ISB 202: Final

Which ecological definition is incorrect? An individual is a single organism of a particular species. A community is made up of biotic and nonliving components. An ecosystem consists of individuals, populations, and communities. none of these A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same region

A community is made up of biotic and nonliving components.

Which example does NOT describe a predation event? All of these are examples of predation events. An herbivore eats a few of the leaves from a tree. A producer creates energy from sunlight. A pollinator eats the pollen and nectar of a flower. A carnivore catches and eats a deer.

A producer creates energy from sunlight.

The island of Guam traditionally has not had any snakes that prey on birds; however, brown tree snakes that prey upon birds were introduced. Use your knowledge of wolf-moose population dynamics to determine what happened to the population dynamics of birds and the new snakes on Guam. Which statement is probably one of the results of the snake introduction? Snake populations increased exponentially as they preyed upon birds that had no defenses against the predators. As snake populations became very large, they reached the carrying capacity of Guam and caused bird populations to crash. Because bird populations crashed, one of the birds' main prey items, spiders, increased their population size. Because prey was abundant and few predators existed, snakes spread throughout the island. All of these happened.

All of these happened.

Which of these species in a community would NOT be affected by a decrease in bee populations? deer mice birds humans All of these species would be affected.

All of these species would be affected.

Temperature is an important physical feature of an ecosystem. Which option shows a correct, direct relationship between temperature and organisms in an environment? Sea ice is melting in the Arctic; flowers in England are blooming later than they usually bloom. Sea ice is melting in the Arctic; flowers in England are blooming sooner than they usually bloom. Sea ice is melting in the Arctic; maples are making less syrup. Arctic temperatures are increasing; the arctic fox is hibernating for longer periods of time. Arctic temperatures are increasing; the red fox is expanding its habitat to compete with the Arctic fox.

Arctic temperatures are increasing; the red fox is expanding its habitat to compete with the Arctic fox.

Which statement is true about energy transfer? All of the energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level. Indigestible plant parts transfer energy to the next trophic level. Energy is lost between trophic levels as heat, metabolism, and waste. all of the above Vegetarianism is equally as energy efficient as eating meat.

Energy is lost between trophic levels as heat, metabolism, and waste.

Which of these is NOT a correct statement about food chains? Food webs show the relationships among multiple food chains. Food webs are better than food chains for showing the position of omnivores within the community. The food-chain concept is an oversimplification of actual organism interactions. All of these are correct statements about food chains. Food chains are often complex and intertwined.

Food chains are often complex and intertwined.

Fossil fuels formed naturally on Earth. Why aren't they thought of as renewable resources? Fossil fuels form in areas that are not accessible to humans. Fossil fuels form quickly in some areas and slowly in other areas. Fossil fuels form as a result of asteroid impacts, which do not occur very frequently. Fossil fuels were formed from dinosaurs and can no longer form naturally. Fossil fuels take an incredibly long time to form naturally.

Fossil fuels take an incredibly long time to form naturally.

Which statement best explains why herbivorous organisms are more energetically efficient than those that consume meat? Herbivorous organisms are slower and, therefore, burn fewer calories. Herbivorous organisms are at the bottom of the food chain. Herbivorous organisms are at the top of the food chain. Herbivorous organisms obtain their energy directly from the sun. Herbivorous eat nutrient-rich meat.

Herbivorous organisms are at the bottom of the food chain.

What is NOT a potential result of living more sustainably? Sustainable technologies can reduce the amount of pollutants released from burning fossil fuels. Sustainable building can cost more in the short term, but can lead to energy savings in the long term. Sustainable technologies, such as solar panels, can help businesses save on energy costs. Sustainable development can help balance the economic, ecological, and social impacts of development. Living more sustainably results in less population growth.

Living more sustainably results in less population growth.

Why are many animals expected to go extinct due to global warming? all of these Animals will begin to prey upon each other more aggressively due to global warming. none of these There are thousands of organisms that live on Arctic sea ice that will drown when the ice melts due to global warming. Organisms will be unable to relocate to suitable habitats when their current habitats are altered due to global warming.

Organisms will be unable to relocate to suitable habitats when their current habitats are altered due to global warming.

Imagine that every person on Earth had an ecological footprint the size of an average Haitian person's ecological footprint. Which statement describes a potential result? We would quickly run out of renewable and nonrenewable resources because we would have to use even more fossil fuel to support our energy demands. It would take the equivalent of about four Earths to support all of us. Our demand on Earth's resources would be much more sustainable than it is currently. We would exceed the biocapacity of Earth. Our energy needs would increase to an unsustainable level.

Our demand on Earth's resources would be much more sustainable than it is currently.

Which description is an example of the effects of rising temperatures? all of these Animals that were traditionally only found in temperate areas are being found in tropical zones. Marmots are coming out of hibernation later in the year. Plants are blooming earlier in the year. Maple trees in America are making more syrup than ever before.

Plants are blooming earlier in the year.

Which statement is NOT a reason that pollinators are considered keystone species? Pollinators are a critical link in the food chain. Pollinators have complex social structures and division of labor. Many plant species rely on insects to successfully reproduce. Pollinators maintain the integrity and productivity of natural communities. Pollinators are not considered keystone species.

Pollinators have complex social structures and division of labor.

Even if people want to use sustainable energy sources and technologies, several barriers can limit their use. Which of these is NOT a potential barrier to more widespread use of sustainable development practices or technologies? The technology for energy production and harvesting from some sustainable sources still needs to be optimized. Sustainable technologies currently release more greenhouse gases than nonrenewable energy sources release. Construction and use of sustainable energy technologies can use hazardous chemicals or generate hazardous wastes that need to be carefully disposed of to avoid polluting the environment. Construction of sustainable energy production facilities can destroy habitats. Sustainable energy can be much more expensive to produce than nonrenewable options.

Sustainable technologies currently release more greenhouse gases than nonrenewable energy sources release.

How do scientists measure changes in the levels of global atmospheric CO2? all of these They measure CO2 levels in water trapped deep in Earth's crust. They take ice core samples that allow measurement of CO2 over hundreds of thousands of years. none of these They have directly measured CO2 in the atmosphere since 1758.

They take ice core samples that allow measurement of CO2 over hundreds of thousands of years.

Which statement is true of distribution patterns in nature? Clumped distribution has no advantages and is rarely observed in nature. Uniform distribution allows individual organisms to maximize space between them. all of these Four main types of distribution exist. Species can always be categorized into one distinct type of distribution, and populations never vary from this categorization.

Uniform distribution allows individual organisms to maximize space between them.

Ecologists often study the spatial distribution of animals. Which of these descriptions of common distribution patterns is incorrect? Random: fish on a coral reef occur in small groups and alone all around the reef, and are equally likely to be anywhere on the reef. All of these examples are consistent with their descriptions. None of these examples is consistent with its description. Clumped: wolves cluster together in packs that generally move around together. Uniform: moose are highly territorial creatures and move around an island habitat in large groups.

Uniform: moose are highly territorial creatures and move around an island habitat in large groups.

Although water is considered a renewable resource, what is a reason why it might be more like a nonrenewable resource? Water resources are not evenly distributed around the world. Water and nonrenewable resources can both become polluted and unusable. Water can be used up faster than it can be returned in the water cycle. Water was formed millions of years ago from dead plants and animals. Water use releases carbon dioxide into the environment.

Water can be used up faster than it can be returned in the water cycle.

By studying the data collected from Isle Royale, ecologists have discovered that a large wolf population correlates to vigorous tree growth. Which statement best explains this pattern? Wolves decrease the moose population, which consumes trees as its main diet. none of these all of these When there is a large wolf population on the island, the moose swim to the mainland. The decrease in moose allows for more tree growth. The remains of moose carcasses fertilize the soil, which allows for increased tree growth.

Wolves decrease the moose population, which consumes trees as its main diet.

Bees are a colonial species and live in hives with thousands of other bees. Which description is an example of commensalism? a bee hive in a wall a bee hive built in the ground a bee hive in a garage a bee hive located in an attic space a bee hive in a hollow tree

a bee hive in a hollow tree

Which situation would lead to the highest ecological footprint? any country with a high population regardless of the per capita footprint a country with a low per capita footprint and low population size a country with a high per capita footprint and low population size a country with low per capita footprint and high population size a country with a high per capita footprint and high population size

a country with a high per capita footprint and high population size

Which species is NOT likely to be considered a keystone species? None of these is an example that describes keystone species. a top predator, such as a wolf, whose diet choices serve to control the prey population size, which also indirectly affects the abundance and growth of vegetation All of these are examples that describe keystone species. a fish species that specializes in eating only a few aquatic plant species and that does not form a main component of the diet of the carnivores in the system an insect whose foraging movements result in the movement of pollen and the fertilization of many kinds of plant species

a fish species that specializes in eating only a few aquatic plant species and that does not form a main component of the diet of the carnivores in the system

Which phrase does NOT describe a keystone species? a species that plays a central role in holding the community together a species whose removal would have a dramatic effect on the community a species that always occupies the highest trophic level in a community a species on which many other species depend All of these describe a keystone species.

a species that always occupies the highest trophic level in a community

Which event or condition is a density-independent factor that could influence population growth? a volcanic eruption that covers an island in a layer of lava a sudden decrease in the food supply due to usually dry conditions all of these a disease that spreads through direct physical contact a new predator that moves into an area with hunting tactics that the prey species are not adapted to avoid

a volcanic eruption that covers an island in a layer of lava

Although they are not native to the United States, honey bees have successfully competed for resources with native bees and other pollinator species by _____. all of the above colonizing new habitats feeding on a wide variety of flowers feeding year-round in warmer climates none of the above

all of the above

How have warmer-than-normal climatic conditions affected moose populations on Isle Royale? Moose escaped the heat by resting in the shade, but then had less time for eating, which resulted in thinner moose that were not as prepared to survive winter temperatures. Tick populations have grown and they have fed on the moose, which resulted in blood loss and higher death rates for moose. all of these none of these An increase in the tick population has resulted in weight loss for the moose, which increased their death rate.

all of these

Once the carrying capacity of an environment is reached, the population generally _____. may experience cycles of "boom and bust" none of these cannot continue growing exponentially all of these may fluctuate by slightly exceeding the carrying capacity, and then dropping below it

all of these

When moose first arrived on Isle Royale and found a habitat without predators, the moose population _____. all of these re-grew after a starvation period that allowed the vegetation to recover. grew exponentially, and then crashed due to lack of food. could be categorized as going through a cycle of "boom and bust" population dynamics. was not regulated by predator-prey interactions.

all of these

Which statement is a consequence of Arctic ice melting due to global warming? More solar radiation is being absorbed by the ocean. all of these The temperature is increasing in the Arctic at an accelerated rate. Polar bears are in poorer condition and their weight has decreased over the last 30 years. Arctic animals are losing suitable habitats.

all of these

Which statement is an example of a mutualistic interaction between species? all of these none of these A large fish visits a cleaner fish that removes parasites by eating them off the affected areas. Bees get a food resource by visiting flowers, and flowers get pollinated by bee activities. A clown fish lives in a sea anemone; the clown fish gets protection and the anemone uses the clown fish as a lure to attract other fish that it will sting and eat.

all of these

Why are truly random distributions rare in nature? Resources are unevenly distributed across most landscapes. none of these Individuals of a particular species often need certain types of conditions to survive and grow, so more individuals are found in these areas. Many species have social behaviors that promote clusters of individuals for increasing foraging success or for predator avoidance. all of these

all of these

Which of these is a renewable resource? fossil fuels oil coal biofuels natural gas

biofuels

Imagine a system where a finch feeds on thistle seeds and the finch population size is linked to the productivity of the thistle, and the thistle population size is related to foraging pressure of the finch population. This is an example of population dynamics at the _____ level. species population ecosystem biosphere community

community

What method is considered the fastest and surest way to improve a crop? increased use of pesticides increased use of fertilizer crossing two varieties of the same plant CRISPR technology use of organic farming

crossing two varieties of the same plant

The carbon cycle is the movement of carbon atoms via natural processes such as _____. decomposition, photosynthesis, and fossil fuels decomposition, deforestation, and fossil fuels decomposition, photosynthesis, and respiration deforestation, photosynthesis, and fossil fuels deforestation, photosynthesis, and respiration

decomposition, photosynthesis, and respiration

The largest demand in the global ecological footprint is caused by our _____. gasoline needs energy needs grazing land needs fishing needs farmland needs

energy needs

Which of these would need to be accounted for in a carbon footprint? water use fossil fuel use oxygen in the atmosphere nitrogen cycles fossilized phosphorus

fossil fuel use

If an existing crop variety lacks a particular trait that is desirable, what is the most efficient way to introduce the desired trait? using "radiation breeding" cross breeding the plant with a different plant using organic farming practice cross breeding two varieties of the same plant genetic modification of the plant

genetic modification of the plant

The unit of measurement in an ecological footprint is the _____. global unit carbon hectare per person global hectare carbon hectare ecological hectare

global hectare

Which organism would NOT be classified as a consumer in a food chain? a human a deer grass a wolf a bee

grass

Human population growth contributes to extinction in which way(s)? habitat destruction ecological carbon loss agriculture practices that alter land use and ecological carbon loss agriculture practices that alter land use habitat destruction and agriculture practices that alter land use

habitat destruction and agriculture practices that alter land use

Which of these is NOT an example of something that ecologists would generally study? how predators, such as sharks, affect the population of prey, such as fish the population dynamics of one species of sea urchin how the mitochondria of a mouse function in its cells how one species of butterfly forages and reproduces in its habitat how the Amazon tropical rain forest is affected by its plants, animals, weather, and geology

how the mitochondria of a mouse function in its cells

The rapid growth of the human population is a concern because _____. if we continue to grow, the population will exceed Earth's biocapacity as a population increases, so does its per capita ecological footprint natural resources are abundant the carbon hectare is increasing all human populations rely on fossil fuels

if we continue to grow, the population will exceed Earth's biocapacity

Ecologists study organisms at a number of levels with different numbers of components. Which sequence correctly orders these levels, from smallest to largest? ecosystem, population, community, individual population, individual, community, ecosystem community, individual, population, ecosystem none of these individual, population, community, ecosystem

individual, population, community, ecosystem

All of these statements can be advantages of a clumped distribution pattern EXCEPT _____. organisms can match their distribution to resource-rich areas all of these are advantages of a clumped distribution pattern. it allows organisms to hunt prey more efficiently it helps organisms defend themselves against predators it allows individuals to maximize space between them

it allows individuals to maximize space between them

The relationship between the bee and the bacteria living in the bee's gut can be classified as _____. a disease chemosynthetic commensalism parasitism mutualism

mutualism

Just as cows consume grass for nourishment, bees consume _____. all of these flowers nectar and/or pollen seeds pollen only

nectar and/or pollen

Ammonia provides the form of _____ that plants can take up and use. oxygen phosphorous nitrogen carbon dioxide water

nitrogen

Guano was harvested in the mid-19th century as a way to provide _____ to crops. nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide phosphorous water

nitrogen

The Haber-Bosch process is an industrial process used to produce _____ fertilizer. phosphorous oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen water

nitrogen

Which of these must be converted from an atmospheric gas into a form that plants can take up from soil? carbon dioxide water phosphorous oxygen nitrogen

nitrogen

Which two nutrients most frequently limit plant growth? nitrogen and carbon dioxide nitrogen and phosphorous nitrogen and oxygen carbon dioxide and oxygen phosphorous and carbon dioxide

nitrogen and phosphorous

A _____ resource is one that is gone for good once it is depleted. pollution global warming carbon footprint renewable nonrenewable

nonrenewable

In addition to using _____ resources, we can live more _____ by reducing water use, eating less meat, recycling, and driving less. nonrenewable; at the ecological footprint level renewable; at the ecological footprint levelnon renewable; at the global hectare level nonrenewable; sustainably renewable; sustainably

renewable; sustainably

The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protects crops from _____. Roundup® spray nitrogen deficiency some insect larvae phosphorous deficiency drought

some insect larvae

Which phrase is NOT a biotic factor affecting population growth of moose on Isle Royale? summer temperatures infectious disease wolf population size food availability tick population growth

summer temperatures

All of these statements regarding ecosystems are correct EXCEPT _____. sunlight and water are good examples of living components of an ecosystem individuals, populations, and communities are all part of an ecosystem an ecosystem is composed of the living and nonliving components of an environment moose and wolves are part of the Isle Royale ecosystem studying an ecosystem can help scientists understand individual populations

sunlight and water are good examples of living components of an ecosystem

Growth rates are _____. the difference between birth and death rates in a population positive when the birth rates are less than the death rates none of these not influenced by immigration and emigration patterns logistic when the populations increase at a constant rate

the difference between birth and death rates in a population

Why are scientists interested in introducing extra copies of nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) genes into food crops? to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis to decrease the amount of water required by plants to increase the efficiency of photosynthesis to reduce the need for pesticides to reduce the need for fertilizers

to increase the efficiency of photosynthesis

Population dynamics are influenced by birth and death rates. Which situation is NOT a factor that can cause early death for wolves on Isle Royale? warmer temperatures causing tick populations that feed on wolves to increase dramatically, which causes wolves to lose blood and decreases their hunting abilities bone deformities causing impairments in hind leg use, probably from inbreeding starvation if wolves cannot find and catch enough prey to survive warmer temperatures decreasing the frequency with which ice bridges form between Isle Royale and the mainland, which reduces the chances for immigration by new wolves that might increase the genetic diversity of the island population all of these

warmer temperatures causing tick populations that feed on wolves to increase dramatically, which causes wolves to lose blood and decreases their hunting abilities

Carrying capacity is NOT the point _____. at which a population reaches the maximum number of individuals that an environment can support around which a population's size tends to fluctuate all of these where additional resources are available only to individuals that immigrate into the population where available resources are being fully exploited by the population

where additional resources are available only to individuals that immigrate into the population

Food chains are an important part of an ecosystem. A food chain shows _____. all of these where organisms live the carrying capacity of the food chain how much food each organism consumes which organisms are producers and which are consumers

which organisms are producers and which are consumers