Introductory Chemistry Exam 1

How does the distance traveled by the ball in the second half second compare with the distance traveled by the ball in the first half second?

It increases

What is the acceleration of the ball when it is moving up, when it is at the maximum height, and when it is moving down?

It is always negative

What is the value of the velocity of the ball when it reaches its maximum height?

It is always zero

What does it mean to say that a quantity is conserved?

It means that the quantity remains unchanged in the process

The planet Jupiter is about 300 times as massive as Earth, yet on its surface you would weigh only about three times as much. This is because

Jupiter's radius is 10 times Earth's radius

RNA and DNA differ in all of the following except:

RNA uses a completely different set of nitrogenous bases compared to DNA.

Define sexual selection, and provide some examples of adaptations that evolved as a result of sexual selection.

Sexual selection is natural selection that favors individuals best able to acquire mates. For example, male peacocks have beautiful, colorful feathers and male birds sing songs to attract female mates.

You wade into the ocean. Where can you stand so that you MIGHT be able to keep your head above water?

the continental shelf

The muzzle velocity of a certain gun is 100 m/s. Neglecting air resistance, at the end of 1 s a bullet fired straight up into the air will have traveled a distance of about

(100-5) m

The gain in speed each second for a freely falling object is about

10 m/s

A car moves four times as fast as an identical car. Compared to the slower car, the faster car has

16 times the KE

The average speed of a horse that gallops a distance of 10 km in a time of 30 min is

20 km/h

How many genes does a human have?

22,000

Find the acceleration of a hamster when it increases its velocity from rest to 12 m/s in 3.0 s .

4.0 m/s^2

Where does the salt in ocean water come from?

As rain falls, it erodes rocks and results in their minerals going into the ocean making it salty

What effect does watching TV have on weight?

As television watching increases, weight increases

Aside from getting enough calories, we also need to obtain ________ through our diet.

Both minerals and vitamins

What would be best to avoid if you want to lose weight?

French fries

Does physical activity have less or more impact on weight than foods eaten?

Less impact

Calculate the work done when a 16-N force pushes a cart 2 m .

W=32.0 J

Which of the following is an example of homology?

a cat forearm and a human forearm

What is the difference between a community and an ecosystem?

a community is groups of different species living together and an ecosystem is groups of different species living together as well as non-living things, an ecosystem is bigger than a community

The liger, a lion-tiger hybrid, is sterile. This is an example of

a postzygotic reproductive barrier

The evolution of a large number of species, each adapted to a distinct way of life, from a single ancestor describes

adaptive radiation

Polypeptides are assembled from _____.

amino acids

Suppose that a freely falling object were somehow equipped with a speedometer. By how much would its speed reading increase with each second of fall?

an increase of 10 m/s during each second of fall

The two measurements necessary for calculating average speed are

distance and time

The term module is often used to refer to a cluster of what?

genes

The genes of an organism make up its ________, and the traits of an organism make up its ________.

genotype, phenotype

According to Newton, the greater the masses of interacting objects, the

greater the gravitational force between them

If you push horizontally on a crate and it slides across the floor, slightly gaining speed, how does the friction acting on the crate compare with your push?

if the crate speeds up, then your force is greater than the force of friction

If a nonrotating object has no acceleration, then we can say for certain that it is

in mechanical equilibrium

If the mass of Earth somehow increased with no change in radius, your weight would

increase

What is the name of the property of objects to maintain their states of motion?

inertia

How does the ocean change with increasing depth?

it gets darker and colder, pressure increases and it contains fewer organisms

RNA processing converts the RNA transcript into _____.

mRNA

A kilogram is a measure of an object's

mass

An object that has kinetic energy must be

moving

Genes linked to Waardenburg syndrome in humans have also been discovered where?

plants

A group of individuals of a single species that lives in a specific area make up a(n)

population

A job is done slowly, while an identical job is done quickly. Both jobs require the same amount of work, but different amounts of

power

The salinity of seawater remains constant because

salts are removed from seawater about as fast as they are deposited

DNA replication occurs at an unbelievably fast rate. Once replication is complete, we can expect to find a _____ number of mistakes.

small

Which has greater kinetic energy, a car traveling at 30 km/h or a car of half that mass traveling at 60 km/h?

the 60 km/h car

What is crossing over?

the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

An object weighs 30 N on Earth. A second object weighs 30 N on the Moon. Which has the greater mass?

the one on the moon

Compared with the mass of a certain object on Earth, the mass of the same object on the Moon is

the same

Why is the support force on an object often called the normal force?

the support force acts at a right angle to the surface, normal is another term for "right angle"

How do mutations affect an organism?

they may cause the development of a disease-causing allele they may cause the development of a more beneficial allele they, in some cases, may have no noticeable affect

You are hiking in the desert. Just when you think you have run out of water, you see a cool spring. As you sip from the spring you are thinking:

this spring is where the water table meets the land surface

In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand.

thymine, cytosine

Where does surface runoff from the Appalachian Mountains eventually go?

to the Atlantic Ocean

What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA?

transcription

What name is given to the process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA?

RNA processing

Why is crossing over important to genetic diversity?

It creates new combinations of genes contributing to genetic diversity

A woman who normally weighs 400 N stands on top of a very tall ladder so she is one Earth-radius above Earth's surface. How much would she weigh there?

100 N

When a car travels at 50 km/h , it has kinetic energy KE0. What kinetic energy KE1 does it have at 100 km/h ?

4.00

An object is pulled northward with a force of 10 N and southward with a force of 15 N. The magnitude of the net force on the object is

5 N

What percentage of the Earth is covered with ocean?

71%

Why does Mendel's law of independent assortment hold for his pea traits but not for all genes?

Because of incomplete dominance, there are two alleles for a trait, and neither is dominant

In what units are work and energy measured?

Both in joules

How can you use the graph of velocity versus time to estimate the acceleration of the ball?

By estimating the value of the slope of the graph

You want to lose weight. What combination would likely work best?

Eat nuts and whole wheat bread, and sleep for 7-8 hours per night

If a person quits smoking, will they gain or lose weight?

Gain weight

Why does the distance traveled by the ball in each half second after it is released change in the way in which it does?

Gravity is pulling down on the ball, so it accelerates at a steady rate

Explain the difference between homology and deep homology.

Homology is the state of having the same or similar relation structure and deep homology is used to describe cases where growth and differentiation processes are governed by genetic mechanisms that are homologous.

Describe how natural selection occurs.

Occurs when organisms with advantageous traits leave more offspring than organisms with other traits, causing populations to change overtime

How do vestigial organs provide evidence of evolution?

Vestigial organs are organs that we have, but are not necessary for surviving. For example, appendix, tonsils, wisdom teeth, etc. There was once a use for these vestigial organs at one point in time, however, the world and people have changed. During the caveman era, they needed their wisdom teeth in order to be able to eat rough and coarse foods.

Which of the following would indicate a base pairing mutation in DNA?

a G paired with a T

If you drink too much ocean water you will die of dehydration. Explain how this is so.

a kidney cannot make urine from a concentration of salts of more than 2%. Seawater is made up of approximately 3% salt, so if we drink it to quench our thirst the kidneys have to use existing water from our body in order to dilute the extra salt, which in turn makes us feel even thirstier

A very massive object A and a less massive object B move toward each other under the influence of gravitation. Which force, if either, is greater?

both forces are the same

When Mendel bred green-pea plants with yellow-pea plants, all the offspring had yellow peas. This means that the trait for yellow peas is

dominant

A female that is planning to become pregnant is concerned about her exposure to environmental mutagens which may have caused DNA mutations. In order for these mutations to become heritable, they must affect the:

egg cells

According to Newton, the greater the distance between masses of interacting objects, the

less the gravitational force between them

Which has zero acceleration? An object

moving at constant velocity, in mechanical equilibrium, and at rest

Which has the greater density − 1 kg of water or 10 kg of water?

neither, since any amount of water has the same density

Where have scientists found genes associated with breast cancer?

nematodes

What name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mRNA is used to construct a protein?

translation

Which direction does a table push a book resting on it?

up

Why do we say that velocity is a vector and speed is not a vector?

velocity involves both magnitude and direction, speed involves only magnitude

Which depends on gravity − weight or mass?

weight depends on gravity