Intro to Psychology Quiz #5

Roger's Client-Centered Therapy (Insight)

Client, not therapist, holds the key to psychological health, approval we seek can be given to use through certain conditions. Therapist must have these characteristics: Genuineness, Unconditional positive regard and empathy

The Diffusion of Responsibility

Allowing sense of responsibility to spread out among those present

Social [environmental factors]

Conditioning may play a role (i.e. specific phobias may be acquired through classical conditioning or observational learning)

Stanford Prison Experiment (1971)

Conducted by Philip Zimbardo

Dissociative Disorders

Characterized by separation or dissociation of conscious awareness from previous thoughts or memories Amnesia, Fugue, and Identity Disorder

Personality Disorders

Enduring patterns of behavior leading to significant impairment in social functioning Narcissistic and Antisocial

Panic Disorder

Episodes or attacks of extremely intense fear or dread

Social Anxiety Disorder

Extreme anxiety in everyday social situations, often accompanied by physical symptoms

Behavioral Therapies

Focuses on symptoms, believes psychological problems are learned

Common Factors of Psychotherapy

Support: empathy and acceptance Learning: feedback and new ideas Action: specific suggestions for action

Depressive Disorders

Symptoms include depressed mood, loss of interest, weight change, change in activity level, daily fatigue, negative self concept, trouble concentrating and suicidal thoughts More common in women than men Dysthymic Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder

Group Polarization

Tendency for a group's dominant point of view to become stronger; becomes more extreme with time

Group Think

Tendency for members to become so interested in seeking consensus that they ignore or suppress dissenting views

Conformity

Tendency to comply with the wishes of the group's pressure to conform to the group's norms; opinions, feelings, behaviors generally move toward the norm

Social Loafing

Tendency to put in less effort when working in a group than when working alone

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

free floating, chronic worry of 6 or more months

Altruism

Acting in a way that shows unselfish concern for the welfare of others

Anxiety Disorders

-Most common disorder (more in women) -Marked by excessive apprehension or worry that impairs normal functioning -4 different types (Generalized, Panic, Phobic, and Social)

Characteristics of Abnormal Behavior

-Statistical deviance -Cultural deviance -Emotional distress -Dysfunction Behavior most fit several of the criteria above to be considered abnormal

Major Depressive Disorder

5 or more depressive disorder symptoms for 2 weeks or more

Insight Therapies

A variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

Ostracism

Being excluded or ignored by a group

Dysthymic Disorder

Depressive symptoms are milder and less disruptive than major depressive disorder but more chronic

Psychoanalysis (Insight)

Derived from Freud's work, goal is to bring hidden impulses and memories into awareness, uses techniques of free association and dream analysis

DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the APA, classifies psychological disorders

Asch (1951, 1955)

Did line experiment to test conformity; found that if you identify more with a group then you are more likely to conform; one person can break conformity

Dysfunction

Difficulties with daily living (because of symptoms)

Social Psychology

Discipline that studies how we think about, influence, and relate to other people

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Elimination or reduction of normal behavior Flat affect - little or no emotional reaction to events, refusing to take care of self

Beck's Cognitive Therapy (Insight)

Encourages clients to identify irrational thought processes themselves, record keeping is used to pinpoint thought processes

Obedience

Form of compliance that occurs when people respond to orders of an authority figure

Group Therapy (Insight)

Form of therapy in which several people are treated simultaneously in the same setting

Evaluating and Choosing Psychotherapy: Clinical Research

Generally effective, no advantage of one type over the other, effectiveness of therapy depends on the kind of problem (i.e. biomedical = schizo, cognitive = depression, behavioral = anxiety)

Cognitive Therapies (Insight)

Goal is to remove irrational beliefs, negative thoughts presumed to be responsible for psychological disorders Uses techniques of identifying irrational beliefs and maladapative interpretations of events

Humanistic Therapies (Insight)

Helps clients get insight into their fundamental self-worth/value as human beings

Phobic Disorders

Highly focused irrational fear of a specific object or situation

Social Facilitation

In the presence of other people our performance may be enhanced

Social Interference

In the presence of other people our performance may be impaired

Dissociative Amnesia

Inability to remember important personal information; can be very specific; it is possible to get memory back

Bio [biological factors]

Includes physical problems with the body and brain, as well as genetic influences

Statistical Deviance

Infrequency, something rare or unusual (i.e. hallucinations)

Schizophrenia

Involves fundamental disturbances in thought process, emotion, behavior, a very complex disorder; men develop earlier and are at a greater risk

Hypochondriasis

Long lasting preoccupation with idea that one has a serious disease, based on misinterpretation of normal body reactions

Deindivduation

Loss of individuality that comes from being in a group, loss of morals and common sense

Dissociative Fugue

Loss of personal identity, often accompanied by a "flight from home"

Psycho [cognitive factors]

Maladaptive thought patterns may contribute

Biological Factors of Schizophrenia

Neurotransmitter imbalance: excess dopamine and issues with glutamate, GABA, and serotonin Structural problems in brain: enlarged ventricles Genetic component: likelihood increases if close relative has it (twins = 1 in 2)

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Observable expressions of abnormal behavior - hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Persistent, uncontrollable thoughts (obsessions) or compelling need to perform repetitive acts (compulsions)

Bipolar Disorder: Manic State

Person becomes hyperactive, talkative, and has decreased need for sleep; functioning is often severely impaired, must last at least a week to be classified No gender difference

Somatic Symptom Disorders

Psychological disorders that focus on the physical body Hypochondriasis and Conversion Disorder

Conversion Disorder

Real physical or neurological impairments that seem to have no physical cause; very hard to diagnose

Evolutionary Explanation for Altruism

Reciprical Altruism - you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours; Richard Dawkins, niceness is hardwired into us

Bystander Effect

Reluctance to come to someone's need when others are present (i.e. Kitty Genovese), most likely caused by diffusion of responsibility

Aversion Therapy (Behavioral)

Replace a positive reaction to a harmful stimulus with something negative (i.e. give a drug that causes severe nausea when alcohol is ingested)

Milgram (1963)

Shock experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram to test the predisposition of people to disobey orders

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Split personality, also known as multiple personality disorder; not fully believed to be a disorder

Biomedial Therapies

Therapies that prescribe medications or procedures that act directly on patient's nervous system to alter body chemistry

Cultural Deviance

Things that violate social norms

Psychotherapy

Treatment designed to help people with mental, emotional, or behavioral problems. Includes biomedical, insight, and behavioral therapies

Emotional Distress

Unhappiness, torment

Biopsychosocial Approach

Used to understand psychological disorders Bio [biological factors] Psycho [cognitive factors] Social [environmental factors]

Systematic Techniques (Behavioral)

Uses counterconditioning, extinction to reduce fear, work through an anxiety hierarchy of situations that lead to fearful reactions

The Medical Model of Abnormality

View that abnormality is symptomatic of underlying "disease" that can be "cured" with appropriate therapy