Intro to Sociology Chapter 17 Inquizitive Answers

Sociologists classify Islamic revivalism as an example of which sociological concept?

religious nationalism

Liberation theology is an example of the kind of influence religion has over what social phenomenon?

social movements

When sociologists of religion describe the "rise of the nones" in America, what are they referring to?

the increase in the proportion of Americans who say they are unaffiliated with any religion

In the poorest nations of the global south, religiosity is -. In countries such as Ethiopia, Senegal, and Uganda, about - percent of people say religion is very important in their lives. It is likely that by 2050, 4 out of every 10 Christians in the world will live in -.

thriving 90 sub-Saharan Africa

Marx believed that religion perpetuated economic inequality in society.

true

More than half of all American Protestants describe themselves as evangelical.

true

In what way does Hinduism support cultural norms in India?

In Hinduism, performing the duties appropriate to one's station, or caste, is a marker of ideal life

Which statement most accurately describes the position of women in Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam?

In all three religions, some subgroups curtail women's roles while others allow for much greater gender equality

Weber was interested in how world religions influence social change. Identify each feature of religion as characteristic of Protestantism or Confucianism, according to Weber's theory.

Protestantism: -see it as better to reinvest wealth than to spend on personal consumption -support entrepreneurship as a form of service to God Confucianism: -Religion slows economic growth, rather than spurring it. -By emphasizing the value of harmony, people less aggressively seek active mastery of the world.

Match each historical period in which the United States experienced disestablishment to the correct description.

Religion was officially separated from the workings of the U.S. government. - late 1700s An influx of immigrants weakened Protestants' political power. - 1890s to 1920s Substantial changes in family, community, and social life posed challenges to many U.S. citizens' religious beliefs. - 1960s to 1970s

Why do religion and violence often go hand-in-hand, despite nearly all major religions preach the importance of compassion and understanding for others?

Religious conflicts can be viewed as necessary for the survival of a religion's existence

According to Durkheim, a religious object such as a statue that people pray to, or a head covering used to mark religious belief, is -, whereas ordinary objects such as clothes, computers, or games are -.

Sacred Profane

Match each statement to the corresponding Islamic group.

Shiite - This tradition broke away from orthodox Islam hundreds of years ago, and now comprises about 10 percent of Muslims. Sufism - This tradition incorporates rituals and mysticism, more so than the other groups. Sunni - The vast majority of Muslims follow this tradition.

Which of these questions would sociologists of religion ask?

Sociological Questions: -How do a religion's practices enhance solidarity between its members? -In what circumstances does economic stability lead to an increase in religious adherence? -What factors influence an increase in religious conflict? Not Sociological Questions: -Which religions encourage moral or ethical behavior in their followers?

Which examples support the notion that the United States has a civil religion?

Supporting: -the phrase "In God We Trust" on U.S. currency -the tradition of the National Prayer Breakfast, which is hosted by the U.S. Congress with some parts presided over by the U.S. President Not Supporting: -the establishment of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, where families can pray and leave tokens for their fallen loved ones -government funding given to private religious schools

Which event is an example of religious nationalism?

Iran's Islamic Revolution

Classical sociologists wrote about religion, but drew very different conclusions. - saw religion as a form of false consciousness, blinding people to the real causes of inequality. - viewed religion as an important source of social solidarity. - analyzed the relationship between religion and the emergence of capitalism.

Karl Marx Emile Durkheim Max Weber

Which statements accurately describe new religious movements?

Accurate Statements: -New religious movements require a charismatic leader to attract new followers. -New religious movements resemble a social movement in that they are organized and attempt to spread a religious or spiritual message. Not Accurate Statements: -New religious movements assert total control over their members. -New religious movements can be dangerous in some conditions.

What conclusion can be drawn by studying this map?

The majority of people in the world follow a small handful of religions

The charismatic leader of a newly established sect has just died. What does Max Weber predict will likely happen within the sect?

The sect will create rules and procedure to rely on, instead of relying on a leader

- is a religious movement among some adherents of the - faith who view returning to the homeland as fulfilling a -.

Zionism Jewish Prophecy

What reasons have sociologists given for why religious fervor has increased among Christians, Muslims, and Jews across the globe in recent years?

a decrease in economic and political security

In his studies of religious violence, sociologist Mark Juergensmeyer's main point is that world-rejecting religious movements are the groups most likely to view conflict as a "cosmic war" that must be won at any cost.

false

The sociological debate over secularization hinges on whether secular societies have higher levels of equality and justice than religious societies.

false

Which of these statements best represents Christian fundamentalism?

Fundamentalists are antimodern, often including strict rules against behavior, such as smoking and drinking alcohol

Match the three categories of new religious movements to the appropriate hypothetical examples.

"Blessings Church" members live in a commune and make most of their own food and clothing. Their leader preaches about the importance of isolating oneself from sinners. - world rejecting Members of "Pai Church" are adherents to a strict set of religious codes at home and share a highly involved church experience, but otherwise do not change their daily lives. - world accommodating "The Believers" attracts followers through public meditation hours held in public parks. They encourage members to let go of their daily worries and be at peace with nature to live a more "authentic" life. - world affirming

Which of these statements best summarizes Muslim sentiment about Western influences and Islamic violence?

Although the majority of Muslims feel that their way of life is being threatened, they approve of Western theological innovations and reject Islamic violence directed towards the West

In which countries have representatives of an Islamic fundamentalist movement taken power of the government?

Correct: -Sudan -Afganistan Incorrect: -Iraq -Iran

Which of these findings, if discovered, would lend support for the religious economy perspective?

Countries that contain a greater number of religions represented among its population also have populations with a higher average religiosity

How does the anti-cult movement differentiate between cults and new religious movements?

Cults exert nearly full control over the daily lives and thinking of their members, whereas new religious movements do not

Match the sociologist with the example of religion in society that best fits the sociologist's theory.

Despite large-scale modernization and technological changes in everyday life, some religious groups such as the Amish and Hasidic Jews have maintained strong cultural purity in tight-knit communities. - Durkheim When potentially preventable crises occur, politicians often offer prayers and encourage reflection of community members rather than addressing the roots of the crisis. - Marx Religious groups play a role in promoting and helping to lead several social movements, such as Black Lives Matter. - Weber

The social upheavals of the 1960s and 1970s in America created a context of -, when the power of established religions was effectively challenged. Liberal theology continued to be strong in -, but conservative theology became increasingly influential in -.

Disestablishment Churches Politics

Which tactics have evangelical Christians used to spread their message?

Evangelical: -missionary work in other foreign countries -television and radio shows Not Evangelical: -political leaders who endorse evangelical teachings -spreading evangelical teachings within public schools

Which of the following are examples of secularization?

Examples: -a decline in religious organizations' ability to influence the election of their preferred candidates -an increase in the number of young people having premarital sex, despite religious proscriptions against the practice Not examples: -a sudden increase in religious service attendance in a country following a civil war -religious leaders turning their attention toward social justice causes, like housing and poverty

According to the religious economy perspective, which features of a religious group would promote greater religiosity among its followers?

Features: -strong organization -specialized beliefs and rituals -effective religious leaders Not Features: -influential congregants

Place the countries in order from the lowest to highest, in terms of the percentage of people reporting that religion is very important in their lives.

France Spain Italy United States

The owner of a small but thriving software company decides to sell her business and devote herself to meditation and spiritual awakening. According to Weber's theory of religion and commerce, which religious tradition does this decision represent?

Hinduisim

What is the primary difference between the Protestant and Catholic faiths?

The Protestant faith depicts the individual as having a direct relationship with God, whereas the Catholic Church emphasizes the role of the church hierarchy as intermediaries between the individual and God

Place the events in chronological order.

The United States invaded Iraq in an effort to depose Saddam Hussein U.S. military personnel killed Osama bin Laden in Pakistan The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) was proclaimed to be a global caliphate Syrians flee their country to avoid fighting between ISIS and Kurdish forces

Why is it difficult to get a precise estimate of the number of Jews in the United States?

There are different Interpretations of what it means to be Jewish

According to Durkheim's theory of religion, what would he predict for societies with low levels of religious beliefs and practices?

These societies would become less stable

Match each type of religious group to the correct definition.

an established religious organization - church a branch of a larger religious organization that has established stability, organization, and a strong following - denomination a small religious group that has broken away from a more established organization, often in protest - sect a religious group that lacks structure and rejects the values of outside society - cult

Which of these definitions is not part of the sociological definition of religion?

belief in a supernatural deity or deities