Intro to Public Speaking - Exam 2

"To persuade my audience that the use of mobile communication devices by drivers—even when they are hands-free—is contributing to an increase in automobile accidents" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of

fact

Ways to enhance your credibility

1) Explain your competence. 2) Establish common ground with your audience. 3) Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction

Organizing speeches on questions of policy

1) Problem-Solution Order. 2) Problem-Cause-Solution Order. 3) Comparative Advantages Order. 4) Monroe's Motivated Sequence.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence Steps

1. Attention - gain attention 2. Need - show need for change 3. Satisfaction - provide solution 4. Visualization - enhance solution by visualizing benefits 5. Action - urge action for solution

problem-cause-solution order main points

1. Documents problem 2. Analyzes causes 3. Presents solution

types of credibility

1. Initial 2. Derived 3. Terminal

emotional appeals

Appeals intended to evoke sadness, anger, happiness, pride, etc.

appeal to tradition

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? Employees are like nails. Just as nails must be hit on the head to get them to work, so must employees

False analogy (invalid analogy)

Plan

Once you have shown that a problem exists, what is the plan to solve it with current policy?

To persuade my audience that there should bestricter privacy standards on companies thatoffer personal genetic testing.

Passive Agreement

"To persuade my audience to take a class that will teach them CPR" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of

Policy (a call for behavior or action)

What is an error in reasoning?

fallacy

types of persuasive speeches

question of fact, question of value, question of policy

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? We must either support the governor's plan to reduce spending on education or we will never be able to balance the state budget.

either-or

specific instances guidelines

Avoid hasty generalizations Qualify argument when necessary Reinforce argument with statistics, testimony

Juggling statistics and covering the truth is acceptable in Persuasive Speeches

False

To persuade my audience to donate to theWounded Warrior Project.

Immediate action

Need

Is there a problem that requires change from current policy

What organizational method for persuasive speeches is designed to take the audience through the five steps (!) of attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action?

Monroe's motivated sequence

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? Why should we be concerned about Siberian tigers becoming extinct when there are more and more homeless people who need our support?

Red herring (since they are unrelated arguments)

types of reasoning

Specific instances Principle Causal Analogical

evidence

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something

Which of the following specific purpose statements is from a persuasive speech seeking passive agreement?

To persuade my audience that factory farming should be prohibited

Speech to gain immediate attention

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

Emily wanted to convince the technology department at her company to adopt a new database system. Some staff members supported the change, a few were opposed, and most were undecided. Emily realized that the undecided group was her ______, so she focused above all on persuading them.

target audience

Types of speeches on questions of policy

1. speeches to gain passive agreement 2. speeches to gain immediate action

Hasty Generalization

A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.

either-or (false dilemma)

A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.

Degrees of Persuasion

1. Strongly Opposed 2. Moderately opposed 3. Slightly opposed 4. Neutral 5. Slightly in favor 6. Moderately in favor 7. Strongly in favor

To persuade my audience to take class notes by hand instead of on a computer.

Motive Sequence

Practicality

Once you have presented a plan, you must show that itwill work. Will your plan solve the problem? Will it createnew problems?

question of fact

a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

slippery slope

A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

red herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

In her speech arguing for the elimination of pennies from the U.S. money supply, Shira demonstrated that her plan would work by showing that a similar plan worked when the United States eliminated the half penny in 1857. What kind of reasoning did Shira use in her argument?

Analogical

Kobe's persuasive speech contained the following statement: Lowering the drinking age will reduce binge drinking among college students by making alcohol consumption a normal experience rather than a forbidden pleasure. In addition, appropriate drinking behavior can be discussed at parties where adults are present, while peer pressure will help keep students from drinking to excess. Which of the three basic issues of persuasive speeches on questions of policy did Kobe address in this excerpt?

Practicality

As your textbook explains, you must deal with three basic issues whenever you discuss a question of policy. Those issues are need, plan, and_____

Practicality (need, plan, practicality)

To persuade my audience that action is required to deal with the problem of childhood obesity.

Problem-Cause-Solution

To persuade my audience that the U.S. Congress should pass legislation that will reduce lead levels in the nation's water supply.

Problem-solution

To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit California in the next ten years.

Question of Fact

To persuade my audience that elephanttrophy hunting is legally and morally wrong.

Question of Value

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? If we allow the government to restrict the sale of semiautomatic weapons, before we know it, there will be a ban on ownership of handguns and even hunting rifles. And once our constitutional right to bear arms has been compromised, the right of free speech will be the next to go.

Slippery slope

Which of the following specific purpose statements is from a persuasive speech seeking immediate action?

To persuade my audience to write their legislators in support of stiffening driver's license requirements for people over the age of 75

"To persuade my audience to contribute to the campus blood drive" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of policy whose aim is immediate action.

True

Persuasive speakers should aim to construct speeches that are both convincing and ethically sound

True

According to your textbook, "To persuade my audience that downloading music from the Internet for personal use is ethically wrong" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of

Value

The specific purpose for Yaoling's persuasive speech is "To persuade my audience that humans have an ethical responsibility to prevent the extinction of animal species." According to your textbook, Yaoling is speaking on a question of

Value (ethics, morality)

false cause

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

appeal to novelty

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

As explained in your textbook, at which of the following would you be most likely to hear a persuasive speech on a question of fact?

a jury trial

According to your textbook, you should think of your persuasive speech as

a kind of mental dialogue with the audience

comparative advantage order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions

problem-cause-solution order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem

Problem-Solution Order

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

speeches to gain passive agreement

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

Question of Value

a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

Question of Policy

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

Which of the following is an instance of persuasive speaking?

a scientist urging the FDA to ban plastics containing the chemical BPA

invalid analogy

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

Which of the following is an instance of persuasive speaking?

an architectural firm recommending adoption of its building plan

Consider the following argument: Of course we should use the latest innovations in testing for high-school students. If the testing methods are new, they will inevitably be better than older methods. The following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?

appeal to novelty

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? The federal government has been using essentially the same methods to measure poverty since 1965. If those measures were appropriate then, they are appropriate now.

appeal to tradition

According to your textbook, persuasive speakers have an ethical obligation to

both learn about all sides of an issue and present their evidence fairly and accurately

To persuade my audience that our city should build a rapid bus system instead of a new highway.

comparative advantage

The following set of main points for a persuasive speech on a question of policy follows which pattern of organization? I. Nuclear power is a better alternative to fossil fuels than solar and wind energy because it is more powerful. II. Nuclear power is a better alternative to fossil fuels than solar and wind energy because it is more reliable. III. Nuclear power is a better alternative to fossil fuels than solar and wind energy because it requires less land.

comparative advantages

Consider the following argument: In high school I didn't have to study at all and I earned good grades in all my classes, so I'm sure I don't need to study to do well in my college classes. The following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?

false analogy

Consider the following argument: People shouldn't be allowed to bring pets on planes. I don't want to share that limited air with your smelly animal. It's like tossing trash into a swimming pool. And anyway, if we let people do whatever they want on planes, what's next? Smoking a turkey on the plane? Waxing your legs on the plane? Name the two main weaknesses/fallacies in this argument:

false analogy slippery slope

Consider the following argument: French movies are all dull. I saw three of them last semester in my film class and couldn't stay awake through a single one. The following statement is an example of what type of fallacy?

hasty generalization

What error in reasoning is exemplified by the following statement? A random survey of 20 adults coming out of subway stations in New York City revealed that 16 considered owning a car to be of little importance. Clearly, 80 percent of Americans don't care much about owning cars.

hasty generalization

Three basic elements to discuss in aquestion of policy

need plan practicality

The following set of main points for a persuasive speech on a question of policy follows which pattern of organization? I. Bacterial meningitis is a deadly disease that can spread easily on college campuses. II. Every college student should be required to get vaccinated against bacterial meningitis.

problem-solution

The following set of main points for a persuasive speech on a question of policy follows which pattern of organization? I. The number of school shootings has become alarmingly high in recent years. II. The best way to reduce them is to ban assault-type weapons and to expand background checks to include family members of the people who purchase weapons.

problem-solution

analogical reasoning

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

reasoning from principle

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

specific instances

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

causal reasoning

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? How can you worry about cruelty to animals when spousal abuse occurs every day?

red herring

What is reasoning?

the drawing of conclusions or inferences from observations, facts, or assumptions

What is persuasion?

the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

reasoning

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

A red herring fallacy

to distract attention from the issue

Monroe's motivated sequence is most appropriate for speeches that try to persuade listeners to take immediate action.

true

To persuade my audience that the federal government should ban all advertising for alcohol products" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of policy.

true

reasoning from principles guidelines

use major premise listeners will accept provide evidence for minor