Introduction to Anatomy, Physiology, & Pathology

Symptoms and Signs

- Both signs and symptoms may be unspecific & may not be an indication of a pathologic process - If the signs and symbols are characteristics for a specific disease, we consider them Manifestations of the disease

Diagnostics

- the vast majority of diagnoses are made based on a structured work up that may take anywhere from a few minutes to several weeks. - injuries are usually easier to diagnose than internal diseases, but there are always exceptions to this rule

Pharmacology

-The science of the nature, uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs - Substances used to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease or injury - Drugs may be available over the counter or by prescription only

Drugs can have 4 different names:

1. Generic Name: The general name assigned to a drug 2. Trade Name: The pharmaceutical company's name for the drug is copyrighted and used exclusively by that company. 3. Chemical Name: Exact molecular formula of a drug 4. Official Name: The name of the drug as it appears in the official reference in generally the same as the generic name

3 Major Categories of Structural Diseases

1. Genetic and developmental diseases: such as congenital heart defects. Some genetic disorders may not be apparent at birth, but develop later in life. 2. Hyperplasia & Neoplasm: both caused by an abnormal growth of tissues. Neoplasms are divided into benign and malignant neoplasms, usually called cancers. 3. Injuries & Inflammatory Diseases: caused by external & internal factors.

Drug

A substance used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease or injury

Treatment & Therapy

are usually used interchangeable, although therapy refers more to the overall medical and nursing care given to a patient, whereas treatment refers to a specific physical or mental illness or injury. - The goal of a therapy depends on many factor, such as the disease, the patient, the overall situation, or socioeconomic factors

systemic anatomy

body structure is studied system by system

Cytology

study of cells

Pathology

study of disease

surface anatomy

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

Symptomatic Disease

usually diagnosed when the patient seeks out health professional because of perceived symptoms or not feeling well, maybe feeling unusually tired or unable to sleep

Causes of Diseases

- Disease causing agents that act from the outside are called Exogenous - Microbial agents that can cause disease, such as bacterial and viruses, called Pathogens - Direct Physical injury is called Trauma. For example, by caused by force, heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, pressure, and radiation

Standard Anatomical Position

- Describes the body in a standing upright position with the hands turned out so that the palms are facing forwards - Anatomists & clinicians use this standard position to describe the location of organs or body parts to each other

Pathologist can be divided into:

- Experimental Pathologists: who focus on research & conduct experiments - Anatomical Pathologists: who perform autopsies & examine tissues removed during the procedures - Clinical Pathologists: Who usually practice laboratory medicine & analyze blood, urine, feces, spinal fluid, saliva, sweat & other specimens removed from patients - Academic Pathologists: who engages in all 3 areas & in the teaching of Pathology for students in the health professions

Histology

study of tissues

Potential disease

can develop due to a genetic disposition or due to a buildup of risk factors

Regional Anatomy

describes the different structures in a certain region, such as the shoulder or hip

Pathophysiology

study of functional changes associated with disease and injury

Etiology

study of the origins and causes of diseases

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the body and its parts

Oblique Section

Any diagonal cut, regardless of the plane it lies on, produces this

Sign

Changes observed by a person examining a patient; for example, swelling or fever

Symptom

Changes perceived by the patient; for example, pain or diarrhea

Body Planes

Flat surfaces along which the body or a structure is cut for anatomical or pathological study

Syndrome

Set of signs and symptoms occurring together as part of a specific disease

Types of Therapy

- Preventive Treatment: Strives to prevent illnesses from developing in the first place - Strategies include health education and vaccinations, as well as laws against driving under influence or the requirements to wear a seatbelt - Preventive Treatment also uses screening tests to diagnose asymptotic or potential diseases - For symptomatic diseases, different types of therapy can be distinguished by the level of care, the line of care, the intent of the therapy, the use of instruments or other devices and the use of drugs

Screening

- Purpose of screening for asymptotic and potential diseases is to identify people at risk for certain diseases to catch diseases, early to improve the chance of healing to diagnose asymptotic diseases so they can be treated early to delay progression and associated damage.

Functional Diseases

Functional Diseases: have no apparent lesions, although lesions may develop later on and the disease than becomes a structural disease. - many diseases of the internal organs and systems are functional diseases; however, these diseases often develop structural lesions over time.

Disease

Harmful structural or functional change to the whole body or part(s) of it

Introduction to Pathology

Has 2 meanings - basic meaning is study of disease - also applied to the field of medicine that focuses on the diagnoses of diseases - Pathology includes the study of structural and functional changes associated with or leading to diseases and their clinical manifestations

Developmental Anatomy

Looks at how our body evolved and developed over time or during our time from conception to birth(embryology)

Manifestation

Obvious evidence or display of characteristics signs and symptoms of an illness or disorder; specific evidence that a disease is present.

Structural Diseases

Structural or Organic Diseases: defined by structure changes to organs or tissues, which are called lesions - these lesions may be visible or invisible to the unaided eye. If the damage leads to tissue death its called Necrosis

Essential tools

Study of physiology are an ability's to focus on different levels and knowledge of basic principles of biology, physics, and chemistry

Asymptomatic Diseases

Such as high blood pressure, maybe disease that usually aren't accompanied by physical signs and symptoms, or diseases that develop visible/perceivable signs late in the disease progress

Screening

Testing for asymptomatic or potential diseases or injuries

Diagnosis

The act of identifying a disease or injury

Preventive Medicine

The discipline trying to find ways to stop people from developing potential issues

Pharmacology

The study of sources, properties, and uses of drugs

Gross or macroscopic anatomy

The study of structures that could be seen with the unaided eye

Physiology

The study of the function of the whole body or its systems or organs

Etiology

The study of the origins and causes of diseases