Intro to Sociology Chapter 1-7 Midterm Review

The field of sociology has spawned other areas of study. Which of the following is an area of study spawned by sociology? genetics gender studies psychology history

gender studies

Which of the following terms refers to a set of assumptions, tastes, preferences, and skills people have based on their social location? tool kit values symbols habitus

habitus

Which of the following methods is best suited for learning about the thought processes of people who chose to get divorced within the past year? in-depth interviews social experiments comparative-historical method polls

in-depth interviews

Who coined the term "sociology"? John Commons Emile Durkheim Karl Marx Auguste Comte

Auguste Comte

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between changing roles and role expectations? Role changes never result in role conflicts. Role changes have little effect on the behavior of well-rounded individuals, as long as they have strong social networks. Changes in roles confer different challenges and opportunities for individuals. Taking on new roles sometimes matters and sometimes doesn't.

Changes in roles confer different challenges and opportunities for individuals.

__________ was a popular term used to refer to the political conflicts in the United States over moral issues, such as abortion and gay rights. Group styles Culture wars Cultural appropriation Ethnocentrism

Culture wars

Social hierarchies take hold in situations where members of one group are able to use their possession of __________ as a basis for claiming special advantages over others. norms assets life chances roles

assets

What is the name given to the approach to childrearing that involves parents caring for their children but leaving them to fend for themselves socially? cultural omnivore haphazard model accomplishment of natural growth concerted cultivation

accomplishment of natural growth

Which of the following is a term coined by two political scientists regarding the nature of Americans' contradictory views about inequality? conservative egalitarians patriots conservative liberals flip-floppers

conservative egalitarians

Michael is going to conduct a study about living in a college dorm. He begins choosing only students in every third dorm room to interview. Which of the following describes this step of "choosing" in the research process? developing a random sample developing a nonrandom sample naming the dependent variable gaining informed consent

developing a random sample

Which of the following best describes the means by which the less powerful gain access to policy formation? voting to elect different politicians to Congress hiring lobbyists to try to influence the government developing effective, powerful social movements calling on the rich to agree to help them

developing effective, powerful social movements

Different theoretical traditions offer __________ answers to the question, "What are the circumstances or conditions under which societies change?" few identical irrelevant different

different

People sometimes signal with a long pause that they do not want to engage in a conversation. What is the name for this type of signal? looking-glass gesture role conflict conversational repair disaffiliative gesture

disaffiliative gesture

Which of the following is a mechanism through which privilege is maintained? life course discrimination Civil Rights Act of 1964 risk aversion

discrimination

Which of the following refers to a comprehensive system of symbols, which represent concepts? habitus the digital divide language ethnography

language

Comparing the U.S. political system with those of other Western countries indicates that __________ would lead to a wider distribution of power in the government. a progressive income tax a larger middle class more political parties a welfare state

more political parties

The United States may never solve the problem of poverty, as Americans are still __________. opposed to big government too busy to keep informed largely self-concerned ignorant of social realities

opposed to big government

Which of the following describes individuals who have a powerful impact on how we behave because they are so close? judgmental dopes generalized other significant other deviants

significant other

Imagine you are entering an elevator full of people. When you step in, you most likely turn around to face the door like everyone else. Drawing on the work of Emile Durkheim, your behavior has been impacted by a __________. social fact class conflict profane symbolism social function

social fact

Emile Durkheim emphasized __________, while Max Weber emphasized __________ in his theory of society. social facts; material conditions social action; feminism social action; social facts social facts; social action

social facts; social action

Family, marriage, education, government, and religion are all examples of __________. subcultures prejudices social networks social institutions

social institutions

Which of the following is an example of a form of maintaining power through manipulating information? spreading propaganda maximizing profits giving work incentives hoarding resources

spreading propaganda

The __________ consists of all government officials, bureaucracies, and institutions. nation state ruling body system

state

A __________ is a distinct social category, such as a parent or a teacher, and it has associated with it a set of expected behaviors. status significant other generalized other role model

status

Sociologists often use conceptual frameworks, which are inherited from other scholars. These conceptual frameworks are also called __________. theoretical traditions guidebooks research methodology social norms

theoretical traditions

Theories that are very grand or "macro" in nature typically seek to explain __________. single topics, such as race, gender, or religion abnormal features of individuals spiritual phenomena, such as the existence of God universal features of societies

universal features of societies

A sociologist supports marriage equality, and he decides to conduct a research project on marriage laws in each state. His support of marriage equality could also be called his __________. hypothesis code of ethics values theoretical tradition

values

In setting tax rates and deciding about welfare state programs such as Social Security, unemployment insurance, and Medicare, the government implicitly decides __________. how profitable large corporations are to create balanced budgets who gets what how much influence the Constitution really has

who gets what

A student notices that very few women in his university are studying to become engineers. What sort of sociological question could be based on this observation? Despite the fact that many people say women can succeed in any field they choose, are there invisible barriers in higher education that prevent women from studying engineering? Why are women biologically unequipped to compete with men in engineering? Is there a neurological pathway in the female brain that causes women to avoid studying engineering? Despite the fact that many people say women can succeed in any field they choose, why are men logical thinkers, as opposed to women, who are emotional thinkers?

Despite the fact that many people say women can succeed in any field they choose, are there invisible barriers in higher education that prevent women from studying engineering?

__________ refers to the increasing flows of goods and services across national borders. Structural-functionalism Feminism Communism Globalization

Globalization

Which of the following terms describes the idea that capitalists are driven to push down the wages of workers, which is in direct conflict with the goals of workers, who seek to secure higher wages? socialist struggle the communist imperative class struggle social solidarity

class struggle

Which theoretical perspective focuses on how social and economic inequalities persist because powerful individuals and groups work to protect their advantages? conflict theory network analysis symbolic interaction structural functionalism

conflict theory

When researchers organize the data according to key categories and concepts, they are __________. developing a hypothesis data coding checking for spurious relationships operationalizing their work

data coding

After a sociologist created a line graph showing the cost of prescription medication over time, she noticed that the elderly are paying more than ever before. In this example, the sociologist created a __________. research note data code data display research memo

data display

Emilio is reviewing the data he collected from historical records about immigration in the United States. He decides to create a series of tables and flow charts in order to visually summarize patterns in the data. Based on this description, you can tell that Emilio is creating __________. data displays data codes a spurious relationship an in-depth interview schedule

data displays

Many people have called the description of the United States as a giant melting pot an example of __________. Their concern is that the metaphor suggests the country should only accept immigrants who are like the people already living in the country. cultural relativism multiculturalism ethnocentrism countercultures

ethnocentrism

Which of the following concepts would symbolic interactionists most likely use in their research? economic inequality social systems capitalism impression management

impression management

Karl Marx's social theory primarily focuses on __________. inequality in economic systems ageism social control social interaction

inequality in economic systems

Relative to other disciplines, such as economics and political science, sociology __________ engage(s) in interdisciplinary research. actively opposes efforts to is the most likely discipline to is the least likely discipline to always

is the most likely discipline to

After a process of institutionalization, once people get used to doing things a certain way, a process known as __________ begins, and changes become sharply limited by entrenched rules and norms. lock-in critical juncture life course social movement

lock-in

Your professor took a sample of a population and collected data from the subjects in that sample over a period of years. What kind of data is this called? cross-sectional data longitudinal data experimental data ethnographic data

longitudinal data

Which of the following terms refers to the idea that how we understand ourselves depends on how others view us? role conflict looking-glass self reference groups the quantified self

looking-glass self

If individuals completely lacked free will, societies would __________. spiral out of control change often reproduce themselves never change

never change

All individuals associate themselves with __________, or groups of people who share similar preferences or social positions. clans reference groups gesture groups social facts

reference groups

Social positions that have an associated set of rules and expectations are known as __________. institutions roles preferences social hierarchies

roles

Which of the following refers to one of the key components of social structure outlined in the chapter? crime and punishment values and organizations replicability and calculability roles and social hierarchies

roles and social hierarchies

Which of these regulations on business is an example of an attempt to target the illegitimate use of power? the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act in 1999 minimum wage rules against insider trading setting limits on how long people can receive welfare

rules against insider trading

A corporation owns a cable company, a number of radio stations, and numerous websites. When it launched a new television network, all the corporation's media outlets advertised the new network and broadcast positive reviews of it. This is an example of __________. hypercommercialism synergy consolidation media zoning

synergy

Conversational precision refers to __________. the inability to improvise while conversing with others how one's self-understanding depends on the signals received while conversing with others the often subtle physical and verbal cues people deploy to converse successfully with others the process by which someone comes to fulfill the expectations that another person places on him or her during a single conversation earlier in life

the often subtle physical and verbal cues people deploy to converse successfully with others

The many successes of the civil rights movement in the 1960s illustrate that __________. democracy is the best form of government the powerful do not always win sometimes the government is powerless power can be distributed equally

the powerful do not always win

Which of the following subsets of diversity immigrants have the highest average level of education and highest rates of English fluency? blacks born in Africa Latinos born in Mexico Asians born in Singapore Asians born in El Salvador

blacks born in Africa

The __________ theory of the state holds that it is in the best interests of any government to adopt and maintain policies that businesses favor because in a capitalist economy they ultimately create most of the jobs and make investments that produce economic growth. market promotion social investment entrepreneur business confidence

business confidence

Cultural experiences that everyone can share __________ the basis for __________. cannot be; national culture cannot be; status distinctions are often; status distinctions are often; subcultures

cannot be; status distinctions

A conclusion about how one factor is producing a change in another factor is known as a(n) __________. anomaly historical-statistical study cross-sectional approach causal inference

causal inference

When the ideal of equal participation cannot be achieved, subordinated social groups have frequently responded by creating their own __________. socialist utopias social development counterpublics culture wars

counterpublics

Chip is examining data regarding the age at which people got married. He notices that in a number of cases people were reported as being over 200 years old, so he begins fixing these obvious errors. Which of the following describes what Chip is doing? data cleaning empirical generalizability generalization data display

data cleaning

The United States is the only rich country in the world with virtually no inheritance tax. Broad public majorities supported its elimination, even though the old policy mostly affected only the very rich. What is a possible reason for this? opposition to taxes in general wishful thinking by the middle class that they may someday become rich belief in the opposition campaign claims direct opposition to taxes for welfare

wishful thinking by the middle class that they may someday become rich

Jennifer is a new student in sociology. She is having trouble in her theory class because none of the theories she is learning about seem to say the same things about society. What might a more experienced student say to Jennifer to help her understand why this is the case? "You are confusing sociology with economics. Unlike economics, sociology draws on one unified theory of how individuals are connected to society." "Whether sociology offers one theory or multiple theories is only a matter of the teacher's perspective." "Sociology has multiple and competing theories and most sociologists draw on more than one at a time to make sense of their research." "The truth is sociology does not rely on theory at all; it only relies on statistical facts."

"Sociology has multiple and competing theories and most sociologists draw on more than one at a time to make sense of their research."

Approximately what percentage of PhD scientists working in the United States were born abroad? 5 percent 70 percent 20 percent 40 percent

40 percent

Which of the following is the best explanation of the idea that culture is like a tool kit? A cultural tool kit is a set of symbols that is only available to those who can afford proper education. A cultural tool kit is a set of instructions that dictate exactly how people will behave in given situations. A cultural tool kit is a set of symbols that has no bearing on how one thinks or behaves. A cultural tool kit is a bundle of ideas and values people can draw upon in order to formulate solutions for the problems they confront.

A cultural tool kit is a bundle of ideas and values people can draw upon in order to formulate solutions for the problems they confront.

Which of the following best explains the relationship between a sociological imagination and stereotypes? Social stereotypes are the building blocks of social roles, and social roles are the building blocks of a sociological imagination. Sociological imagination is another word for stereotype. A sociological imagination challenges stereotypes by raising questions about where they come from. A sociological imagination helps us see the value in stereotypes as they dictate social norms.

A sociological imagination challenges stereotypes by raising questions about where they come from.

In appraising the issue of campaign contributions, we find that even liberal candidates with anti-business positions usually accept large amounts of money from wealthy individuals and groups, some with specific political interests. Why is this so? Candidates are not allowed to fund their own campaigns. Powerful lobby groups can bend contribution laws to their own favor. Wealth is power, especially politically. A successful campaign is very costly.

A successful campaign is very costly.

__________ is the term used to describe when two factors or two social phenomena "co-vary" with each other. Passive correspondence Correlation Codependent relationship Weighted relationship

Correlation

Which of the following best describes what it means to connect individual biographies to history? Connecting biography to history means understanding how biographers have systematically altered our understanding of history. Connecting biography to history means understanding how an individual's problem is really a social problem affecting many individuals. Connecting biography to history means understanding how sociology was created by historians. Connecting biography to history means understanding how history can be understood by analyzing biology.

Connecting biography to history means understanding how an individual's problem is really a social problem affecting many individuals.

Which of the following best describes what media theorist Marshall McLuhan meant by the statement "The medium is the message"? The types of news stories broadcast by the news media affect people's beliefs and actions. Depending on the political affiliation of a media company's CEO, it will send different messages to the public about important world events. Different kinds of media (such as the Internet or TV or literature) tend to produce different images of the same issue or topic. Depending on a media company's economic interests, it will send different messages to the public about important world events.

Different kinds of media (such as the Internet or TV or literature) tend to produce different images of the same issue or topic.

A good sociological question does not simply rely on stereotypes. Which of the following is a good sociological question? Does being born into poverty increase the chances that a person will stay in poverty? Do successful women have more tenacity than unsuccessful women? Why are people who are on welfare so lazy? Do higher-income people work harder at their jobs?

Does being born into poverty increase the chances that a person will stay in poverty?

Which of the following questions should sociologists ask themselves to determine the merit and feasibility of their research questions? Can the data resulting from the question be portrayed in data displays? Will a team of researchers be needed to conduct the study? Does the question connect to existing social scientific literature or studies? Can the question be generalized to all other social theories?

Does the question connect to existing social scientific literature or studies?

Edward is introduced to Jessah and intends to kiss her cheek in greeting. Inadvertently, he ends up kissing her on the lips. Both Edward and Jessah laugh and feel embarrassed by this mistake. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn based on this scenario? Edward's mistake was a violation of social norms. Edward and Jessah inadvertently established a new social hierarchy. Edward likely created a new set of rules. Edward accidentally created a new norm.

Edward's mistake was a violation of social norms.

What is the difference between empirical generalizability and theoretical generalizability? Empirical generalizability means research results support causal relationships, whereas theoretical generalizability means research results support social theories. Empirical generalizability means the data have been analyzed, whereas theoretical generalizability means the data have been coded but not analyzed. Empirical generalizability means research results can be applied to larger sociological processes, whereas theoretical generalizability means research results can be applied to a larger population. Empirical generalizability means research results can be applied to a larger population, whereas theoretical generalizability means research results can be applied to larger sociological processes.

Empirical generalizability means research results can be applied to a larger population, whereas theoretical generalizability means research results can be applied to larger sociological processes.

Imagine you are a sociologist interested in designing a research study to investigate whether there are differences in college students' academic outcomes depending on whom they have in their social networks to help them through college. Which of the following social theorists might be most useful in helping you with this research? Friedrich Engels Georg Simmel Emile Durkheim Karl Marx

Georg Simmel

__________ is one of the common themes that nearly all social theories have sought to address. Social methods Friendship How does the individual act within the context of society? Social networks

How does the individual act within the context of society?

Which of the following is discussed in the chapter as one of the ways social hierarchies produce conflict? If a subordinate ethnic or religious group becomes larger in number through immigration, the resulting demographic (population) change begins to threaten the power of dominant groups. Dominant groups become more numerous through immigration, which emboldens them to seek conflict with subordinate groups. Subordinate groups typically have lower rates of fertility, making them envious of dominant groups and more likely to lash out. Dominant groups typically have lower rates of fertility, making them envious of subordinate groups and more likely to lash out.

If a subordinate ethnic or religious group becomes larger in number through immigration, the resulting demographic (population) change begins to threaten the power of dominant groups.

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the effect of immigration on the U.S. economy? Social scientific research has never been able to demonstrate a relationship between immigration and economic outcomes, such as productivity and income. Immigration generally has a positive impact on natives' productivity and income, and the influx of skilled immigrants is likely to be especially beneficial to natives. While the immigration of highly skilled workers tends to have a negative impact on natives' income, all other types of immigrants have a positive impact on natives' productivity and income. Immigration generally has a negative impact on natives' productivity and income, and the influx of skilled immigrants is likely to be especially detrimental to natives' standard of living.

Immigration generally has a positive impact on natives' productivity and income, and the influx of skilled immigrants is likely to be especially beneficial to natives.

Which of the following statements best explains the relationship between formal and informal rules? Informal rules dictate our behavior in legal situations and formal rules in casual situations. Formal rules are only used in cases of conversational precision, whereas informal rules exist in various social settings. Informal rules fill the spaces between formal rules by allowing for exceptions in social behavior that are generally acceptable. Informal rules are universal, whereas formal rules are always applied to specific situations.

Informal rules fill the spaces between formal rules by allowing for exceptions in social behavior that are generally acceptable.

Which of the following is the best definition of the term "institution"? Institutions are unique types of organizations that seek to destroy societies. Institutions are groups and organizations that can only be called upon during desperate times. Institutions refer to important architectural structures, including ones that are unoccupied. Institutions are important sets of practices that society has followed for a long time.

Institutions are important sets of practices that society has followed for a long time.

Which of the following is the best definition of a green card? It is an authenticated document verifying that one has completed the process of naturalization and will soon become a citizen of the United States. It is an official document issued by one's government of origin, certifying the migrant's identity and citizenship and entitling him or her to travel under its protection to and from foreign countries. It is a government-issued designation for people who are prohibited from boarding aircraft or other forms of mass transportation, except for the purposes of deportation. It is a permanent resident card that immigrants must carry with them at all times as evidence of their LPR status.

It is a permanent resident card that immigrants must carry with them at all times as evidence of their LPR status.

Jace is known among his friends as a loud-mouthed practical joker, but his family sees him as a quiet, responsible young man. What will likely happen if Jace invites his friends over to meet his family? Jace will likely experience role conflict. Jace's family will become a generalized other. Jace will likely experience civil inattention. Jace will likely become a significant other for his friends.

Jace will likely experience role conflict.

Your friend Jerry brags that he often enjoys going to a cheap burger joint for dinner just as much as going to an expensive French restaurant. He also admits that he is an avid reader of cheap romance novels as well as literary masterpieces such as War and Peace. How do sociologists characterize people such as Jerry? Jerry is a concerted cultivator. Jerry is a cultural omnivore. Jerry is a social capitalist. Jerry is an uncultured dope.

Jerry is a cultural omnivore.

Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between norms and whether an individual "fits in" to society? Norms are the result of a psychological process and regulate whether we feel we "fit in." Norms derive from hormones and regulate whether we feel we "fit in." Norms are the rules about what is and isn't acceptable by our community and must be followed to "fit in." Norms regularly challenge social hierarchies and disrupt the ability of people with high-status positions from "fitting in" at their high-status jobs.

Norms are the rules about what is and isn't acceptable by our community and must be followed to "fit in."

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between social norms and formal rules? Norms are often written down and provide explicit guidance for behavior, whereas formal rules are unwritten rules that guide behavior. Formal rules are directives that can be violated, whereas norms cannot be easily violated. Norms are unwritten rules that guide behavior, whereas formal rules are often written down and provide more explicit guidance for behavior. Norms are only applicable in the private sphere, whereas formal rules are only applicable in the public sphere.

Norms are unwritten rules that guide behavior, whereas formal rules are often written down and provide more explicit guidance for behavior.

Which of the following statements best describes why a sociological imagination is important for understanding society? The sociological imagination allows us to think about the social consequences of social issues. The sociological imagination gives us the creativity to examine whether personal problems are real or fake. The sociological imagination allows us to refine our emotional biases in research settings. Only when we develop this ability can we start to see how larger issues in society relate to personal problems.

Only when we develop this ability can we start to see how larger issues in society relate to personal problems.

__________ solidarity, unlike __________ solidarity, is associated with an extensive division of labor in society. Organic; mechanical Social; sacred Profane; sacred Mechanical; organic

Organic; mechanical

Which of the following is an example of what Erving Goffman described as the "presentation of self"? People experience punishment when they are caught breaking the law. People receive information about themselves when interacting with others. People often calculate the amount of time it takes to complete tasks in order to manage their schedules. People attend to the details of their social media profiles.

People attend to the details of their social media profiles.

What is one of the conclusions ethnographer Christena Nippert-Eng made about the items found in people's wallets and purses? People carefully consider what aspects of their identities they want to reveal and under what circumstances they want to reveal them. Wallets, purses, and other accessories inhibit people from expressing their true self. Americans spend 30 percent more time shopping than their European counterparts. People have relatively static identities that resist change over time.

People carefully consider what aspects of their identities they want to reveal and under what circumstances they want to reveal them.

What does the chapter author observe about emoticons? People use emoticons to express civil inattention. People use emoticons and other signs to avoid confusion. People use emoticons because digital communication is destroying human creativity. People who use emoticons are known as deviants.

People use emoticons and other signs to avoid confusion.

Which of the following statements best highlights the key differences between qualitative and quantitative research? Quantitative research is inherently interdisciplinary, unlike qualitative research. Qualitative research relies on words, direct observations, historical records, and pictures, whereas quantitative research relies on data that are more easily subjected to statistical analyses. Qualitative research is usually done on research about gender inequality, whereas quantitative research is usually done on research involving racial inequality. Qualitative research projects are those that have been approved by the institutional review board, while quantitative research projects are those in which the approval is still pending.

Qualitative research relies on words, direct observations, historical records, and pictures, whereas quantitative research relies on data that are more easily subjected to statistical analyses.

The author of this chapter argues that sociologists should recognize three important factors when studying immigrant assimilation. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors the author lists? Recognize that assimilation is a cultural concept that cannot be accurately measured. Recognize that the idea of assimilation is not viewed by all foreign-born residents as relevant, especially those who do not intend to stay in the host country for a long period of time. Recognize that due to the process of self-selection, most immigrants are highly motivated to assimilate. Recognize that the motives to assimilate and process of assimilation are different for LPRs who have family members who were born U.S. citizens and those who do not.

Recognize that assimilation is a cultural concept that cannot be accurately measured.

Which of the following statements is true about second-generation children? While second-generation children do not generally do as well as their parents, they do significantly better than their third- and higher-generation counterparts. While second-generation children generally do better than their parents, they do not generally do as well as their third- and higher-generation counterparts. Second-generation children generally do worse than their third- and higher-generation counterparts, and they even fare worse than their first-generation parents. Second-generation children generally do better than their third- and higher-generation counterparts, and they even do better than their first-generation parents.

Second-generation children generally do better than their third- and higher-generation counterparts, and they even do better than their first-generation parents.

Which of the following best characterizes the focus of symbolic interactionism? Symbolic interactionism focuses on how people interact and create shared meaning. Symbolic interactionism focuses on the ways social institutions complement each other. Symbolic interactionism focuses on the nuances of how people in society compete for scarce resources. Symbolic interactionism focuses on the economic differences between racial groups.

Symbolic interactionism focuses on how people interact and create shared meaning.

Which social theorist is primarily associated with the development of structural functionalism? Georg Simmel W. E. B. Du Bois Talcott Parsons Friedrich Engels

Talcott Parsons

Tam is able to attend a highly competitive college because his parents have enough income to pay the tuition. Lai is only able to attend night classes at a less competitive college because she has to work during the day to pay tuition. Which statement best describes how the notion of a "social context" can be used to describe this scenario? Tam and Lai are experiencing the same social context. Lai's and Tam's educational experiences are not related to the notion of a social context, and they will only begin experiencing a social context after their formal education. Lai is experiencing a social context, but Tam is not. Tam and Lai are experiencing different social contexts, which will likely have an impact on the type of opportunities each encounters in life.

Tam and Lai are experiencing different social contexts, which will likely have an impact on the type of opportunities each encounters in life.

Tannistha stood up to a classmate who was bullying another classmate. In the language of the sociology of interaction, which of the following describes what Tannistha did? Tannistha created a "collective effervescence." Tannistha engaged in a "status swap." Tannistha instigated a "significant gesture." Tannistha "took the role of the other."

Tannistha "took the role of the other."

Which of the following is explored in the chapter as a way in which the Internet has created a new opportunity for a better democracy? The Internet is unique in the way it promotes democratic subcultures. There are far more online publications devoted to educating people about democracy than physical publications. The proliferation of online surveys has had the unintended consequence of teaching people how to behave more democratically. The Internet has made it less costly and far easier for average people to acquire information and participate in public discussions of important issues in their lives.

The Internet has made it less costly and far easier for average people to acquire information and participate in public discussions of important issues in their lives.

Which of the following summarizes what Theodor Adorno referred to as the culture industry? The culture industry refers to the industry that legitimizes and empowers a society's elites by making elite ideas seem like the only reasonable and important ideas. The culture industry refers to an industry that provides space where private citizens can come together as a public body to discuss and express opinions about matters of general interest. The culture industry refers to the profit-driven production of popular media within a capitalist society. The culture industry refers to an online data cloud that allows people to store their cultural memories on remote servers.

The culture industry refers to the profit-driven production of popular media within a capitalist society.

Baby Alyssa is born in a hospital with a lot of resources, staff, and modern equipment. Baby Brandi is born in a hospital with older equipment, few staff, and little resources. Which statement best describes this scenario? Alyssa and Brandi will receive the same level of care because hospitals, no matter where they are located, belong to the same social institution. The two babies are born into different social contexts, but studies show that the social development of children is not impacted by institutions such as the health care system. The two babies are born into different social contexts, which will have an impact on their social development. The two babies occupy similar positions in the social hierarchy and will therefore develop in a nearly identical manner.

The two babies are born into different social contexts, which will have an impact on their social development.

One worker at a local grocery store chain is unhappy with the company's sick leave policy. The worker wants to start a petition to present to upper management. According to what sociologists know about social conformity, which of the following situations would most likely result in the worker actually starting the petition? The worker calls the store manager to ask permission first. The worker is not supported by coworkers. The worker loses their job because they called out sick. The worker has at least one other ally to support the petition.

The worker has at least one other ally to support the petition.

What do synagogues, political organizations, and schools have in common? Sociologist C. Wright Mills referred to these three organizations as the holy trinity of sociological observation. They are all social structures that have no bearing on our development. They are all types of organizations that sociologists refuse to examine or write about. They are all contexts where people might gain special opportunities.

They are all contexts where people might gain special opportunities.

How did European scientists and writers in the nineteenth century attempt to make sense of the differences in the appearance and behavior they observed between themselves and non-Europeans? They concluded that differences in behavior were cultural and claimed that non-Europeans developed different cultures because they faced different challenges in their respective environments. They concluded that differences in behavior were the result of astrological forces, which could be ascertained by carefully charting the positions of stars and planets in the night sky. They concluded that differences in behavior were the result of different economic systems. Europeans lived in a capitalist system whereas non-Europeans lived in a socialist system. They concluded that differences in behavior were biological and claimed that people's biology determined how their societies were organized.

They concluded that differences in behavior were biological and claimed that people's biology determined how their societies were organized.

Rather than participating in the creation of new information, Ken is sitting in front of his television passively consuming it. What would German sociologist and philosopher Theodor Adorno most likely say about this scenario? This is an example of media consumption by a networked public. This is a problem of too many counterpublics. This is an example of a user-driven cultural democracy. This is a problem associated with the modern culture industry.

This is a problem associated with the modern culture industry.

How did urbanization lead to the development of sociology? Urbanization led to the creation of biology as a science, and a small group of biologists created sociology. Urbanization caused sociologists to move their practices from the countryside to the city. Urbanization led to the Great Depression, and sociology was originally developed to study the Great Depression. Urbanization caused various social problems, such as growing levels of poverty, and governments and scholars wanted to understand these problems.

Urbanization caused various social problems, such as growing levels of poverty, and governments and scholars wanted to understand these problems.

__________ is a term used to refer to a set of social policies that provide people with support or assistance. Institutions Organizations Welfare state Social norms

Welfare state

A researcher states that she thinks that the less sleep students get on the night before an exam, the poorer they will perform on the exam. What is this statement an example of? a hypothesis theoretical tradition thick description data analysis

a hypothesis

Which of the following is the best definition of the term "social hierarchy"? a system of barter and exchange among people of a similar status a relationship between groups in which one group has higher status than another a relationship between groups whose members share identical roles a relationship between individuals in which all individuals share a similar status

a relationship between groups in which one group has higher status than another

If a big company uses its power to put its competitors out of business and create a monopoly, it would be considered __________. a multi-class action a violation of government regulations poor business sense a violation of market norms

a violation of government regulations

The CEO of a large corporation is going to a meeting. As he decides what they will discuss, he will probably leave out issues he wants to avoid. What type of power is this? political challenge agenda setting distribution pluralism

agenda setting

Which of the following is the best definition of the self? an identity developed through social interaction a term that designates the mathematical center of a social network a type of consciousness that is fully formed at birth personality traits you are born with

an identity developed through social interaction

What are two factors explored in the chapter that have had a dramatic impact on social hierarchies the United States? the rise of free trade between nations and changes in corporate culture that have allowed women to enter top management positions at a rate nearly equal to men changes that result from migration and changes to the economy administrative changes to universities and changes in contraceptive use changes in food safety and medical innovations

changes that result from migration and changes to the economy

Yumiko just filled out a form that asked her to provide information about her diet. The first question asked, "How many days per week do you consume meat? a) 1; b) 2; c) 3; or d) more than 3." Which of the following terms describes this type of question? closed-ended survey question data coded question in-depth interview question open-ended survey question

closed-ended survey question

What is the name given to the approach to childrearing that actively fosters children's talents? cultural omnivore accomplishment of natural growth concerted cultivation determined disciplinarian

concerted cultivation

People use the word "love" to express their preferences for flavors of ice cream as well as their feelings toward their children, but it is safe to say that the word means something different in each of these situations. This is an example of the way __________ give(s) meaning to words and situations. generalized others the looking-glass self context significant others

context

Which of the following is a trend discussed in the chapter that has put commercial pressure on journalism? people are less interested in the news than they used to be declining interest in journalism among recent college graduates who are looking to more lucrative careers in other fields corporatization and consolidation of media the growing preference of consumers for news about celebrities

corporatization and consolidation of media

In 1787 a group of leaders from the American colonies completed drafting a new constitution. After it was ratified two years later, entire institutions were built that sought to uphold and maintain the principles of the document. Ratifying the U.S. Constitution is an example of a __________. life course critical juncture social hierarchy risk aversion

critical juncture

Which of the following terms refers to the moment—often triggered by an event—when new norms, rules, or ways of doing things emerge to organize and structure human interaction? life course path resistance critical juncture lock-in

critical juncture

A researcher claims he wants to study why England's infant mortality rate has been lower than the United States' infant mortality rate. What type of research is this? cross-national comparison ethnography extended case method thick description

cross-national comparison

Barbara went to a business dinner, and unlike her colleagues who simply placed orders for "red" wine, Barbara requested a bottle of pinot noir, indicating that she had preferences regarding the different types of grapes used to make wine. In this example, Barbara demonstrated a particular kind of __________. cultural relativism economic capital social capital cultural capital

cultural capital

Pierre Bourdieu's concept of __________ helps explain how boundaries between social classes get maintained. ethnocentrism social embeddedness cultural capital class analysis

cultural capital

Which of the following concepts refers to W. E. B. Du Bois's idea that unlike white Americans, black Americans must live multiple lives, one as a black person and one as an American? dual social networks ethnocentrism social closure double consciousness

double consciousness

When states make policies that are "redistributive," they __________. empower groups besides the "ruling class" always decide in favor of big business seldom respond to citizens' concerns leave most of the choices to chief executives

empower groups besides the "ruling class"

A sociologist has met with gang members and asked them to tell her what it is like to belong to a gang; however, she suspects that for various reasons these informants are leaving out details of their experiences. Which of the following methods would be most useful for learning about the behaviors and experiences of gang members? ethnography a survey in-depth interviews comparative-historical research

ethnography

The sociological subfield that refers to the study of the methods people use during everyday interactions is known as __________. generalized other ethnomethodology social work epistemology

ethnomethodology

Public opinion surveys show that Americans support more generous social programs to help the poor, but they do not support __________. veterans services expanding the overall size of government to actually implement antipoverty programs free education setting limits on the free market

expanding the overall size of government to actually implement antipoverty programs

The CEO of General Motors testified before Congress in the early 1950s and famously declared, "What is good for General Motors is good for America." This claim—that everyone has an interest in the profitability of a large company (General Motors was at the time the largest corporation in the world)—reflects which of the following concepts? corporate consolidation ethnocentrism hegemony capitalism

hegemony

What is the name of the organization that evaluates research proposals based on whether the research will potentially harm research subjects? institutional review board (IRB) informed consent board (ICB) National Science Foundation American Sociological Association (ASA)

institutional review board (IRB)

An example of __________ is when the social norms relating to crime and punishment became __________, which in turn triggered the emergence of professions focused on interpreting and enforcing the law. criminalization; sanctioned life chances; internalized institutionalization; formalized curriculum; enforced

institutionalization; formalized

Which of the following is the best example of cultural capital? knowing a lot about fine wine donating large amounts of money to charity owning a home having lots of friends

knowing a lot about fine wine

When comparing immigrants who live farther from the native-born populations to those who live closer, the ones who live farther tend to experience a degree of assimilation that is __________. difficult to measure lower higher identical

lower

A sociologist who studies culture tells you she is interested in studying the most widely shared tool kits within a society. In fact, she is most interested in tool kits that the majority of people within a given society rely on and use in their lives and which are so common most people take them for granted. To which of the following types of culture is the sociologist most likely referring? counterculture subculture mainstream culture culture war

mainstream culture

Valerie follows a group of spoken word poets around for a year in an effort to understand the inner workings of their group. Although Valerie did not randomly select the people she studies, she draws on her research findings to formulate a broader theory of human behavior. This is called __________. cleaning the data conducting data analysis making an empirical generalization making a theoretical generalization

making a theoretical generalization

Contrary to dominant theories at the time, W. E. B. Du Bois argued that racial inequality was __________. an aspect of the socially sacred manufactured by American society the result of differences in income between whites and blacks born from the division of labor

manufactured by American society

Which of the following terms describes a new form of Internet-centered communication that is generated and broadcast by ordinary people but is still capable of reaching a global audience? mass self-communication digital directing cultural communication pirated Internet

mass self-communication

According to Karl Marx, capitalism, feudalism, and slavery are all examples of __________. modes of production capital globalization classes

modes of production

Which of the following refers to two of the key components of social structure outlined in the chapter? values and organizations norms and institutions crime and punishment replicability and calculability

norms and institutions

Sebastian completes an experiment and records the results. Anna completes the same experiment, following the same steps as Sebastian, but gets different results. This means that the experiment is __________. not valid spurious not theoretically motivated not reliable

not reliable

There are signs that religiosity in America is __________ and that religiosity in other parts of the world, such as the Middle East, is __________. the same as it has been historically; on the rise shifting to non-Christian denominations; on the decline on the rise; on the decline on the decline; on the rise

on the decline; on the rise

The Defense of Marriage Act of 1996 __________. allowed married individuals to obtain a "no-fault" divorce restricted marriage for those under the age of 21 without parental consent only recognized heterosexual unions under federal law recognized same-sex unions under federal law

only recognized heterosexual unions under federal law

Rather than a public system where all Americans have health insurance in exchange for paying higher taxes, health insurance is offered to Americans through private companies. A sociologist observes that this private system seems locked in place because insurance companies fund lobbyists who successfully oppose efforts to create a public system. Which of the following concepts describes the development of the healthcare system in the United States? a social movement critical mass life course path dependency

path dependency

What is the term used to describe the way in which events of the past have a lasting impact on people and organizations in the present by continuing to make certain courses of action appear more logical than others? path dependency critical juncture life course social movement

path dependency

According to the one-dimensional view of power, __________. power struggles are those that are visible and in which two or more individuals and groups compete to achieve a goal they want power holders must play by the rules the powerful must listen to the grievances of the minority a single-power system will always fail

power struggles are those that are visible and in which two or more individuals and groups compete to achieve a goal they want

Which of the following terms refers to original data that a sociologist independently collects? secondary-source data primary-source data cursory data display data

primary-source data

Which of the following refers to the ability or right to have special access to opportunities or claims on rewards? privilege discrimination role claims luck

privilege

In many European countries, seats in the national legislature are distributed among multiple political parties through a system of elections known as __________. strong central government parliamentary power regional parties proportional representation

proportional representation

The statistical analysis of data is called __________. conforming to a code of ethics quantitative research qualitative research creating a research memo

quantitative research

When people comply with the commands of hierarchy, they are, probably without noticing it, __________ that hierarchy. ignoring resisting reinforcing rejecting

reinforcing

The Western world's long-term presence in the Middle East may play a role in the increase in religiosity there because __________. countries in the Middle East are rapidly becoming more modernized religious affiliation reasserts cultural pride birth rates in the Middle East are lower than ever the United States has brought great diversity to the Middle East

religious affiliation reasserts cultural pride

Class __________ refers to the processes that cause class boundaries and distinctions to be maintained over time. reproduction culture change analysis

reproduction

Much like the rules of football guide the players on a team, the rules associated with a __________ strongly influence how a person will behave in a given organization. role privilege life course free choice

role

When meeting the expectations of one role precludes a person's ability to meet the expectations of another role, the person is experiencing __________. role conflict role set generalized other civil inattention

role conflict

To escape Country X's civil war and famine, families have begun slipping across the border to find a new place to live in Country Y. Drawing on the terminology introduced in this chapter, Country X is a __________ country. destination receiving sending transitory

sending

Congress is drafting a bill that will reduce the president's power. The president threatens to veto it, and Congress withdraws the bill before voting on it. In this case, the president has demonstrated his institutional power to __________. threaten violence if she did not get what she wanted set the agenda convince members of Congress to change their minds use tools of the first dimension

set the agenda

When feminist social theorist Simone de Beauvoir wrote, "One is not born but becomes a woman," she was pointing to a difference between an individual's __________ and __________. socioeconomic status; social class gestures; roles family; friends sex; gender

sex; gender

Ron decides to go to the same college as his best friend Ken. Which of the following terms best describes Ken's position for Ron? significant other generalized other projected self deviant

significant other

Which of the following best defines the term "generalized other"? modeling one's behavior on the actions of particular individuals in a group the process of excluding people from a group or organization individuals who are incorporated into a group through conversational precision social control exercised by commonsense understandings of what is appropriate in a specific time and place

social control exercised by commonsense understandings of what is appropriate in a specific time and place

Jonas belongs to a political club, but he notices that he does not always get invited to hang out with some of the more popular members of the club after their club meetings. After reading about the work of Georg Simmel in his sociology class, Jonas realizes that what he is experiencing is an example of __________. political fatigue network analysis social distance social intimacy

social distance

Which of the following terms refers to some kind of collective action directed toward bringing about social change? social privilege social role social movement social hierarchy

social movement

Which of the following themes can be readily found in Emile Durkheim's theoretical work? social surveillance gender inequality social solidarity communism

social solidarity

Your friend Mary Jo tells you that the purpose of religion is to ensure that the individuals of a given society all hold a common set of values. Which theoretical perspective offers a view of religion that is similar to the one shared by Mary Jo? conflict theory structural functionalism feminism organic solidarity

structural functionalism

Social theorists working in the tradition of __________ theorized that social change happened much like the theory of __________. structural functionalism; evolution structural functionalism; relativity conflict theory; evolution symbolic interaction; fluid dynamics

structural functionalism; evolution

Social theories are __________. systematic ideas that help explain the relationship between individuals and society completely accurate and reliable ways of explaining social life only written by sociologists ideas that refuse to explain the relationship between any two entities

systematic ideas that help explain the relationship between individuals and society

What influential imagery did Adam Smith describe in his famous work, The Wealth of Nations? the "creeping shadow" of socialism the "invisible hand" of the free market, controlling all business a scale representing the balance of power a destitute family that would benefit from a welfare state

the "invisible hand" of the free market, controlling all business

Which country is the number one sending country in terms of migrant remittances? Saudi Arabia Switzerland the United States Russia

the United States

Which of the following is the best definition of civil inattention? the growing number of people in a democratic society who choose not to vote the act of ignoring other people to an appropriate degree even when you notice they are nearby the conflict one feels in regard to conflicting public and private roles the tendency to engage with people who are most similar to ourselves

the act of ignoring other people to an appropriate degree even when you notice they are nearby

From a very young age, a child is told by his parents that he is good at sports. As he gets older, he tries out for many different sporting teams, spends time practicing, and eventually becomes an excellent athlete. This scenario illustrates __________. the concept of the self-fulfilling prophecy the impact of conversational inequality the effects of role conflict on an individual interactional repair

the concept of the self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following is a concept describing a barrier imposed by a dominant group in order to limit a subordinate group's access to opportunities? institutions the glass ceiling life course unions

the glass ceiling

The process of secularization refers to which of the following? the historical process whereby religious conflicts are increasing in number and destructiveness the historical process whereby churches have lost social and political power and authority in modern societies the process by which individuals become more religious as they age the process whereby minority religions become more significant

the historical process whereby churches have lost social and political power and authority in modern societies

Which of the following is the best example of a social structure? the societal expectations associated with the role of fatherhood chance encounters with celebrities the peace of mind one feels after exercise a natural disaster, such as Hurricane Katrina

the societal expectations associated with the role of fatherhood

Sociologists refer to the range of government and legal branches, including agencies and offices of the government, lawmaking bodies, the legal system, the military, and even the constitution, as __________. legal order rules of action formal control institutions the state

the state

The mayor of a local government does not want to deal with cleaning up a local waste dump, so he constantly puts off dealing with the protestors who live near the dump. This is an example of __________. the two-dimensional view of power providing obstacles superior resources big business

the two-dimensional view of power

A person who is seeking to legally relocate temporarily or permanently to a new country will need an authorizing document from the destination country known as a(n) __________. employee ID card driver's license visa passport

visa

According to labeling theory, how do people become deviant? A person or institution may label a person or group as good, but the stress of the "good" label leads individuals to embrace deviant behavior. Due to a cognitive deficiency, some individuals are unable to identify which behaviors society has deemed as deviant, and they engage in those behaviors accidentally. A person or institution labels a person or group deviant, and that label may influence future behavior. Informal syndicates mentor people in crime and teach them how to engage in deviant behavior.

A person or institution labels a person or group deviant, and that label may influence future behavior.

Which of the following best describes how people commonly develop stereotypes? A person believes that a group has a particular characteristic based on recent sociological research. A person assumes that the characteristics of one group are also the characteristics of another group. A person perceives that a group is distinct because of a certain characteristic, then assumes that an individual from that group must have that characteristic. One person believes another person possesses a given characteristic because he or she has spent a long time getting to know the person.

A person perceives that a group is distinct because of a certain characteristic, then assumes that an individual from that group must have that characteristic.

Sociologist C. Wright Mills suggested that the sociological imagination is a concept that lets us think systematically about the relationship between the personal and the social. Using your sociological imagination, how might the personal problem of unemployment be tied to greater social issues? A person will face unemployment due to a recession that resulted in fewer available job openings for job seekers. A person will face unemployment if he or she has mental health issues that make the person a poor worker. A person will face unemployment if he or she is not willing to put in extended hours. A person will face unemployment if he or she is not sufficiently motivated to work.

A person will face unemployment due to a recession that resulted in fewer available job openings for job seekers.

Which of the following statements is the best example of a researcher making a causal inference? A researcher concludes that the health of unborn babies was negatively impacted by the high levels of stress their mothers experienced during pregnancy. A researcher concludes that the health of unborn babies co-varies with the amount of stress their mothers received during pregnancy. A researcher concludes that 20 of the 35 people in her sample are suffering from depression. A researcher concludes that 85 percent of all CEOs in the United States have annual incomes of over $200,000.

A researcher concludes that the health of unborn babies was negatively impacted by the high levels of stress their mothers experienced during pregnancy.

Which of the following illustrates a researcher obtaining informed consent? A researcher promises not to reveal the name of a subject. A researcher helps a research subject understand the risks and benefits of participating in a study before enrolling the subject. A researcher informs a subject about the values that led to the creation of the study. A researcher asks a subject to agree not to tell anyone about the details of the study.

A researcher helps a research subject understand the risks and benefits of participating in a study before enrolling the subject.

Which of the following scenarios depicts a researcher breaking an ethical code? A researcher publishes the full names of study participants on her website. A researcher develops a hypothesis before the study has even begun. A researcher has studied the topic substantially and is being guided by a more experienced researcher. A researcher is clear and honest about all policies and procedures used in an experiment.

A researcher publishes the full names of study participants on her website.

Which of the following statements best describes how roles are related to social institutions? Institutions can only exist if individuals disregard the social hierarchy of roles. Roles are produced by the psychological processes of individuals, which then produce institutions. Roles are institutions, which individuals must always occupy. A role is a position within an institution or organization that comes with specific social expectations for how to behave and be treated.

A role is a position within an institution or organization that comes with specific social expectations for how to behave and be treated.

Which of the following is an example of a conflict in the one-dimensional view of power? A school principle asks her teaching staff to work longer hours, but the teachers and their union oppose it. A CEO "forgets" to mention employees' grievances at a board meeting. An employer convinces a new employee that a job as a night manager will give him an advantage. A government claims it is going to redistribute wealth, but does not.

A school principle asks her teaching staff to work longer hours, but the teachers and their union oppose it.

"What is good for General Motors is good for America." What does this statement imply? All Americans benefit from government policies that make GM more profitable. General Motors represents the capitalist system, which supports the economy. If General Motors makes money, everybody makes money. Because General Motors is a powerful company, it should not have to unionize.

All Americans benefit from government policies that make GM more profitable.

Which of the following is one of anthropologist Clifford Geertz's conclusions about Balinese cockfighting? Betting on cockfights is the primary means by which most Balinese people earn a living. Cockfights are an aspect of a dysfunctional culture, and Geertz showed the practice has been destroying families for generations. Expressing emotion during cockfights is the only means by which Indonesian men are able to vent frustration with dignity. Betting on cockfights is a means by which people express and interpret status hierarchies.

Betting on cockfights is a means by which people express and interpret status hierarchies.

Which of the following reasons helps to explain why the rich in the United States have gotten so much richer in the past 30 years? The rich benefited from the strength of the manufacturing sector in recent years. Changes in the tax code have benefited the rich. The rich tend to have recession-proof jobs. The rich tend to spend their money more wisely than any other class.

Changes in the tax code have benefited the rich.

A teenager notices that his new employer likes to boast that no matter the background and identity of new applicants, she always gives people equal consideration when it comes to hiring. What sort of sociological question could be based on this teenager's observations? Do employers like this one actually give people equal consideration, or do they just say they do? Which of the important skills I listed on my resume made the biggest impression on my employer? Does the type of font used on a resume have an impact on whether a person gets hired? Given that employers do not discriminate, how do job seekers so often screw up their chances to get hired?

Do employers like this one actually give people equal consideration, or do they just say they do?

__________ serves as a way for people to communicate belonging by demonstrating familiarity with shared assumptions about correct behavior. Cultural relativism Culture wars Group style Hegemony

Group style

What is one reason evangelical Protestantism has been on the rise compared with other traditional religious denominations in the United States since the 1960s? Growth of this denomination was propelled by underclass evangelicals. Growth of this denomination had more to do with race than anything. Growth of this denomination was fueled by the changing gender roles and "sexual liberation" movement. Growth of this denomination was a reaction to the war on poverty.

Growth of this denomination was fueled by the changing gender roles and "sexual liberation" movement.

Which of the following best describes the difference between how sociologists and historians study history? Historians only study the history of the Americas and Western Europe, while sociologists routinely study societies all over the world. Sociologists are usually experts on a given time period or place, while historians examine variations in time and place to make sense of larger patterns. Historians typically examine variations in time and place to make sense of larger patterns, while sociologists only study the history of physical artifacts. Historians are usually experts on a given time period or place, while sociologists examine variations in time and place to make sense of larger patterns.

Historians are usually experts on a given time period or place, while sociologists examine variations in time and place to make sense of larger patterns.

What happens to children who are LPRs, unmarried, and under the age of 18 when one of their parents becomes naturalized? Such children are granted long-term visas, which must be renewed every 10 years until they are naturalized. These children are given a visa for a period of one week, but if they do not petition to derive citizenship during this time period, they will be deported. In general, these children automatically derive citizenship from their parent. In general, these children are automatically deported.

In general, these children automatically derive citizenship from their parent.

__________ often includes the establishment of __________ that is designed to enforce formalized norms. Institutionalization; curriculum Institutionalization; an organization An organization; curriculum An organization; a norm

Institutionalization; an organization

Which of the following is an example of a stereotype? Women should be paid the same as men. Keri is spoiled because she came from a wealthy family. More people are unemployed this year compared with last year. Children with poor nutrition tend to score lower in school.

Keri is spoiled because she came from a wealthy family.

Which of the following is the best example of the generalized other? Kerry knows she will be expected to wear black when attending a funeral. Friends decide to run together on a regular basis. A group of people make a bold decision to gather and hold a protest. Many different strangers sign the same online petition.

Kerry knows she will be expected to wear black when attending a funeral.

Which of the following have sociologists observed about laughter? There are no conventions regarding when it is appropriate to laugh. Unlike the expression of other emotions, laughter is always a random outburst. Laughter appears to be a random outburst, but in fact people are careful to take turns when laughing together. Laughter is an emotional performance.

Laughter is an emotional performance.

Which pair of social theorists are similar in that they both emphasized how social class matters in social life? Goffman and Smith Marx and Bourdieu Durkheim and Du Bois Parsons and Foucault

Marx and Bourdieu

Which social theorist was most interested in understanding how people interpret and give meaning to the world around them? Karl Marx Max Weber Georg Simmel Emile Durkheim

Max Weber

What is one of the impacts of media consolidation on democracy? Media consolidation leads to more ethical journalism, which strengthens democracy. Media consolidation leads to less local staffing, less local news gathering, and less interaction with local communities, which hinders democracy. Media consolidation leads to more local staffing, more local news gathering, and more interaction with local communities, which strengthens democracy. Media consolidation leads to more local staffing, more local news gathering, and more interaction with local communities, which hinders democracy.

Media consolidation leads to less local staffing, less local news gathering, and less interaction with local communities, which hinders democracy.

Which of the following describes what media scholar Michael Schudson meant by the idea that media act as a cultural system? Media corporations fight for control of media markets in the same way that cultural systems fight for control of entire societies. Media influence people's thoughts and behaviors by broadcasting subliminal messages, or imperceptible flashes of information, at regular intervals. Media producers are becoming consolidated in the same way that cultural systems are becoming consolidated. Media influence people's thoughts and behaviors by establishing a context, which makes world events intelligible.

Media influence people's thoughts and behaviors by establishing a context, which makes world events intelligible.

Which of the following insights comes from an understanding of how social structures work? People become rich as adults because of blind luck. People can achieve any position they want in life if they work hard enough. People who are born into rich families are more likely to stay rich as adults. Individuals become rich as adults because of personality traits they are born with.

People who are born into rich families are more likely to stay rich as adults.

A sociologist wants to do research about how elementary school children learn to monitor and discipline themselves. Which theorist's work might be useful for informing this research topic? Karl Marx Robert Merton Michel Foucault W. E. B. Du Bois

Michel Foucault

Which of the following conclusions did sociologist Annette Lareau draw regarding the different childrearing practices of middle- and working-class parents? Middle-class parents spoil their children and encourage disruptive behavior in public, whereas working-class parents put their children on pedestals and encourage them to feel superior to others. Middle-class parents actively foster their children's talents and instill in them a sense of entitlement, whereas working-class parents follow an approach of accomplishment of natural growth and instill in them a sense of constraint. Working-class parents spoil their children and encourage disruptive behavior in public, whereas middle-class parents put their children on pedestals and encourage them to feel superior to others. Working-class parents actively foster their children's talents and instill in them a sense of entitlement, whereas middle-class parents follow an approach of accomplishment of natural growth and instill in them a sense of constraint.

Middle-class parents actively foster their children's talents and instill in them a sense of entitlement, whereas working-class parents follow an approach of accomplishment of natural growth and instill in them a sense of constraint.

Which of the following observations comes from analyzing people's methods during conversations? People always deny requests by saying "no" just as quickly as they accept requests by saying "yes." People who have more power and status often interrupt those who have less. Hand gestures have multiple meanings, but words such as "love" and "kill" have fixed meanings. Conversations are surprisingly democratic. People with more status and power rarely interrupt those with less.

People who have more power and status often interrupt those who have less.

In what sense are individuals unique despite the fact that they may share common identities based on gender, race, and class? People experience a unique array of social interactions that shape their identities. People are socially identical, but their genetic distinctiveness makes them appear unique. Every person is born into a one-of-a-kind institution that endows him or her with a unique identity. People are socially similar, but pretend to be unique.

People experience a unique array of social interactions that shape their identities.

According to the chapter, why do people sometimes follow informal rules, even when they contradict formal rules? People interpret situations and apply informal rules so that the social world runs more smoothly. People from high status groups follow informal rules, while people from low status groups follow formal rules. People only follow informal rules when attempting to be deviant. People only apply informal rules when they do not understand formal rules.

People interpret situations and apply informal rules so that the social world runs more smoothly.

Which of the following have ethnomethodologists observed about emotion? Dancing at funerals is a universal taboo among human societies. People only control emotions during social interaction in parts of east Africa and along the Satpura Range in India. People exercise control over their emotional expressions with the exception of laughter, which is the one expression beyond human control. People often exercise control over their emotions, and the way they express emotion differs from society to society.

People often exercise control over their emotions, and the way they express emotion differs from society to society.

Which of the following statements about social roles is correct? "Driver" is an occupation, not a social role. Roles are unique in that they cannot be ranked based on status. Roles are an important part of society, but they are not a part of social structures. People routinely shift from one role to another throughout the course of a day.

People routinely shift from one role to another throughout the course of a day.

The social sciences were first founded in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Why was this the case? Sociology was going through a process of "spinning off" new social science disciplines, such as African American studies. People first started to have questions about society during that period because they had more leisure time. Western societies were undergoing a period of great continuity, and the social sciences were founded in order to understand why. Rapid industrialization and urbanization of the time resulted in the need to study society and its groups. The social sciences formed to address this need.

Rapid industrialization and urbanization of the time resulted in the need to study society and its groups. The social sciences formed to address this need.

What is the difference between reliability and validity? Reliability describes when results measure what they were intended to measure, whereas validity is when an experiment repeatedly produces similar results. Reliability describes when a researcher uses the scientific method appropriately, whereas validity is when the research results confirm the researcher's hypothesis. Reliability describes when a measurement technique repeatedly produces similar results, whereas validity describes whether a measurement technique actually measures what the researcher thinks it measures. Reliability describes when a researcher follows the code of ethics, whereas validity means that the results can be used to improve society.

Reliability describes when a measurement technique repeatedly produces similar results, whereas validity describes whether a measurement technique actually measures what the researcher thinks it measures.

Which of the following scenarios describes how a person's identity might have an impact on his or her opportunities in life? Shelly notices that her classmates are less likely to question male professors than female professors. She wonders whether the relative lack of criticism for male professors means male professors in the university will be more successful than their female colleagues. Jared seems to have a natural ability to excel in statistics and, true to form, by the end of the semester, he receives the highest grade in his statistics class. Rob had an accident at work and now experiences chronic back pain, which limits his freedom of movement. Carl has always had an exceptional ability to make small talk with random people. One day, after having a nice conversation with a stranger on a train, Carl was surprised when the stranger offered him a job.

Shelly notices that her classmates are less likely to question male professors than female professors. She wonders whether the relative lack of criticism for male professors means male professors in the university will be more successful than their female colleagues.

Which of the following statements is true about social structure? Social structures change but the social hierarchies within social structures never change. Social structures are so powerful that the individuals within them never have choices. Social structures are powerful influences on individuals, but people often respond in different ways to those influences. Social structures have no influence on determined individuals with free will.

Social structures are powerful influences on individuals, but people often respond in different ways to those influences.

Which of the following statements about social structure is FALSE? Roles are a part of social structures. Institutions are a part of social structures. Social structures do not change over time. One example of a social structure is a set of norms governing social interactions.

Social structures do not change over time.

Which of the following best describes what a social structure is? Social structures give social life a regularity and endure over time. Social structures are the physical buildings people live and work in each day. Social structures characteristically work by creating an imbalance in society. Social structures are tools social scientists use to measure change in the social world.

Social structures give social life a regularity and endure over time.

Which of the following statements is true about socialization? Socialization refers to the process by which a social practice or organization begins to become an institution. Socialization is an intense process of childhood that comes to an end once a person becomes an adult. Socialization refers to learning from one's parents and immediate family members. Other individuals and groups are not involved. Socialization continues at every stage of the life course.

Socialization continues at every stage of the life course.

Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between sociology and different units of analysis? Sociological explanations of how the world shapes people's behavior only take two different units of analysis into account. The unit of analysis is a reference to the metric units employed in sociological studies, which sociologists routinely use to conform to the standards of their European colleagues. For sociologists, the unit of analysis is always the individual. Sociological explanations of how the world shapes people's behavior often take into account different units of analysis.

Sociological explanations of how the world shapes people's behavior often take into account different units of analysis.

Sociologists can ask a broad array of questions. Which of the following best identifies what these sociological questions all have in common? Sociological questions consider how social contexts matter. Sociological questions are not about things that are obvious, but about only things that people disagree on. Sociological questions rely on commonsense aphorisms. All sociological questions ask about the effects of society on families.

Sociological questions consider how social contexts matter.

Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between sociology and other social science disciplines? Sociological findings have not had a great impact on other social science disciplines. Sociology has a track record of insulating itself from other disciplines, such as psychology and economics. Sociology has given birth to a number of other disciplines, including African American studies, gender studies, demography, and criminology. Sociology has been entirely ostracized by other disciplines, including psychology and economics.

Sociology has given birth to a number of other disciplines, including African American studies, gender studies, demography, and criminology.

Which of the following describes how sociology is different from economics? Sociology is unique in that it relies on variables and constants. Sociology makes use of a number of different theoretical traditions. Sociology has many influential figures. Sociologists encounter methodological challenges; economists do not.

Sociology makes use of a number of different theoretical traditions.

Which social psychologist conducted a famous conformity experiment in 1963 in which people believed they were being asked to administer painful electric shocks to others? Robert Merton Emile Durkheim Stanley Milgram Erving Goffman

Stanley Milgram

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the English fluency of children whose parents have lived as unauthorized immigrants? Due to the difficulty of tracking down unauthorized immigrants, researchers have been unable to conduct this research. The probability of children ages 8 through 12 being fluent in English is virtually identical for children whose parents have had experience living as unauthorized immigrants and children whose parents have never been unauthorized. The probability of children ages 8 through 12 being fluent in English is lower for children whose parents have had experience living as unauthorized immigrants than for those whose parents have never been unauthorized. The probability of children ages 8 through 12 being fluent in English is higher for children whose parents have had experience living as unauthorized immigrants than for those whose parents have never been unauthorized.

The probability of children ages 8 through 12 being fluent in English is higher for children whose parents have had experience living as unauthorized immigrants than for those whose parents have never been unauthorized.

Angela observes that children from poor families tend to have higher rates of lead poisoning, but she doesn't know if being poor makes people more likely to be exposed to lead, or if people who already have high levels of lead in their bodies are more likely to become poor. Which of the following characterizes what Angela knows about the relationship between poverty and lead poisoning? As poverty is a social condition and lead is a physical element, the relationship between the two cannot be statistically significant. There is a correlation between poverty and lead poisoning. Any claim that there is a relationship between lead poisoning and poverty is wrong. There is a causal relationship between lead poisoning and poverty.

There is a correlation between poverty and lead poisoning.

What do the Tea Party and the Black Lives Matter movements have in common? They both share the same group style. They are both examples of mainstream cultures. They are both challenging the mainstream culture. They are both composed solely of digital immigrants.

They are both challenging the mainstream culture.

Most Americans believe that the government should "do more" to help the poor in principle. Why has so little help come about? They have no opportunity to vote for it. They believe in it, but they do not want to see the size of government grow. They do not want higher taxes. At the moment, conservatives are in power.

They believe in it, but they do not want to see the size of government grow.

Which of the following describes the central questions all sociological theories face? What is the basis for the division between civilization and the state of nature? What is the basis for social order? What are the circumstances under which societies change? When did humans invent tools? When did humans master fire? When did humans master agriculture? What is the nature of the individual? What is the basis for social order? What are the circumstances under which societies change? What is the nature of the individual? What are the circumstances under which a society will morph? What are the circumstances under which societies change?

What is the nature of the individual? What is the basis for social order? What are the circumstances under which societies change?

Tamara analyzes data from 300 randomly selected schoolchildren throughout the state of Wisconsin and finds that children from wealthy families are more likely to receive extra help from teachers than children from poor families. When asked by a reporter, Tamara claims her findings actually describe the entire population of schoolchildren in Wisconsin. This is an example of __________. validity hypothesizing a generalization a causal inference

a generalization

Drawing on the theory developed by Karl Marx, Rupert Murdoch, owner of one of the world's largest media conglomerates, is best characterized as __________. a member of the proletariat a charismatic connoisseur a mode of production a member of the bourgeoisie

a member of the bourgeoisie

Print capitalism made __________ possible by allowing people to imagine themselves as part of a single, coherent community. cultural relativism hegemony culture wars a national culture

a national culture

A parent tells a child he is not supposed to eat food off the ground. This rule is an example of __________. prejudice a norm a role status training

a norm

Which of the following correctly defines the term "sampling"? a process of identifying which subjects to include in a study a process of determining which data to include in published figures a method of trial and error aimed at choosing the appropriate method a technique for choosing an appropriate research topic

a process of identifying which subjects to include in a study

In order to acquire __________ status, a person must already be in the United States, must prove he or she has a "well-founded fear" of persecution by the government of the country of origin, and show that the persecution is based on some kind of group membership. asylum numerically unlimited LPR refugee numerically limited LPR

asylum

The United States lags far behind most other Western countries in reducing poverty. How can it apply the methods of other states to close this gap? by installing a limited welfare system by raising taxes and spending more on antipoverty programs by adopting a parliamentary system by becoming a socialist state

by raising taxes and spending more on antipoverty programs

Which of the following terms describes fewer and fewer corporations owning more and more of the media outlets in a given media market? conglomeration synergy hypercommercialism consolidation

consolidation

The education, attitudes, knowledge, and preferences by which others judge you constitute your __________. multiculturalism cultural universal social culture cultural capital

cultural capital

Which of the following concepts refers to the idea that popular culture is user driven, and that cultural producers are always seeking to tailor their art to reflect popular preferences? networked public culture industry cultural democracy cultural isomorphism

cultural democracy

Which of the following terms describes the efforts of an American sociologist who attempts to understand Japanese family systems from the standpoint of the Japanese people who grew up in those family systems, rather than from the standpoint of Americans? cultural relativism multiculturalism ethnocentrism multilingualism

cultural relativism

A(n) __________ refers to the formal rules about the type of coursework and structure of learning students in an educational system will receive. course load curriculum educational life course planning schedule

curriculum

Which of the following concepts describes the gap between those who have effective access to information technology and those who do not? digital divide cultural universal communication split language barrier

digital divide

A documentary film contains a lot of corporate logos. The filmmaker, who appeared on camera to conduct interviews, drove a Toyota car and used an iPhone throughout the film. Which of the following concepts describes the inclusion of commercial products and logos in this film? synergy conglomeration hypercommercialism consolidation

hypercommercialism

Before conducting research, sociologists often come up with a prediction about what might be discovered by the research. What is this prediction called? research topic social norm hypothesis sociological question

hypothesis

Race, gender, and religion are all examples of __________. our physiology our biology a thought experiment identities

identities

In the late 1800s, the United States went through a period of __________, which refers to a pronounced growth in factories and cities. socialization industrialization social interaction economic depression

industrialization

A historian tells her audience that a long time ago people only occasionally joined into strategic unions when a person from one tribe or group made a commitment to raise children with a person from another tribe. This practice became relatively common over time, and it eventually became formalized into what is now called marriage. What process is the historian describing? feudalism institutionalization industrialization social hierarchies

institutionalization

Which of the following refers to a long-lasting social custom or tradition, often centered in important organizations? curriculum life chances institutions roles

institutions

People all over the city are frustrated that so many firehouses are being closed. A group of residents form an organization aimed at keeping the firehouse in their neighborhood open. This organization is also known as a(n) __________. path dependency party critical juncture interest group lock-in group

interest group

Which of the following terms describes an organization created to advocate for a group or corporation? chartered group interest group lock-in think group

interest group

Which of the following concepts refers to the interlocking nature of inequality, or how gender inequalities are formed in relation to inequalities based on race, class, and sexuality? global sexism intersectionality double consciousness psychoanalytical inequality

intersectionality

Among foreign-born individuals who live in ethnic enclaves, those who expect to stay permanently in the United States are __________ likely to move out of the enclave and __________ likely to invest in learning English than those who expect to stay for a short time. more; more less; more less; less more; less

more; more

An effective way power can be used to avoid conflict is to __________. assure people that both parties are on the same side persuade less powerful people that it is in their interests to think like the powerful handle potential conflict situations blame the cause of the conflict on a third party

persuade less powerful people that it is in their interests to think like the powerful

Within a symbolic interactionist framework, Herbert Blumer distinguished between three types of objects that can be the subject of interpretation. Which of the following describes these three types of objects? social distance, social closure, and social capital physical objects, social objects, and abstract objects functional objects, conflict objects, and interactionist objects art objects, material objects, ideological objects

physical objects, social objects, and abstract objects

Which of the following terms refers to the ability to influence the behavior of others? power discrimination privilege path dependence

power

Clair explains that in eighteenth-century Europe people used to congregate in coffee shops and pubs to discuss and formulate rational conclusions about the issues of the time. What kind of space is Clair describing? public sphere media market total institution cultural hub

public sphere

Which of the following refers to the virtual or physical space where members of a social movement congregate and exchange critical ideas about how the government can work more effectively? national culture public sphere digital divide culture industry

public sphere

A sociologist plans to study how the clothing Americans wear has become less and less formal over time. To get a sense of how clothing choices have changed over time, the sociologist examines thousands of historical photographs and carefully takes notes about where the photo was taken, when it was taken, and what the people in the photo were wearing. This study is an example of __________. empirical generalizations probability sampling ethnography qualitative research

qualitative research

Another name for the norms governing social interactions is __________. path dependence life course social structure curriculum

social structure

Human behavior is not natural; it is learned. People learn how to behave in society through a process of __________. legitimacy socialization social solidarity class conflict

socialization

What is the process by which people learn the standards and expectations of their culture? generalization institutionalization socialization industrialization

socialization

When children role play and pretend to be adults, they are engaging in an important form of __________. socialization norm creation institutionalization curriculum

socialization

Which of the following is a measure that captures an individual's schooling, occupation, and income, and is used by sociologists to gauge how well immigrants are assimilating? socioeconomic status assimilation index socioeducational status geographic distribution score

socioeconomic status

Forming a good sociological question requires that we learn not to take __________ for granted. the knowledge of economists book knowledge data stereotypes and commonsense

stereotypes and commonsense

Which of the following terms describes theories that consciously connect social structure with individual action? macro theories micro theories structural individualism grand theories

structural individualism

Jennifer is studying the effects of nutrition on student performance in school. She researches a group of students and finds that students who miss breakfast often do poorly during the school day. What is the dependent variable in this scenario? level of nutrition student performance how students' gender predicts whether they have breakfast eating breakfast

student performance

A group of artists comes to distinguish itself from how most people dress and act. Members of the group always wear black. Women wear heavy, pale makeup, and both men and women have multiple piercings. The artists are devoted to discussing and creating art and music about death. What is a term sociologists would most likely use to describe this group? multiculturalists subculture mainstream culture cultural relativists

subculture

Given the types and distribution of power discussed, it makes sense that the media seldom report stories on the plight of the poor and disadvantaged because __________. those groups are in the minority the power elite suppress them such stories do not appeal to advertisers they prefer upbeat stories

such stories do not appeal to advertisers

A(n) __________ is a standardized set of questions asked to a large group of randomly chosen people. experiment quantitative study epistemological study survey

survey

Something that communicates an idea while being distinct from the idea itself is known as a(n) __________. symbol ethnography habitus value

symbol

Which of the following most closely describes what sociologists mean by the term "life course"? the structure of coursework and content of a sequence of courses making up a program of study in a school or school system the key transitions or turning points people make as they age, and the broad social patterns those transitions represent the process by which the historical legacies of the past impact organizations in the present, making some choices or outcomes appear more logical than others the geographic locations where individuals discover they are able to accomplish life goals

the key transitions or turning points people make as they age, and the broad social patterns those transitions represent

Which of the following illustrates the dichotomy between what Americans want and what they are willing to pay for? the repeal of the estate tax the lack of dedicated funding for environmental research budget cuts to hospitals the rejection of an education bill

the repeal of the estate tax