. D. demonstrate greater mathematical competence than hearing persons.

C. process language in their left cerebral hemisphere.

Introductory psychology students facing a midterm exam one week later spent five minutes each day visualizing themselves reading their assigned chapters, going over their notes, and eliminating study distractions. This ________ simulation had a ________ effect on their exam scores. A. outcome; negative B. outcome; positive C. process; positive D. process; negative

C. process; positive

The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of A. interposition. B. closure. C. proximity. D. perceptual constancy.

C. proximity.

Bryce often acts so daring and overly confident that few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as A. displacement. B. regression. C. reaction formation. D. projection.

C. reaction formation.

Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates A. the spotlight effect. B. unconditional positive regard. C. reciprocal determinism. D. self-serving bias.

C. reciprocal determinism.

The social-cognitive perspective highlights the interaction of personal traits with our environment, a process that Albert Bandura called A. self-actualization. B. free association. C. reciprocal determinism. D. reaction formation.

C. reciprocal determinism.

During her weekly therapy sessions, Sabrina will often abruptly shift the focus of her attention and lose her train of thought. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates A. progressive relaxation. B. regression toward the mean. C. resistance. D. spontaneous recovery.

C. resistance.

The distance between our right and left eyes functions to provide us with a cue for depth perception known as A. interposition. B. linear perspective. C. retinal disparity. D. proximity.

C. retinal disparity.

A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called a A. critical period. B. formal operational stage. C. rite of passage. D. social clock.

C. rite of passage.

Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing A. insecure attachment. B. egocentrism. C. role confusion. D. infantile amnesia.

C. role confusion.

Female breasts are to ________ as male testes are to ________. A. menopause; menarche B. menarche; menopause C. secondary sex characteristics; primary sex characteristics D. primary sex characteristics; secondary sex characteristics

C. secondary sex characteristics; primary sex characteristics

Although 3-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother's side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of A. object permanence. B. conservation. C. secure attachment. D. egocentrism.

C. secure attachment.

Our ________ is said to be a gauge of how socially accepted we feel. A. erotic plasticity B. set point C. self-esteem D. basal metabolic rate

C. self-esteem

If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates A. Weber's law. B. parallel processing. C. sensory adaptation. D. accommodation.

C. sensory adaptation.

A drink's strawberry odor enhances our perception of its sweetness. This best illustrates A. sensory adaptation. B. Weber's law. C. sensory interaction. D. interposition.

C. sensory interaction.

Bonnie pedals an exercise bike at her health club much faster when other patrons happen to be working out on nearby equipment. This best illustrates A. the bystander effect. B. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. C. social facilitation. D. group polarization.

C. social facilitation.

Which of the following best illustrates a negative symptom of schizophrenia? A. hallucinations B. delusions C. social withdrawal D. inappropriate rage

C. social withdrawal

Amanda's therapist suggests that her depression results from mistakenly blaming herself rather than a slumping economy for her recent job loss. Her therapist's suggestion best illustrates a A. medical model. B. linkage analysis. C. social-cognitive perspective. D. DSM-IV-TR diagnosis.

C. social-cognitive perspective.

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about spaceship travel and alien abductions, Steve began to remember that he had been abducted by aliens and personally subjected to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall best illustrates A. the spacing effect. B. implicit memory. C. source amnesia. D. mood-congruent memory.

C. source amnesia.

Religiously active AIDS patients ________ than do their nonreligious counterparts. A. exhibit fewer problem-focused coping skills B. have more depressed moods C. survive longer D. have higher stress hormone levels

C. survive longer

Pat is normally very restless and fidgety, whereas Shelley is usually quiet and easygoing. The two children most clearly differ in A. sex chromosomes. B. gender schemas. C. temperament. D. gender roles.

C. temperament.

Mr. Hughes heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics involved in A. the fundamental attribution error. B. group polarization. C. the bystander effect. D. the mere exposure effect.

C. the bystander effect.

The preferred age for retirement is quite different in Mexico than in Western Europe. This best illustrates that ________ differs from culture to culture. A. terminal decline B. the maturational cycle C. the social clock D. rites of passage

C. the social clock

Which theory best explains why the excitement that lingers after a frightening event can facilitate passionate love? A. social exchange theory B. cognitive dissonance theory C. the two-factor theory D. equity theory

C. the two-factor theory

The fundamental attribution error involves A. becoming more extreme in one's individual opinions following group discussion. B. performing a complex task more poorly when in the presence of others. C. underestimating situational constraints on another's behavior. D. losing self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.

C. underestimating situational constraints on another's behavior.

Students perceive themselves as less likely than the average classmate to develop drinking problems or drop out of school. This best illustrates A. the Barnum effect. B. the false consensus effect. C. unrealistic optimism. D. the spotlight effect.

C. unrealistic optimism.

Human factors psychologists would be most likely to aid in the design of A. management training seminars. B. work-skills assessment tests. C. user-friendly factory machinery. D. employee weight-reduction programs.

C. user-friendly factory machinery.

Which of the following is a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by the hypothalamus? A. leptin B. ghrelin C. PYY D. orexin

D. orexin

During which phase of the sexual response cycle does the refractory period begin? A. the plateau phase B. orgasm C. the excitement phase D. the resolution phase

D. the resolution phase

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a A. negative reinforcer. B. conditioned stimulus. C. conditioned reinforcer. D. unconditioned stimulus.

D. unconditioned stimulus.

Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of

a hypothesis.

Psychologists' personal values and goals

can bias their observation and interpretations.

By testing their predictions with the observational method of science, psychologists are using a(n)

empirical approach.

Critical thinking is smart thinking that involves

evaluating evidence.

The most foolproof way of testing the true effectiveness of a newly introduced method of psychological therapy is by means of

experimental research

In a psychological experiment, the experimental factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the ________ variable.

independent

The median in a distribution of scores is the

middle score in a distribution of scores.

Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as

naturalistic observation.

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are

negatively correlated.

In a written report of their research, psychologists specify exactly how anxiety is assessed, thus providing their readers with a

operational definition.

Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates

overconfidence.

In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a

placebo

The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ________ on feelings and behaviors.

positive expectations

When every individual in a large population has a small but equal chance of being included in a survey, researchers are using a procedure known as

random sampling.

Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have been during the past season. Which of the following measures would tell her what she wants to know?

standard deviation

The perception that psychological research findings merely verify our common-sense understanding is most clearly facilitated by

the hindsight bias

Formulating testable hypotheses before conducting research is most likely useful for restraining a thinking error known as

the hindsight bias.

If psychologists discovered that intelligent parents have smarter children than unintelligent parents, this would demonstrate that

the intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated.

In a survey, psychologists select a random sample of research participants in order to ensure that

the participants are representative of the population they are interested in studying.

In which type of research is a representative random sample of people asked to answer questions about their behaviors or attitudes?

the survey

Professor Shalet contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a(n)

theory.

People often fail to make accurate generalizations because they are unduly influenced by ________ cases.

vivid

The widely used American revision of Alfred Binet's original intelligence test was developed by A. Robert Sternberg. B. Charles Spearman. C. Howard Gardner. D. Lewis Terman.

D. Lewis Terman.

Superior performance on the WAIS is most likely to be indicative of A. Gardner's concept of athletic intelligence. B. Salovey and Mayer's concept of emotional intelligence. C. Thurstone's concept of social intelligence. D. Sternberg's concept of analytical intelligence.

D. Sternberg's concept of analytical intelligence.

Which of the following drugs is most likely to provide schizophrenia patients with some relief from their auditory hallucinations and paranoia? A. Xanax B. Prozac C. lithium D. Thorazine

D. Thorazine

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by A. the learning perspective. B. linkage analysis. C. the medical model. D. a biopsychosocial approach.

D. a biopsychosocial approach.

In attempting to find and purchase high-quality cosmetics, Megan reminds herself that the most expensive brands are the best. Megan's self-reminder illustrates the use of A. trial and error. B. framing. C. an algorithm. D. a heuristic.

D. a heuristic.

A evolutionary psychologist has suggested that our typical negative reaction to the prospect of directly harming another person is indicative of A. culture shock. B. a pruning process. C. a reactive temperament. D. a universal moral grammar.

D. a universal moral grammar.

When Hutu militia began to slaughter the Tutsi in 1994, missionary Carl Wilkens risked his own life to save the lives of others. His actions best illustrated A. social facilitation. B. the mere exposure effect. C. the reciprocity norm. D. altruism.

D. altruism.

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates A. the law of effect. B. spontaneous recovery. C. respondent behavior. D. associative learning.

D. associative learning.

When her professor failed to recognize that Judy had her hand raised for a question, Judy began to think her professor was unfriendly. Although she subsequently learned that the professor's limited vision kept him from seeing her raised hand, she continued thinking the professor was unfriendly. Judy's reaction best illustrates A. the framing effect. B. a critical period. C. the availability heuristic. D. belief perseverance.

D. belief perseverance.

When asked what is most necessary for a happy and meaningful life, most people first mention the importance of satisfying their ________ needs. A. sexual B. safety C. achievement D. belongingness

D. belongingness

Receptor cells for the vestibular sense send messages to the A. olfactory cortex. B. frontal lobes. C. fovea. D. cerebellum.

D. cerebellum.

Christy failed to notice that she received her ice cream in a sugar cone rather than a waffle cone as she had requested. She later indicated to another customer that she preferred sugar cones over waffle cones. Christy's behavior most clearly illustrates A. REM rebound. B. neuroadaptation. C. the pop-out phenomenon. D. choice blindness.

D. choice blindness.

In her research, Professor Kyoto seeks to identify circumstances in which confirmation bias is especially likely to impede effective problem solving. Which specialty area does her research best represent? A. developmental psychology B. biological psychology C. personality psychology D. cognitive psychology

D. cognitive psychology

The goal of stress inoculation training is to reduce incapacitating anxiety by encouraging people to say positive things to themselves during anxiety-producing situations. This best illustrates a form of A. light exposure therapy. B. humanistic therapy. C. psychodynamic therapy. D. cognitive therapy.

D. cognitive therapy.

A word of praise is to a soothing back rub as ________ is to ________. A. delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer B. operant conditioning; classical conditioning C. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement D. conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

D. conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a A. primary reinforcer. B. unconditional stimulus. C. immediate reinforcer. D. conditioned stimulus.

D. conditioned stimulus.

Because he erroneously believes that older workers are not as motivated as younger workers to work hard, a factory foreman is especially vigilant for any signs of laziness among his senior workers. His supervision strategy best illustrates A. an algorithm. B. the availability heuristic. C. framing. D. confirmation bias.

D. confirmation bias.

In a classic experiment, obese patients whose daily caloric intake was dramatically reduced lost only 6 percent of their weight. This limited weight loss was due, at least in part, to the fact that their dietary restriction led to a A. decrease in their secretion of ghrelin. B. elevation of their set points. C. elevation of their blood glucose levels. D. decrease in their metabolic rate.

D. decrease in their metabolic rate.

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system A. increases salivation and increases blood pressure. B. increases salivation and decreases blood pressure. C. decreases salivation and decreases blood pressure. D. decreases salivation and increases blood pressure.

D. decreases salivation and increases blood pressure.

A series of small strokes that progressively damage an older adult's brain is most likely to produce A. Alzheimer's disease. B. Asperger syndrome. C. menarche. D. dementia.

D. dementia.

Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter A. epinephrine. B. serotonin. C. acetylcholine. D. dopamine.

D. dopamine.

The double-blind technique is most likely to be used in evaluating the effectiveness of A. humanistic therapies. B. behavior therapies. C. cognitive therapies. D. drug therapies.

D. drug therapies.

After breaking up with her boyfriend, Kathy alleviated her stress by avoiding contact with her ex-boyfriend and by planning recreational activities with her best girlfriend. Kathy's behavior best illustrates A. spontaneous remission. B. a Type B personality. C. an optimistic outlook on life. D. emotion-focused coping.

D. emotion-focused coping.

Client-centered therapists emphasize the importance of Select one: A. discouraging clients from using antianxiety drugs. B. helping clients identify a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences. C. interpreting the meaning of clients' nonverbal behaviors. D. enabling clients to feel unconditionally accepted.

D. enabling clients to feel unconditionally accepted.

Which technique would psychologists use to assess whether a cluster of characteristics that includes ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance reflects a single personality trait? A. empirically derived testing B. projective testing C. free association D. factor analysis

D. factor analysis

After receiving exciting news about the birth of a healthy grandson, Mr. Haney was easily persuaded to contribute a generous sum of money to a neighborhood church. This best illustrates the A. James-Lange theory. B. two-factor theory. C. adaptation-level phenomenon. D. feel-good, do-good phenomenon.

D. feel-good, do-good phenomenon.

College students are more likely to use a condom when told that it has a 95 percent success rate than when told it has a 5 percent failure rate. This best illustrates the impact of A. the availability heuristic. B. a fixation. C. confirmation bias. D. framing.

D. framing.

While focusing on several intrusive thoughts that had been bothering her recently, Jenny was instructed by her therapist to report any ideas or memories stimulated by these thoughts. Jenny's therapist was making use of a technique known as A. systematic desensitization. B. active listening. C. transference. D. free association.

D. free association.

Young teens are most likely to start smoking in order to A. reduce their blood pressure. B. reduce their mental alertness. C. trigger the release of lymphocytes. D. gain social acceptance.

D. gain social acceptance.

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates A. an unconditioned response. B. operant conditioning. C. latent learning. D. generalization.

D. generalization.

Lenore is unexplainably and continually tense and is plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from A. a phobia. B. obsessive-compulsive disorder. C. a dissociative disorder. D. generalized anxiety disorder.

D. generalized anxiety disorder.

Michael complains that threatening voices are constantly telling him that he is so evil he should drown himself. Michael is experiencing A. a panic attack. B. flat affect. C. catatonia. D. hallucinations.

D. hallucinations.

The wavelength of light determines its A. brightness. B. amplitude. C. retinal disparity. D. hue.

D. hue.

Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing A. identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised apart. B. identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised together. C. identical twins raised apart with fraternal twins raised together. D. identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart.

D. identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart.

Some students work hard in school to attain high grades. This best illustrates the importance of A. refractory periods. B. homeostasis. C. set points. D. incentives.

D. incentives.

Kelly, a Republican, and Carlos, a Democrat, both believe that members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of other parties. Their beliefs best illustrate A. the two-factor theory. B. the just-world phenomenon. C. deindividuation. D. ingroup bias.

D. ingroup bias.

According to Erikson, older adults can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of A. object permanence. B. conservation. C. conventional morality. D. integrity.

D. integrity.

An action potential is generated by the movement of A. hormones. B. ventricles. C. glial cells. D. ions.

D. ions.

Type A personality is to Type B personality as ________ is to _______. A. obesity; cancer B. epinephrine; norepinephrine C. time-conscious; competitive D. irritable; calm

D. irritable; calm

According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to A. the sensory stimuli in the sleeper's environment that are incorporated into the dream. B. the previous day's events that prompted the dream. C. its accompanying brain-wave pattern. D. its underlying but censored meaning.

D. its underlying but censored meaning.

Greg remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car. Greg's therapist suggested that the dream might be a representation of the girlfriend's efforts to avoid sexual intimacy. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the ________ of Greg's dream. A. manifest content B. neuroadaptation C. circadian rhythm D. latent content

D. latent content

Exuberant infants and alert, energetic adults are especially likely to show high levels of brain activity in the A. limbic system. B. sensory cortex. C. cerebellum. D. left frontal lobe.

D. left frontal lobe.

Infants' tendency to gaze longer at novel stimuli than at familiar ones provides compelling evidence regarding their A. egocentrism. B. self-concepts. C. stranger anxiety. D. mental abilities.

D. mental abilities.

Although the leaders of two enemy nations admit to a buildup of their own military forces, each sees the other country's actions as unreasonable and motivated by evil intentions. This situation best illustrates A. deindividuation. B. the mere exposure effect. C. the just-world phenomenon. D. mirror-image perceptions.

D. mirror-image perceptions.

In a home for troubled youth, adolescents receive large colored buttons when they hang up their clothes, make their beds, and come to meals on time. The adolescents return the buttons to staff members to receive bedtime snacks or watch TV. This best illustrates an application of A. virtual reality exposure therapy. B. systematic desensitization. C. stress inoculation training. D. operant conditioning.

D. operant conditioning.

Prompt feedback regarding your performance on psychology practice tests is most likely to inhibit A. the framing effect. B. process simulation. C. linguistic determinism. D. overconfidence.

D. overconfidence.

Symptoms that may be misperceived as a heart attack are most characteristic of A. obsessive-compulsive disorder. B. dissociative disorders. C. bipolar disorder. D. panic disorder.

D. panic disorder.

The fact that we recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of changing viewing angles illustrates A. interposition. B. the McGurk effect. C. the phi phenomenon. D. perceptual constancy.

D. perceptual constancy.

After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of A. the phi phenomenon. B. interposition. C. retinal disparity. D. perceptual set.

D. perceptual set.

For children from impoverished environments, stimulating educational experiences during early childhood are most likely to A. facilitate the development of collectivism. B. decrease their emotional attachment to their own parents. C. have no discernable effect on subsequent academic performance. D. prevent the degeneration of activated connections between neurons.

D. prevent the degeneration of activated connections between neurons.

The role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders is most clearly emphasized by the ________ perspective. A. social-cognitive B. trait C. humanistic D. psychoanalytic

D. psychoanalytic

Some teachers have reduced the disruptive classroom behavior of students by imposing a time-out following disruptive behavior. In this case, the time-out is a A. conditioned reinforcer. B. negative reinforcer. C. primary reinforcer. D. punishment.

D. punishment.

Which of the following factors is NOT a therapeutically effective component of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing? A. a relaxing therapeutic environment B. patients' anticipation that the treatment will work C. reliving traumatic memories D. rapidly moving one's eyes

D. rapidly moving one's eyes

Professor Crane was ecstatic when he learned that his research study had been approved for publication. His feelings of joy quickly dissipated, however, when he heard a colleague recently had three different research articles accepted for publication. His declining emotional satisfaction is best explained in terms of A. the James-Lange theory. B. the facial feedback effect. C. the adaptation-level phenomenon. D. relative deprivation.

D. relative deprivation.

When retested on the WAIS, people's second scores generally match their first scores quite closely. This indicates that the test has a high degree of A. predictive validity. B. heritability. C. content validity. D. reliability.

D. reliability.

The second phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by A. an alarm reaction. B. low blood pressure. C. exhaustion. D. resistance.

D. resistance.

While taking the final exam in American history, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the current president of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates A. implicit memory. B. the misinformation effect. C. the serial position effect. D. retrieval failure.

D. retrieval failure.

Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding the impact of A. groupthink on social conflict. B. deindividuation on the bystander effect. C. team membership on social loafing. D. role playing on attitude change.

D. role playing on attitude change.

A bank teller was so distracted by the sight of a bank robber's weapon that she failed to perceive important features of the criminal's physical appearance. This best illustrates A. change blindness. B. dissociation. C. a near-death experience. D. selective attention.

D. selective attention.

During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, children acquire a A. capacity for abstract reasoning. B. theory of mind. C. concept of conservation. D. sense of object permanence.

D. sense of object permanence.

The fraternal birth-order effect refers to a factor associated with A. achievement motivation. B. eating disorders. C. task leadership. D. sexual orientation.

D. sexual orientation.

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as A. generalization. B. partial reinforcement. C. spontaneous recovery. D. shaping.

D. shaping.

Managers who build teamwork and effectively mediate employee conflicts are said to excel in A. structured interviews. B. a directive management style. C. achievement motivation. D. social leadership.

D. social leadership.

Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issue of A. continuity and stages. B. primary and secondary sex characteristics. C. nature and nurture. D. stability and change.

D. stability and change.

You come home one night to find a burglar in your house. Your heart starts racing and you begin to perspire. These physical reactions are triggered by the A. somatic nervous system. B. sensory cortex. C. parasympathetic nervous system. D. sympathetic nervous system.

D. sympathetic nervous system.

During a phone call to the Psychic Network, Mark was told that "you often worry about things much more than you admit, even to your best friends." Mark's amazement at the psychic's apparent understanding of his personality best illustrates A. an external locus of control. B. the self-reference phenomenon. C. the spotlight effect. D. the Barnum effect.

D. the Barnum effect.

Luciano believes that the best way to get over the anger he feels toward his high school teacher is to scream shameful profanities while hitting a punching bag. His belief best illustrates A. the guilty knowledge test. B. relative deprivation. C. the adaptation-level phenomenon. D. the catharsis hypothesis.

D. the catharsis hypothesis.

Shortly after Alex learned that he had failed to make the high school football team, he vandalized the team's locker room and broke several classroom windows. His behavior is best explained in terms of A. group polarization. B. the mere exposure effect. C. social loafing. D. the frustration-aggression principle.

D. the frustration-aggression principle.

Marilyn judges her professor's strict class attendance policy to be an indication of his overcontrolling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once a week. Her judgment best illustrates A. the mere exposure effect. B. group polarization. C. deindividuation. D. the fundamental attribution error.

D. the fundamental attribution error.

After Teresa was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car, she was asked whether she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was a male rather than a female. Teresa's experience best illustrates A. implicit memory. B. the serial position effect. C. proactive interference. D. the misinformation effect.

D. the misinformation effect.

The arousal that lingers after an intense argument may intensify sexual passion. This best illustrates A. the feel-good, do-good phenomenon. B. relative deprivation. C. the adaptation-level phenomenon. D. the spillover effect.

D. the spillover effect.

When Vanessa noticed that she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates A. the Barnum effect. B. defensive self-esteem. C. reciprocal determinism. D. the spotlight effect.

D. the spotlight effect.

Which division of the autonomic nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in stressful situations? A. the limbic system B. the central nervous system C. the somatic nervous system D. the sympathetic nervous system

D. the sympathetic nervous system

To estimate trait heritability, researchers are most likely to make use of A. a pruning process. B. gender schemas. C. gender typing. D. twin studies.

D. twin studies.

When Mr. Morgan misinterpreted his harmless symptoms of autonomic nervous system arousal as indicative of an impending heart attack, he suffered an unusually intense level of fear. His emotional suffering is best understood in terms of the A. relative deprivation principle. B. James-Lange theory. C. catharsis hypothesis. D. two-factor theory.

D. two-factor theory.

Freud thought that the part of a dream that we remember is a censored version of A. self-serving bias. B. the spotlight effect. C. unconditional positive regard. D. unconscious wishes.

D. unconscious wishes.

Comparing the academic performance of those whose scores are extremely low on intelligence tests with those whose scores are extremely high is an effective way to highlight the tests' A. heritability. B. standardization. C. reliability. D. validity.

D. validity.

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule. A. fixed-interval B. variable-interval C. fixed-ratio D. variable-ratio

D. variable-ratio

The relationship between the season of the year in which people are born and their subsequent risk of schizophrenia best highlights the role of ________ in this disorder. A. learned helplessness B. genetic influences C. oxygen deprivation D. viral infections

D. viral infections

By a week after birth, infants are able to distinguish between their mothers' and strangers' A. faces. B. tender touches. C. temperament. D. voices.

D. voices.

Researchers now recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory and refer to it as ________ memory. A. implicit B. flashbulb C. sensory D. working

D. working

in a single day, 45 babies were born in hospital X, 65 babies in hospital y, and twenty five babies in hospital Z. At which part hospital is there the greatest probability that more than 60% of the babies are of the same sex?

Hospital Z.

A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +.60 would indicate that

Less frequency dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness

Which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different participants and in different circumstances?

Replication

Although Dominick's psychology class is sometimes longer or shorter than usual, on average each class is 50 minutes. If the lengths of these classes form a normal curve, which statistic would enable Dominick to estimate the probability that any single class will last somewhere between 47 and 53 minutes?

Standard deviation

A hypothesis is a(n)

Testable prediction that gives direction to research

Psychologists study animals because A) animal behavior is just as complex as human behavior. B) experiments on people are generally considered to be unethical. C) the ethical treatment of animals is not mandated by professional guidelines. D) similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior.

D) similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior.

A score on the WAIS that is higher than all but 2 percent of all scores earns an intelligence score of A. 120. B. 145. C. 115. D. 130.

D. 130.

For each performance review, Professor Donnell is evaluated by her students, colleagues, department chair, and research assistants. This best illustrates A. homeostasis. B. the experience of flow. C. human factors psychology. D. 360-degree feedback.

D. 360-degree feedback.

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the A. US. B. UR. C. CS. D. CR.

D. CR.

The first modern test of intelligence was developed in A. Germany. B. Britain. C. Italy. D. France.

D. France.

Initiating one or more small conciliatory acts is a central feature of A. the just-world phenomenon. B. social facilitation. C. the mere exposure effect. D. GRIT.

D. GRIT.

With his concern for "mental orthopedics," Alfred Binet would have been most enthusiastic about A. factor analysis. B. eugenics. C. the normal curve. D. Head Start programs.

D. Head Start programs.

Which of the following questions about the word depressed would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word on this quiz? A. Does the word consist of ten letters? B. Is the word written in capital letters? C. Does the word rhyme with obsessed? D. How well does the word describe you?

D. How well does the word describe you?