Introduction to Sociology- Chapters 7, 16, 19

Infants are _____ times more likely to die at birth in low-income countries.

13

High-income countries have less than ______ percent of the world's population while they are responsible for over ______ percent of the world's wealth.

20; 75

Which of the following is an explanation for the income gap between blacks and whites?

Blacks experience a higher rate of unemployment than whites.

Why has the gap between rich and poor countries widened over the past forty years while at the same time the overall standard of living in the world has improved?

The standard of living has improved mostly in high- and middle-income countries, while in low-income countries it has actually declined, so while the worldwide average in per-person gross national income is higher, the gap between rich and poor is greater.

10. What is the most significant threat to the relatively high standard of living people are accustomed to in the United States? Question options: a. The decline of the middle class b. The feminization of poverty c. The growth of the upper class d. The stagnation of wages for workers

a

11. Kara has behavioral problems as a young child. As she goes through school, she is labeled "troubled," and told she will never amount to anything. Kara, though intelligent, decides to "live down" to this expectation. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in studying Kara's experience? Question options: a. Symbolic interactionism b. Conflict theory c. Functionalism d. Feminist theory

a

19. When Ahmed is in 5th grade, he does poorly in math and science. His teachers recommend him for lower-level classes throughout middle school in all subjects, and he's not given the chance to excel elsewhere. This process is known as: Question options: a. Tracking b. Grade inflation c. Feminism d. Manifest function

a

4. Cate is the daughter of a Senator and the former CEO of a Fortune 500 company. Harry grew up on a farm, tilling the land for a living. They are planning a June wedding. They will have a(n)___________ marriage. Question options: a. Exogamous b. Traditional c. Endogamus d. Unconventional

a

6. The term crime can be defined as: Question options: a. A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions. b. A harmful action directed at the authorities. c. A sequence of events leading to incarceration. d. An unintended consequence of necessary action.

a

7. Functionalist Émile Durkheim believed some deviance within society was: Question options: a. Necessary; it challenged people's views. b. Dangerous; it encouraged disruptive behavior. c. Insignificant; deviance within society is largely ignored. d. Instrumental; it encouraged the population to rebel.

a

8. The concept hidden curriculum can be defined as: Question options: a. A type of nonacademic knowledge that one learns through informal learning and cultural transmission. b. The course objectives teachers incorporate into their syllabi after the semester has started. c. The emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications. d. The unexpected subjects students take an interest in after being exposed to experts in the field.

a

According to sociologist Talcott Parsons' ideas about different family members filling different roles, which of the following activities describes the filling of an instrumental role?

a father working to provide for his family's physical needs—food, clothing, shelter

tracking

a formalized sorting system that places students on "tracks" (advanced, low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities

stigma

a label used to devalue members of certain social groups

education

a social institution through which a society's children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms

Education

a social institution through which a society's children are taught basic academic knowledge, skills and cultural norms .

The term sorting can be defined as

a. A formalized system that places students on "tracks" (advanced, low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities. b. The process by which students are allowed to choose their own classes based on interest. c. *Classifying students based on academic merit or potential.* d. The use of education to improve one's social standing.

What is the Head Start Program?

a. A teaching method which equips students to regurgitate facts in order to do well on standardized tests. b. *A federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status.* c. A state mandate that determines the eligibility of students who expect to attend college. d. A curriculum which requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding.

Which of the following is NOT a method used within the United States to produce educational equality?

a. Charter schools b. *Mandatory tutoring* c. Bussing d. Head Start

Which of the following does NOT account for the differences in the educational system from country to country?

a. Financial resources from the government and population b.*Geographic distribution of male and female students* c. Value placed on education d. Amount of time devoted to education

To make students more competitive in the work force and for graduate school, college professors are beginning to lower the standard for student grades (i.e. what was once considered a B, is now considered an A). This is known as:

a. GPA debt b. Systematic grading c. Academic bribing d. *Grade inflation*

What factors contribute to inequality within the educational system in the United States?

a. Racism b. Socioeconomic status c. *All of the above* d. None of the above

Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia

a. Set precedent for universal access to education in the United States

Which of the following is NOT a manifest function of education?

a. Socialization b. Social control c. Social placement d. *Social networks*

Which of the following sociological perspectives argues that the educational system reinforces and perpetuates social inequalities arising from differences in class, gender, race and ethnicity?

a. Symbolic interactionism b. *Conflict theory* c. Functionalism d. None of the above.

No Child Left Behind Act

an act that requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding

labeling theory

an approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engage in the same behavior are not

health

as defined by the World Health Organization, a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity

10. Which of the following is an example of a negative informal sanction? Question options: a. Mario being sent to jail after robbing a CVS. b. Beatrix being booed off stage after telling an offensive joke during her comedy routine. c. Eleanor being given a "Teacher of the Year" award for her work as a high school English teacher. d. Meredith receiving compliments on her hair after visiting the salon.

b

14. Bernie Madoff, recently sentenced to 150 years in prison for creating a Ponzi scheme which caused clients to lose millions of dollars, engaged in which form of crime? Question options: a. Street crime b. Corporate crime c. Violent crime d. Institutional crime

b

15. True or False: Deviance is always considered a crime? Question options: a. True b False

b

2. The term deviance can be defined as: Question options: a. The act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring. b. A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law. c. Social reward for the violation of norms. d. The regulation and enforcement of norms.

b

3. It was time for Oli to marry. He had finished school and was starting a job. He chose a bride whose parents had the same amount of wealth and belonged to the same class as he did. Oli and his bride will have a(n) _________ marriage. Question options: a. Exogamus b. Endogamous c. Traditional d. Unconventional

b

7. Malik grew up in an affluent household which embraced activities such as attending the opera, visiting museums, and traveling to foreign countries at least once a year. When Malik goes to college, he finds he has much to talk about with professors, and fellow students from similar backgrounds. Malik is enjoying the benefits of: Question options: a. Grade inflation b. Cultural capital c. Tracking d. The education gap

b

12. Strain theory: Question options: a. Argues that morality is based on wealth. b. Asserts that motivation and personal responsibility are the key factors in living a healthy lifestyle. c. Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals. d. States individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance.

c

20. What factors contribute to inequality within the educational system in the United States? Question options: a. Racism b. Socioeconomic status c. All of the above d. None of the above

c

4. Jake receives a promotion at his law firm after winning an important case. This is an example of a: Question options: a. Positive informal sanction b. Negative informal sanction c. Positive formal sanction d. Negative formal sanction

c

cultural capital

cultural knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as currency to help one navigate a culture

11. Social control is: Question options: a. An arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives. b. A system that has the authority to make decisions based on law. c. A label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual. d. The regulation and enforcement of norms

d

13. In first grade, Scott is unfairly singled out by his teacher for bad behavior, partly because his older brothers had behavioral problems themselves. Throughout grade school, Scott gains a reputation as a "problem" child. Scott eventually drops out of school, thinking he was born to fail anyway. Which school of thought best fits Scott's experience? Question options: a. Strain theory b. Control theory c. Differential association d. Labeling theory

d

13. Which sociologist studied how cultural capital helps an individual navigate their culture? Question options: a. Max Weber b. Karl Marx c. Émile Durkheim d. Pierre Bourdieu

d

18. To make students more competitive in the work force and for graduate school, college professors are beginning to lower the standard for student grades (i.e. what was once considered a B, is now considered an A). This is known as: Question options: a. GPA debt b. Systematic grading c. Academic bribing d. Grade inflation

d

3. What is the difference between a violent crime and a hate crime? Question options: a. A violent crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics. b. A violent crime is punishable in a court of law; a hate crime is not. c. A hate crime is punishable in a court of law; a violent crime is not. d. A hate crime is based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics.

d

9. The term secondary deviance can be defined as: Question options: a. When positive formal sanctions cause an individual to deviate from society's expectations. b. When a violation of norms does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others. c. When negative informal sanctions encourage an individual to seek more positive behavioral choices. d. When a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society.

d

9. Which historical event was greatly responsible for global stratification as we see it today? Question options: a. World War I b. The Fall of the British Empire c. The French Revolution d. The Industrial Revolution

d

Achievement Gap

disparity on a number of educational measures between the performance of groups of students, especially groups defined by gender, race, ethnicity, ability, and socioeconomic status.

Education is key to reducing global poverty because __________.

educated people tend to have fewer children, which can help slow population growth and the strains it puts on a country's resources

Manifest functions

intended or obvious consequences of some element of society

Intelligence

level of intellectual ability.

Cultural Navigators

people who draw from both their home culture and mainstream culture to create an attitude that allows them to succeed.

sick role

societal expectations about the attitudes and behavior of a person viewed as being ill

Cultural Capital

the advantages that well-to-do parents usually provide their children.

growth rate

the difference between births and deaths, plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants, per 1,000 population

Gender Gap

the differences between women and men, especially as reflected in social, political, intellectual, cultural, or economic attainments or attitudes.

credentialism

the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill has attained a certain level of education or has met certain job qualifications

Credentialism

the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications.

universal access

the equal ability of all people to participate in an education system

grade inflation

the idea that the achievement level associated with an A today is notably lower than the achievement level associated with A-level work a few decades ago

life expectancy

the median number of years a person can be expected to live under current mortality conditions

infant mortality rate

the number or deaths of infants under 1 year old per 1,000 live births in a given year

social epidemiology

the study of the distribution of disease, impairment, and general health status across a population

hidden curriculum

the type of nonacademic knowledge that people learn through informal learning and cultural transmission

social placement

the use of education to improve one's social standing

Social placement

the use of education to improve one's social standing.

cultural transmission

the way people come to learn the values, beliefs, and social norms of their culture

Cultural transmission

the way people come to learn the values, beliefs, and social norms of their culture.

Latent functions

unintended and less obvious consequence of some element of society