Invertebrates, Vertebrates, & Plankton

Which of the following is the phylum of a copepod? w. Echinodermata x. Arthropoda y. Copepoda z. Decapoda

x. Arthropoda

What organism is not in the same sub-order as the others listed? w. Orca (Killer whale) x. Blue whale y. Pacific white-sided dolphin z. Bottlenose dolphin

x. Blue whale

This type of plankton can form harmful algal blooms (HAB): w. Nekton x. Dinoflagellates y. Megalopae z. Fish larvae

x. Dinoflagellates

Sea turtles reproduce by: w. Budding x. Laying eggs on shore y. Releasing sex cells (gametes) into the water z. Live birth

x. Laying eggs on shore

What is the term used to describe organisms that are planktonic only in their larval stage? w. Holoplankton x. Meroplankton y. Femptoplankton z. Picoplankton

x. Meroplankton

The California sea lion is most closely related to the: w. Blue whale x. Spotted seal y. Bottlenose dolphin z. Pacific white-sided dolphin

x. Spotted seal

Ampullae of Lorenzini are adaptive characteristics of rays and skates that help them find prey by: w. Hearing noise made by other organisms x. Mimicking the bioluminescence patterns of other organisms y. Detecting electromagnetic currents of other organisms z. Seeing other organisms in the dark

y. Detecting electromagnetic currents of other organisms

These whales make the most diverse range of human-detected sounds of any whale: w. Sei whales x. Sperm whales y. Humpback whales z. Blue whales

y. Humpback whales

The blue crab is most closely related to a: w. Fish x. Squid y. Lobster z. Shark

y. Lobster

Which is not a characteristic of a crustacean? w. Jointed exoskeleton x. Mandibles y. Radial symmetry z. Two pairs of antennae

y. Radial symmetry

Mammals are warm-blooded organisms, which means w. They rely on the external environment to regulate their internal body temperature x. Their internal body temperature fluctuates throughout the day y. They maintain a constant internal body temperature z. The literally have warmer blood temperature than cold-blooded organisms

y. They maintain a constant internal body temperature

Which animal uses echolocation to locate their food? w. Sperm Whale x. Orca y. Bottlenose Dolphin z. All of the above

z. All of the above

Which of the following is not a holoplankton? w. Krill x. Dinoflagellates y. Diatoms z. Crab larvae

z. Crab larvae

Which of the following is not true of the Portuguese Man-of-War? w. It is a colony of specialized polyps x. It is in the order Siphonophora y. It is a Cnidarian z. It is a species of jellyfish

z. It is a species of jellyfish Note: Jellyfish belong to the Cnidarian class Scyphozoa, whereas the Man-of-War is in the class Hydrozoa.

Sponges belong to which of the following phyla? w. Cnidaria x. Echinodermata y. Chysophyta z. Porifera

z. Porifera

Which statement is true of an octopus and an oyster? w. They are in different phyla x. They are in different kingdoms y. They are in the same order z. They are in different classes

z. They are in different classes

Which of the following is true of sharks and ray-finned fish? w. They are in the same class x. They are in different phyla y. They both have swim bladders z. They have different types of bone

z. They have different types of bone

Which of the following organisms is NOT a bivalve: w. Oyster x. Mussel y. Scallop z. Tube Worm

z. Tube Worm

The following term refers to plankton that are animals and unable to produce their own food: w. Holoplankton x. Phytoplankton y. Nekton z. Zooplankton

z. Zooplankton

Name 3 reasons why plankton are important.

1) Important part of global carbon cycle. 2) Food source (basis of food web). 3) Producer of oxygen (photosynthesis).

In order to survive, organisms must have 3 things:

1) have access to some source of energy for metabolism (food, light, chemicals) 2) successfully defend themselves against predators and environmental stress 3) make more of their own kind or reproduce

What is a dichotomous key?

A dichotomous key is a systematic guide to species identification.

What is a fish stock?

A fish stock is a group of individuals of the same species that inhabit the same geographic region and interbreed when mature.

What are two features common to this phylum?

A mantle and a radula

What is a Quadrat?

A quadrat survey is another systematic approach to characterizing a study area. The study area is separated into smaller equal sections or quadrat. The investigator will record all organisms found in a specified number of sections of each quadrat.

What is a Random Point Survey?

A random point survey uses randomly-selected points in a study area to characterize a site. The more points surveyed, the more accurate the data.

When is a fish stock considered overfished?

A stock is considered overfished when the stock size falls below a specific threshold, either in terms of numbers or biomass.

1. Identify the structures labeled A-E on the fish diagram below. 2. Labels F, G, H and I represent the posterior, ventral, anterior and dorsal sides of the fish. Fill in the appropriate terms on the diagram below.

A. Pectoral Fin B. Pelvic Fin C. Anal Fin D. Caudal Fin E. Dorsal Fin F. Anterior G. Ventral H. Posterior I. Dorsal

What is homeostasis?

An important characteristic of mammals. Their maintenance of constant conditions within their bodies even when ambient conditions change.

What are vertebrates?

Animals with a backbone.

Name one organism in the same class as the octopus and another in the same phylum.

Answers vary: squid is in the same class; oysters, clams, snails and sea slugs are some examples in the same phylum.

How does countercurrent heat exchange work?

Arteries carrying blood from the mammal's body core exchange heat with veins coming from the extremities, so that heat isn't lost to the environment.

What is another term for a primary producer?

Autotroph

This structure is used by whales in the sub-order Mysticeti to strain small organisms from large gulps of water.

Baleen

What is biomass?

Biomass (B) is the total weight of fish in a stock (e.g., metric tons)

What is bycatch?

Bycatch refers to organisms other than the primary target species that are caught incidentally. Bycatch may include other fish species or endangered and threatened species like sea turtles, whales and dolphins.

What does Chondrichthyes mean?

Cartilaginous fishes

What chemical is an indicator of plankton and is used to study plankton populations?

Chlorophyll

What is the class of a stingray?

Chondrichthyes

How are plankton studied?

Collected w/ special nets and sampling bottles. Underwater cameras. Microscopes. Satellites.

Why are species of organisms found in one location and not in another? Why aren't plants found in deep water environments?

Different species have different requirements for food, temperature, substrate, light and other factors. Plants need light in order to photosynthesize to make food. Accept all reasonable answers.

What are some examples of holoplankton?

Dinoflagellates, diatoms, & krill.

This term refers to a method used by some toothed whales involving sound for navigation or to hunt prey.

Echolocation

What are some examples of meroplankton?

Fish and crab larvae

What is the fishing mortality rate?

Fishing mortality rate (F) is the rate at which fishing removes fish from a stock.

What are 2 examples of fish from the Agnatha superclass?

Hagfish and Lampreys

Do you think organisms found in high or low diversity environments would be more likely to survive change? Explain your reasoning.

High diversity environments offer more survival strategies.

What are some of the problems you might encounter bringing a deep water organisms to the surface for study? Be specific.

How to catch it; how to transport it; pressure change; temperature change; keeping it alive; feeding it. Accept all reasonable answers.

The fire coral belongs to which class?

Hydroza

Name three other mechanisms that help marine animals maintain constant body temperature.

Increased metabolism, blubber, fur, warming behavior (coming to the surface to be warmed by the sun) or hair.

What are invertebrates?

Invertebrates are animals that lack a backbone.

What is baleen used for?

It acts as a filter that traps food like phytoplankton and small fish.

Do you think environmental change tends to increase or decrease diversity? Why?

It depends on the type of environmental change.

What is the complete taxonomy of an Orange Clownfish?

Kingdom Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Pomacentridae Genus: Amphiprion Species: Percula

What is a Line Transect (Linear Point-Intercept Transect)?

Line Transects (more technically referred to as linear point-intercept transects) are used to determine what organisms are found on an ocean bottom or in a substrate. Several lines are laid to ensure maximum characterization of the study area.

What class of marine vertebrates maintains constant body temperature?

Mammalia

This term refers to a muscular bag surrounding the gills and other organs of a mollusk...

Mantle

What are the phylum and class of an octopus?

Mollusca, Cephalopoda

This term refers to meroplankton that become free swimmers with the ability to swim against currents:

Nekton

What is the difference between the animals in the suborders Odontoceti and Mysticeti?

Odontoceti are toothed whales. Mystceti are baleen whales.

Which Order and Suborder does the Sperm Whale fall under?

Order Cetacea and Suborder Odontoceti.

What are pinnipeds?

Order Pinnipedia refers to mammals with large fin-like flippers including sea lions, seals and walruses

What is overfishing?

Overfishing occurs when fishing mortality exceeds a specific threshold, usually set at a level to achieve MSY.

Porpoises and dolphins are in the same order, but dolphins belong to the family Delphinidae, while porpoises belong to which family?

Phocoenidae

What types of plankton primarily perform the process of photosynthesis?

Phytoplankton

What are the reactants and products of the process of photosynthesis?

Reactants: CO2, H2O (carbon dioxide and water) Products: C6H12O6, O2 (carbohydrates and oxygen)

What are some of the methodological problems associated with studying deep water organisms?

Sampling tool must be functional; incorrect estimates of individuals and/or diversity of individuals; difficult to determine exact location of studied sample site; expense; too deep for SCUBA. Accept all reasonable answers.

What is the difference between Seals and Sea Lions?

Sea lions have ear flaps and flippers that rotate forward, whereas seals lack ear flaps and cannot rotate their flippers (and thus have reduced mobility on land compared to sea lions).

What does sustainability mean?

Sustainability represents the ability of a fish stock to persist in the long term. If a fish stock remains at a constant level (or even grows) despite fishing pressure over a long time period, it is considered sustainable.

What is the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)?

The Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) is the greatest number of fish that can be caught each year without impacting the long-term productivity of the stock.

What kinds of fish are in the superclass Osteichthyes?

The bony fishes

The tentacles of the octopus are actually a modified version of what common feature of its phylum? What is their function?

The foot, movement

What kind of fish are in the Agnatha superclass?

The jawless fishes.

What process supplies most of the usable energy in the ocean?

The process of photosynthesis

Is the Sperm Whale more closely related to a bottlenose dolphin or a humpback whale?

The sperm whale is more closely related to the bottlenose dolphin. They are both in the sub-order Odontoceti (toothed whales), whereas the humpback whale is in the suborder Mysticeti (baleen whales).

What is the Linnaean taxonomic system?

The way scientists organize and classify life on Earth. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

What reptilian feature explains why iguanas bask in the sun after feeding in the water?

They are cold-blooded and must bask in the sun to warm up.

What is Countercurrent Heat Exchange?

This refers to one of the mechanisms by which marine mammals maintain constant body temperature in the ocean, where heat loss occurs faster than on land. Arteries and veins run parallel to one another, allowing the heat from relatively warm blood carried by the artery to transfer to the relatively cool blood carried by the veins.

What three things must all populations of organisms accomplish successfully in order to survive?

To get food or other energy necessary for metabolism and growth, defend themselves from predators and successfully reproduce.

Why do scientists ideally perform more than one trial when gathering data?

To try to get more accurate data.

What is the main difference between zooplankton and phytoplankton?

Zooplankton are consumers. Phytoplankton are producers.

Phytoplankton are responsible for about how much of the ocean's primary productivity? w. 90% x. 50% y. 20% z. 10%

w. 90%

A sea star is: w. An Echinoderm x. A Cnidarian y. A Poriferan z. A Crustacean

w. An Echinoderm

Eels are most closely related to: w. Flounder x. Rays y. Sharks z. Marine iguanas

w. Flounder

Which of the following characteristics is common to Cnidarians? w. Nematocysts x. Radula y. Foot z. Antennae

w. Nematocysts

Diatoms are plankton with shells made from: w. Silica x. Oxygen y. Nitrogen z. Iron

w. Silica

Which organism tends to dive deep to forage (find food) and eats squid as a main part of its diet? w. Sperm whale x. Humpback whale y. California sea lion z. Blue whale

w. Sperm whale

This shark is the largest in the world: w. Whale shark x. Great White shark y. Basking shark z. Megamouth shark

w. Whale shark